[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki14\/electricity-sector-in-finland-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki14\/electricity-sector-in-finland-wikipedia\/","headline":"Electricity sector in Finland – Wikipedia","name":"Electricity sector in Finland – Wikipedia","description":"Overview of the electricity sector in Finland Finland electricity by mode of production 2021 The electricity sector in Finland relies","datePublished":"2018-09-10","dateModified":"2018-09-10","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki14\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki14\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ab\/Green_pog.svg\/8px-Green_pog.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ab\/Green_pog.svg\/8px-Green_pog.svg.png","height":"8","width":"8"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki14\/electricity-sector-in-finland-wikipedia\/","wordCount":7148,"articleBody":"Overview of the electricity sector in FinlandFinland electricity by mode of production 2021The electricity sector in Finland relies on nuclear power, renewable energy, cogeneration and electricity import from neighboring countries. Finland has the highest per-capita electricity consumption in the EU.[1] Co-generation of heat and electricity for industry process heat and district heating is common. Finland is one of the last countries in the world still burning peat.[2]As part of the energy transition Finland has been replacing electricity generation from fossil fuels with nuclear power and renewables. Wind power in particular has grown to be a significant part of electricity generation.[3] A fifth nuclear reactor, Olkiluoto 3 is in final stages of commissioning and once fully operational will increase nuclear power generation by over 50%.Finland is part of the synchronous grid of Northern Europe.Consumption and import[edit]Industry was the majority consumer of electricity between 1990 and 2005 with 52-54% of total consumption. The forest industry alone consumed 30-32%.[4]Between 2000 and 2006, up to 7 TWh per year was imported from Sweden and up to 11.5 TWh from Russia. Net imports during this time varied between 7 TWh to Sweden and 7 TWh from Sweden, and 4 to 11 TWh from Russia. Since 2007, some electricity has also been imported from Estonia.[5]In 2012, most of the imports were from Sweden (14.4 TWh net import) with Russia also contributing to the net imbalance (4.4 TWh import only), while exports to Estonia were larger than imports (1.1 TWh net export).[6]Electricity in Finland TWh [6][7][3][8]YearConsumptionProductionNetimport200079671220018171102002847212200385805200487825200585681720069079112007907813200887741320098169122010887711201184701420128567172013846816201483651820158267162016856619201785652020188768202019866620202082671520218769182022*826913^  Preliminary data[9]Capacity[edit]As of 2020[update], the total capacity of power generation in Finland is 17.5 GW.[10] However, not all of that is available at the same time and an increasing amount is intermittent generation, mostly from wind power (see below).The national grid operator Fingrid, together with TSOs from other Nordic countries, produces yearly estimates about the availability of power in the winter demand peak. In 2019-2020 they estimated a peak Finnish demand of 15.3 GW, during which Finland would have 11.9 GW of production capacity, not including capacity reserves. That would have meant a shortfall of 3.4 GW to be imported from neighbors.[11] Due to a mild winter and industrial strikes the actual demand peak was only 12.4 GW and availability was never in question. No capacity reserve was activated.[12]Mode of production[edit]Electricity by mode of production (%)[3]YearHydroWindSolarNuclearCoalOilGasPeatWoodOtherImports200515.9%0.2%0.0%26.4%7.2%0.5%12.9%5.0%10.3%1.7%20.1%200612.6%0.2%0.0%24.4%16.9%0.5%13.3%6.9%11.1%1.5%12.7%200715.5%0.2%0.0%24.9%14.4%0.5%11.3%7.7%10.1%1.7%13.9%200819.4%0.3%0.0%25.3%9.1%0.7%12.3%5.6%10.9%1.8%14.6%200915.5%0.3%0.0%27.8%12.8%0.6%11.8%5.1%9.7%1.6%14.9%201014.5%0.3%0.0%25.0%15.5%0.5%12.5%6.7%11.4%1.6%12.0%201114.6%0.6%0.0%26.4%10.8%0.5%10.9%6.0%12.0%1.8%16.4%201219.6%0.6%0.0%25.9%7.8%0.3%7.7%4.0%11.8%1.8%20.5%201315.1%0.9%0.0%27.0%11.9%0.2%7.9%3.5%12.8%2.0%18.7%201415.9%1.3%0.0%27.1%8.9%0.2%6.5%3.8%12.6%2.0%21.5%201520.1%2.8%0.0%27.1%5.8%0.2%6.2%3.5%12.3%2.2%19.8%201618.4%3.6%0.0%26.2%7.7%0.2%4.3%3.2%12.0%2.3%22.3%201717.1%5.6%0.1%25.2%6.5%0.2%3.8%3.0%12.3%2.2%23.9%201815.0%6.7%0.1%25.0%6.2%0.3%4.7%3.7%12.7%2.8%22.8%201914.2%7.0%0.2%26.6%4.8%0.3%4.4%3.3%13.5%2.5%23.3%202019.2%9.7%0.3%27.4%2.8%0.2%4.8%2.4%12.6%2.2%18.5%202117.9%9.4%0.3%26.0%2.9%0.2%4.3%2.2%13.9%2.2%20.4%2022*16.3%14.1%0.5%29.7%4.7%0.2%1.3%2.1%14.8%1.0%15.3%^  Preliminary data[9]Fossil fuels[edit]Except for peat, which is variously classed as either a fossil fuel or a slow-renewable fuel, Finland imports all the fossil fuels used for electricity production. Coal and natural gas account for most of the production, with some oil generators acting mostly as reserve. The use of fossil fuels has fallen from highs over 30% in 2003-2004 to 20% or below in 2012-2014. By 2020 the share was closer to 10%. This is largely a consequence of cheap imported electricity, although domestic renewables have also increased in their share of production.[13]In 2019 the parliament passed a law to ban the use of coal for energy production by May 1, 2029.[14] As of 2021[update] there are no plans to ban other fossil fuels. Despite popular support for banning the use of peat, there is only a commitment to halve its use by 2030.[15][16] However, it is estimated that market forces will reduce peat’s energy use to a third of its 2019 level by 2025.[17]Nuclear power[edit]Nuclear power plants in Finland (view)\u00a0Active plants\u00a0Unfinished plantsAs of 2023, Finland has five operating nuclear reactors in two power plants, all located on the shores of the Baltic Sea. Nuclear power provided about 34% of the country’s electricity generation in 2020.[18] The first research nuclear reactor in Finland was commissioned in 1962 and the first commercial reactor started operation in 1977.[18] The fifth reactor is in the commissioning phase, having started producing electricity and currently scheduled to begin regular operation in March 2023.[19]Finland’s nuclear reactors are among the world’s most productive, with an average capacity factor of 95% in the 2010s.[18]Renewable energy[edit]Between 2005-2014, Finland produced 25-30% of electricity as a percentage of demand from renewable energy. The largest source is hydropower (15-20%) which fluctuates yearly depending on rainfall, causing the share of renewable generation to also vary. Other major sources are wood-based energy resources like black liquor from the forest industry, accounting for approximately 12% on average. In recent years wind power (see below) has grown to be significant and renewables have surpassed 40% of demand.[3][20]Wind power[edit]  Wind power in Finland has been the fastest growing source of electricity in recent years. In 2022, Finland covered 14.1% of the yearly electricity demand with wind power production, which was 16.7% of the domestic production. Wind capacity was up 76% from the previous year and wind production up 41%.[21] This compares to an average wind power share of 16% in the EU and 17% in the whole of Europe.[22]According to a 2018 study done by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, published in Nature Energy, new wind power technology could cover the entire electricity consumption (86 TWh) of Finland.[23]Wind power is one of the most popular energy resources among the Finnish public. In 2022 82% of respondents wanted more wind power, which was second only to solar with 90%.[24] Previous results include 90% in September 2007 and 88% in April 2005.[25] In the Pori area of Finland 97% of people supported wind power according to Suomen Hy\u00f6tytuuli Oy in 2000.[26]Companies[edit]  Production[edit]Major producers in Finland include: Fortum, Pohjolan Voima, Teollisuuden Voima and Helsingin Energia.Market[edit]Nord Pool Spot is the shared power market for Finland and nearby countries.Transmission[edit]Fingrid Oyj is a Finnish national electricity transmission grid operator.Distribution[edit]Major distributors are: Helen Oy, Caruna and Elenia. Other companies are Savon Voima\u00a0[fi] (Savo), Pohjois-Karjalan S\u00e4hk\u00f6 (Northern Karelia, J\u00e4rvi-Suomen Energia (Central Finland), Kymenlaakson S\u00e4hk\u00f6 (Kymenlaakso) and Loiste (Kajaani and Sotkamo).[27][28]Caruna in the south of Finland is owned mostly (80%) by Australian and Dutch holding and property companies. In 2017 Caruna’s turn-over was \u20ac145 million and state tax rate 4% (\u20ac6 million). In 2017 Caruna paid its stakeholders  8.17% interest (77 million) while market loans were 1.5\u20133\u00a0% interest.[29] Company interest cost were reduced from the taxable income based on Sipil\u00e4 Cabinet taxation rules.Politics[edit]In 2016 there has been renewed discussion about Finland’s energy policy. Finland imports over 20% of the electricity used at peak usage. For example, in the hour between 17-18 on January 7, 2016, during a period of extreme cold, Finland imported 4,300\u00a0MW (28.5%) out of a record 15,100\u00a0MW of total usage (average over 1 hour).[30] The delays in the construction of the third reactor at the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant (est. 1,600\u00a0MWe when completed), which was projected to be operating commercially by 2010 but is now being estimated to be completed no earlier than 2022, have caused a significant domestic energy production deficit. A consortium of Finnish industry and power companies called Fennovoima has applied and been granted a permission to build another new nuclear power plant, delivered by Russia’s Rosatom, which also has a 1\/3 stake on the power plant. This has caused some concern among observers about Russia being able to manipulate Nordic electricity prices or use the power plant as a leverage in conflict situations. The plant was estimated to be operational by 2024 and projected to produce 1,200\u00a0MW of electricity, but all work was stopped in 2022 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[31]The Finnish Security Intelligence Service (Supo) indicated in 2016 that foreign intelligence activity in Finland was aimed at influencing decision-making in energy policy.[32]See also[edit]References[edit]^ “Electric power consumption (kWh per capita) – European Union”. World Bank. Retrieved 2023-02-24.^ “Peat production drops faster than expected in Finland \u2013 but may be on the way back”. YLE News. 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2022-06-14.^ a b c d “S\u00e4hk\u00f6n hankinta energial\u00e4hteitt\u00e4in”. Tilastokeskus. Retrieved 2023-01-12.^ Statistic 3.1, Year book 2006, Tilastokeskus^ Energia, tilastokeskus,  T3.01 Electricity import and export by country (S\u00e4hk\u00f6n tuonti ja vienti maittain)^ a b “Vuosikertomus 2012”. Fingrid. p.\u00a027. Retrieved 1 April 2014.^ Energiaennakko 2009 Tilastokeskus 2010^ “S\u00e4hk\u00f6n hankinta ja kokonaiskulutus”. Tilastokeskus. Retrieved 2022-04-14.^ a b “Energiavuosi 2022 S\u00e4hk\u00f6” (PDF). Energiateollisuus ry. 2023-01-12. Retrieved 2023-01-12.^ “Toimitusvarmuus”. Energiavirasto. Retrieved 2020-06-01.^ “Nordic Winter Power Balance Forecast 2019 \u2013 2020” (PDF). Nordic Operations Group. 2019-11-07. Retrieved 2020-06-01.^ “S\u00e4hk\u00f6j\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n toiminta talvella 2019 \u2013 2020” (PDF). Fingrid. 2020-03-27. Retrieved 2020-06-01.^ “Production and total consumption of electricity, GWh by Source, Year and Data”. Retrieved 2017-11-19.^ “The act banning the use of coal for energy generation in 2029 to enter into force in early April”. 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2021-04-16.^ “Most Finns support a ban on peat burning, poll suggests”. Yle. 2019-09-11. Retrieved 2021-04-16.^ “Ministry unveils plan to phase out peat burning in Finland”. Yle. 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2021-04-16.^ “Energiaturpeen kysynt\u00e4 laskee rajusti”. Keskisuomalainen. 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2021-11-20.^ a b c “Nuclear Power in Finland”. World Nuclear Association. Retrieved 12 November 2022.^ “Olkiluoto 3’s electricity production continues in February at mainly full power”. www.tvo.fi. TVO. 2023-01-20. Retrieved 2023-02-06.^ Preliminary Energy Statistics 2009 Finnish statistical center 24.3.2010, (Energiaennakko 2009 – taulukot Excel), Electricity T3.1^ Energiateollisuus ry (2023-01-12). “Energiavuosi 2022 S\u00e4hk\u00f6”. Retrieved 2023-03-01.^ “Wind energy in Europe: 2022 Statistics and the outlook for 2023-2027”. 2023-02-28. Retrieved 2023-03-01.^ Rinne, Erkka; Holttinen, Hannele; Kiviluoma, Juha; Rissanen, Simo (2018-05-14). “Effects of turbine technology and land use on wind power resource potential”. Nature Energy. 3 (6): 494\u2013500. Bibcode:2018NatEn…3..494R. doi:10.1038\/s41560-018-0137-9. ISSN\u00a02058-7546. S2CID\u00a0158062616.^ “Energia-asenteet 2022”. 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2023-03-01.^ Valtaosa suomalaisista kannattaa tuulivoiman lis\u00e4\u00e4mist\u00e4, Helsingin Sanomat, 3.10.2007 A4^ Suomen Hy\u00f6tytuuli Oy, Porin Tahkoluodon ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6vaikutusten selostus P\u00f6yry December 2006^ “I Mets\u00e4 Groups kartsystem finns redan 235 000 kilometer ellinjer – betydande f\u00f6rb\u00e4ttring av arbetss\u00e4kerheten”. Mets\u00e4 Group. Euroinvester. 17 January 2017.^ “Infranode investerar i finskt enegif\u00f6retag”. Tidningen Fastighetsaktien. Retrieved 30 August 2019.^ Hallitus antaa Carunan verov\u00e4lttelyn jatkua Finnwatch 26\/10\/2018^ “S\u00e4hk\u00f6nkulutus nousi ensimm\u00e4ist\u00e4 kertaa yli 15 000 MW:n 7.1.2016”. Fingrid. Fingrid. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.^ “Fennovoima shuts down construction of nuclear plant in Pyh\u00e4joki”. Yle. Yle. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.^ Palomaa, Antti (25 April 2016). “Supo: Ulkomainen tiedustelu pyrki vaikuttamaan Suomen energiapolitiikkaan”. Yle Uutiset. Yle. Retrieved 25 April 2016."},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki14\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki14\/electricity-sector-in-finland-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Electricity sector in Finland – Wikipedia"}}]}]