List of chemical elements – Wikipedia

List of chemical elements

Element Origin of name^[2][3] Group Period Block Standard
atomic
weight A_r°(E)^[a] Density^[b][c] Melting point^[d] Boiling point^[e] Specific
heat
capacity^[f] Electro­negativity^[g] Abundance
in Earth’s
crust^[h] Origin^[i] Phase at r.t.^[j] Atomic numberZ Symbol Name (Da) (g/cm³) (K) (K) (J/g · K) (mg/kg)   1 H Hydrogen Greek elements hydro- and -gen, ‘water-forming’ 1 1 s-block 1.0080 0.00008988 14.01 20.28 14.304 2.20 1400 primordial gas 2 He Helium Greek hḗlios, ‘sun’ 18 1 s-block 4.0026 0.0001785 –^[k] 4.22 5.193 – 0.008 primordial gas 3 Li Lithium Greek líthos, ‘stone’ 1 2 s-block 6.94 0.534 453.69 1560 3.582 0.98 20 primordial solid 4 Be Beryllium Beryl, a mineral (ultimately from the name of Belur in southern India)^[4] 2 2 s-block 9.0122 1.85 1560 2742 1.825 1.57 2.8 primordial solid 5 B Boron Borax, a mineral (from Arabic bawraq, Middle Persian *bōrag) 13 2 p-block 10.81 2.34 2349 4200 1.026 2.04 10 primordial solid 6 C Carbon Latin carbo, ‘coal’ 14 2 p-block 12.011 2.267 >4000 4300 0.709 2.55 200 primordial solid 7 N Nitrogen Greek nítron and -gen, ‘niter-forming’ 15 2 p-block 14.007 0.0012506 63.15 77.36 1.04 3.04 19 primordial gas 8 O Oxygen Greek oxy- and -gen, ‘acid-forming’ 16 2 p-block 15.999 0.001429 54.36 90.20 0.918 3.44 461000 primordial gas 9 F Fluorine Latin fluere, ‘to flow’ 17 2 p-block 18.998 0.001696 53.53 85.03 0.824 3.98 585 primordial gas 10 Ne Neon Greek néon, ‘new’ 18 2 p-block 20.180 0.0009002 24.56 27.07 1.03 – 0.005 primordial gas 11 Na Sodium English (from medieval Latin) soda
 ·  Symbol Na is derived from New Latin natrium, coined from German Natron, ‘natron’ 1 3 s-block 22.990 0.968 370.87 1156 1.228 0.93 23600 primordial solid 12 Mg Magnesium Magnesia, a district of Eastern Thessaly in Greece 2 3 s-block 24.305 1.738 923 1363 1.023 1.31 23300 primordial solid 13 Al Aluminium Alumina, from Latin alumen (gen. aluminis), ‘bitter salt, alum’ 13 3 p-block 26.982 2.70 933.47 2792 0.897 1.61 82300 primordial solid 14 Si Silicon Latin silex, ‘flint’ (originally silicium) 14 3 p-block 28.085 2.3290 1687 3538 0.705 1.9 282000 primordial solid 15 P Phosphorus Greek phōsphóros, ‘light-bearing’ 15 3 p-block 30.974 1.823 317.30 550 0.769 2.19 1050 primordial solid 16 S Sulfur Latin sulphur, ‘brimstone’ 16 3 p-block 32.06 2.07 388.36 717.87 0.71 2.58 350 primordial solid 17 Cl Chlorine Greek chlōrós, ‘greenish yellow’ 17 3 p-block 35.45 0.0032 171.6 239.11 0.479 3.16 145 primordial gas 18 Ar Argon Greek argós, ‘idle’ (because of its inertness) 18 3 p-block 39.95 0.001784 83.80 87.30 0.52 – 3.5 primordial gas 19 K Potassium New Latin potassa, ‘potash’, itself from pot and ash
 ·  Symbol K is derived from Latin kalium 1 4 s-block 39.098 0.89 336.53 1032 0.757 0.82 20900 primordial solid 20 Ca Calcium Latin calx, ‘lime’ 2 4 s-block 40.078 1.55 1115 1757 0.647 1.00 41500 primordial solid 21 Sc Scandium Latin Scandia, ‘Scandinavia’ 3 4 d-block 44.956 2.985 1814 3109 0.568 1.36 22 primordial solid 22 Ti Titanium Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology 4 4 d-block 47.867 4.506 1941 3560 0.523 1.54 5650 primordial solid 23 V Vanadium Vanadis, an Old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess Freyja 5 4 d-block 50.942 6.11 2183 3680 0.489 1.63 120 primordial solid 24 Cr Chromium Greek chróma, ‘colour’ 6 4 d-block 51.996 7.15 2180 2944 0.449 1.66 102 primordial solid 25 Mn Manganese Corrupted from magnesia negra; see § magnesium 7 4 d-block 54.938 7.21 1519 2334 0.479 1.55 950 primordial solid 26 Fe Iron English word, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom (‘iron’), from a root meaning ‘blood’
 ·  Symbol Fe is derived from Latin ferrum 8 4 d-block 55.845 7.874 1811 3134 0.449 1.83 56300 primordial solid 27 Co Cobalt German Kobold, ‘goblin’ 9 4 d-block 58.933 8.90 1768 3200 0.421 1.88 25 primordial solid 28 Ni Nickel Nickel, a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology 10 4 d-block 58.693 8.908 1728 3186 0.444 1.91 84 primordial solid 29 Cu Copper English word, from Latin cuprum, from Ancient Greek Kýpros ‘Cyprus’ 11 4 d-block 63.546 8.96 1357.77 2835 0.385 1.90 60 primordial solid 30 Zn Zinc Most likely from German Zinke, ‘prong’ or ‘tooth’, though some suggest Persian sang, ‘stone’ 12 4 d-block 65.38 7.14 692.88 1180 0.388 1.65 70 primordial solid 31 Ga Gallium Latin Gallia, ‘France’ 13 4 p-block 69.723 5.91 302.9146 2673 0.371 1.81 19 primordial solid 32 Ge Germanium Latin Germania, ‘Germany’ 14 4 p-block 72.630 5.323 1211.40 3106 0.32 2.01 1.5 primordial solid 33 As Arsenic French arsenic, from Greek arsenikón ‘yellow arsenic’ (influenced by arsenikós, ‘masculine’ or ‘virile’), from a West Asian wanderword ultimately from Old Iranian *zarniya-ka, ‘golden’ 15 4 p-block 74.922 5.727 1090^[l] 887 0.329 2.18 1.8 primordial solid 34 Se Selenium Greek selḗnē, ‘moon’ 16 4 p-block 78.971 4.81 453 958 0.321 2.55 0.05 primordial solid 35 Br Bromine Greek brômos, ‘stench’ 17 4 p-block 79.904 3.1028 265.8 332.0 0.474 2.96 2.4 primordial liquid 36 Kr Krypton Greek kryptós, ‘hidden’ 18 4 p-block 83.798 0.003749 115.79 119.93 0.248 3.00 1×10⁻⁴ primordial gas 37 Rb Rubidium Latin rubidus, ‘deep red’ 1 5 s-block 85.468 1.532 312.46 961 0.363 0.82 90 primordial solid 38 Sr Strontium Strontian, a village in Scotland, where it was found 2 5 s-block 87.62 2.64 1050 1655 0.301 0.95 370 primordial solid 39 Y Yttrium Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see also terbium, erbium, ytterbium 3 5 d-block 88.906 4.472 1799 3609 0.298 1.22 33 primordial solid 40 Zr Zirconium Zircon, a mineral, from Persian zargun, ‘gold-hued’ 4 5 d-block 91.224 6.52 2128 4682 0.278 1.33 165 primordial solid 41 Nb Niobium Niobe, daughter of king Tantalus from Greek mythology; see also tantalum 5 5 d-block 92.906 8.57 2750 5017 0.265 1.6 20 primordial solid 42 Mo Molybdenum Greek molýbdaina, ‘piece of lead’, from mólybdos, ‘lead’, due to confusion with lead ore galena (PbS) 6 5 d-block 95.95 10.28 2896 4912 0.251 2.16 1.2 primordial solid 43 Tc Technetium Greek tekhnētós, ‘artificial’ 7 5 d-block [97]^[a] 11 2430 4538 – 1.9 ~ 3×10⁻⁹ from decay solid 44 Ru Ruthenium New Latin Ruthenia, ‘Russia’ 8 5 d-block 101.07 12.45 2607 4423 0.238 2.2 0.001 primordial solid 45 Rh Rhodium Greek rhodóeis, ‘rose-coloured’, from rhódon, ‘rose’ 9 5 d-block 102.91 12.41 2237 3968 0.243 2.28 0.001 primordial solid 46 Pd Palladium Pallas, an asteroid, considered a planet at the time 10 5 d-block 106.42 12.023 1828.05 3236 0.244 2.20 0.015 primordial solid 47 Ag Silver English word
 ·  Symbol Ag is derived from Latin argentum 11 5 d-block 107.87 10.49 1234.93 2435 0.235 1.93 0.075 primordial solid 48 Cd Cadmium New Latin cadmia, from King Kadmos 12 5 d-block 112.41 8.65 594.22 1040 0.232 1.69 0.159 primordial solid 49 In Indium Latin indicum, ‘indigo’, the blue colour found in its spectrum 13 5 p-block 114.82 7.31 429.75 2345 0.233 1.78 0.25 primordial solid 50 Sn Tin English word
 ·  Symbol Sn is derived from Latin stannum 14 5 p-block 118.71 7.265 505.08 2875 0.228 1.96 2.3 primordial solid 51 Sb Antimony Latin antimonium, the origin of which is uncertain: folk etymologies suggest it is derived from Greek antí (‘against’) + mónos (‘alone’), or Old French anti-moine, ‘Monk’s bane’, but it could plausibly be from or related to Arabic ʾiṯmid, ‘antimony’, reformatted as a Latin word
 ·  Symbol Sb is derived from Latin stibium ‘stibnite’ 15 5 p-block 121.76 6.697 903.78 1860 0.207 2.05 0.2 primordial solid 52 Te Tellurium Latin tellus, ‘the ground, earth’ 16 5 p-block 127.60 6.24 722.66 1261 0.202 2.1 0.001 primordial solid 53 I Iodine French iode, from Greek ioeidḗs, ‘violet’ 17 5 p-block 126.90 4.933 386.85 457.4 0.214 2.66 0.45 primordial solid 54 Xe Xenon Greek xénon, neuter form of xénos ‘strange’ 18 5 p-block 131.29 0.005894 161.4 165.03 0.158 2.60 3×10⁻⁵ primordial gas 55 Cs Caesium Latin caesius, ‘sky-blue’ 1 6 s-block 132.91 1.93 301.59 944 0.242 0.79 3 primordial solid 56 Ba Barium Greek barýs, ‘heavy’ 2 6 s-block 137.33 3.51 1000 2170 0.204 0.89 425 primordial solid 57 La Lanthanum Greek lanthánein, ‘to lie hidden’ n/a 6 f-block 138.91 6.162 1193 3737 0.195 1.1 39 primordial solid 58 Ce Cerium Ceres, a dwarf planet, considered a planet at the time n/a 6 f-block 140.12 6.770 1068 3716 0.192 1.12 66.5 primordial solid 59 Pr Praseodymium Greek prásios dídymos, ‘green twin’ n/a 6 f-block 140.91 6.77 1208 3793 0.193 1.13 9.2 primordial solid 60 Nd Neodymium Greek néos dídymos, ‘new twin’ n/a 6 f-block 144.24 7.01 1297 3347 0.19 1.14 41.5 primordial solid 61 Pm Promethium Prometheus, a figure in Greek mythology n/a 6 f-block [145] 7.26 1315 3273 – 1.13 2×10⁻¹⁹ from decay solid 62 Sm Samarium Samarskite, a mineral named after V. Samarsky-Bykhovets, Russian mine official n/a 6 f-block 150.36 7.52 1345 2067 0.197 1.17 7.05 primordial solid 63 Eu Europium Europe n/a 6 f-block 151.96 5.244 1099 1802 0.182 1.2 2 primordial solid 64 Gd Gadolinium Gadolinite, a mineral named after Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist n/a 6 f-block 157.25 7.90 1585 3546 0.236 1.2 6.2 primordial solid 65 Tb Terbium Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see also yttrium, erbium, ytterbium n/a 6 f-block 158.93 8.23 1629 3503 0.182 1.2 1.2 primordial solid 66 Dy Dysprosium Greek dysprósitos, ‘hard to get’ n/a 6 f-block 162.50 8.540 1680 2840 0.17 1.22 5.2 primordial solid 67 Ho Holmium New Latin Holmia, ‘Stockholm’ n/a 6 f-block 164.93 8.79 1734 2993 0.165 1.23 1.3 primordial solid 68 Er Erbium Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see also yttrium, terbium, ytterbium n/a 6 f-block 167.26 9.066 1802 3141 0.168 1.24 3.5 primordial solid 69 Tm Thulium Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location n/a 6 f-block 168.93 9.32 1818 2223 0.16 1.25 0.52 primordial solid 70 Yb Ytterbium Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see also yttrium, terbium, erbium n/a 6 f-block 173.05 6.90 1097 1469 0.155 1.1 3.2 primordial solid 71 Lu Lutetium Latin Lutetia, ‘Paris’ 3 6 d-block 174.97 9.841 1925 3675 0.154 1.27 0.8 primordial solid 72 Hf Hafnium New Latin Hafnia, ‘Copenhagen’ (from Danish havn, harbour) 4 6 d-block 178.49 13.31 2506 4876 0.144 1.3 3 primordial solid 73 Ta Tantalum King Tantalus, father of Niobe from Greek mythology; see also niobium 5 6 d-block 180.95 16.69 3290 5731 0.14 1.5 2 primordial solid 74 W Tungsten Swedish tung sten, ‘heavy stone’
 ·  Symbol W is from Wolfram, originally from Middle High German wolf-rahm ‘wolf’s foam’ describing the mineral wolframite^[5] 6 6 d-block 183.84 19.25 3695 5828 0.132 2.36 1.3 primordial solid 75 Re Rhenium Latin Rhenus, ‘the Rhine’ 7 6 d-block 186.21 21.02 3459 5869 0.137 1.9 7×10⁻⁴ primordial solid 76 Os Osmium Greek osmḗ, ‘smell’ 8 6 d-block 190.23 22.59 3306 5285 0.13 2.2 0.002 primordial solid 77 Ir Iridium Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow 9 6 d-block 192.22 22.56 2719 4701 0.131 2.20 0.001 primordial solid 78 Pt Platinum Spanish platina, ‘little silver’, from plata ‘silver’ 10 6 d-block 195.08 21.45 2041.4 4098 0.133 2.28 0.005 primordial solid 79 Au Gold English word, from the same root as ‘yellow’
 ·  Symbol Au is derived from Latin aurum 11 6 d-block 196.97 19.3 1337.33 3129 0.129 2.54 0.004 primordial solid 80 Hg Mercury Mercury, Roman god of commerce, communication, and luck, known for his speed and mobility
 ·  Symbol Hg is derived from its Latin name hydrargyrum, from Greek hydrárgyros, ‘water-silver’ 12 6 d-block 200.59 13.534 234.43 629.88 0.14 2.00 0.085 primordial liquid 81 Tl Thallium Greek thallós, ‘green shoot or twig’ 13 6 p-block 204.38 11.85 577 1746 0.129 1.62 0.85 primordial solid 82 Pb Lead English word, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom, from a root meaning ‘flow’
 ·  Symbol Pb is derived from Latin plumbum 14 6 p-block 207.2 11.34 600.61 2022 0.129 1.87 (2+)
2.33 (4+) 14 primordial solid 83 Bi Bismuth German Wismut, from weiß Masse ‘white mass’, unless from Arabic 15 6 p-block 208.98 9.78 544.7 1837 0.122 2.02 0.009 primordial solid 84 Po Polonium Latin Polonia, ‘Poland’, home country of Marie Curie 16 6 p-block [209]^[a] 9.196 527 1235 – 2.0 2×10⁻¹⁰ from decay solid 85 At Astatine Greek ástatos, ‘unstable’ 17 6 p-block [210] (7) 575 610 – 2.2 3×10⁻²⁰ from decay unknown phase 86 Rn Radon Radium emanation, originally the name of the isotope Radon-222 18 6 p-block [222] 0.00973 202 211.3 0.094 2.2 4×10⁻¹³ from decay gas 87 Fr Francium France, home country of discoverer Marguerite Perey 1 7 s-block [223] (2.48) 281 890 – >0.79^[6] ~ 1×10⁻¹⁸ from decay unknown phase 88 Ra Radium French radium, from Latin radius, ‘ray’ 2 7 s-block [226] 5.5 973 2010 0.094 0.9 9×10⁻⁷ from decay solid 89 Ac Actinium Greek aktís, ‘ray’ n/a 7 f-block [227] 10 1323 3471 0.12 1.1 5.5×10⁻¹⁰ from decay solid 90 Th Thorium Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder n/a 7 f-block 232.04 11.7 2115 5061 0.113 1.3 9.6 primordial solid 91 Pa Protactinium Proto- (from Greek prôtos, ‘first, before’) + actinium, since actinium is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium n/a 7 f-block 231.04 15.37 1841 4300 – 1.5 1.4×10⁻⁶ from decay solid 92 U Uranium Uranus, the seventh planet in the Solar System n/a 7 f-block 238.03 19.1 1405.3 4404 0.116 1.38 2.7 primordial solid 93 Np Neptunium Neptune, the eighth planet in the Solar System n/a 7 f-block [237] 20.45 917 4273 – 1.36 ≤ 3×10⁻¹² from decay solid 94 Pu Plutonium Pluto, a dwarf planet, considered a planet in the Solar System at the time n/a 7 f-block [244] 19.85 912.5 3501 – 1.28 ≤ 3×10⁻¹¹ from decay solid 95 Am Americium The Americas, where the element was first synthesised, by analogy with its homologue § europium n/a 7 f-block [243] 12 1449 2880 – 1.13 – synthetic solid 96 Cm Curium Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, French physicists and chemists n/a 7 f-block [247] 13.51 1613 3383 – 1.28 – synthetic solid 97 Bk Berkelium Berkeley, California, where the element was first synthesised n/a 7 f-block [247] 14.78 1259 2900 – 1.3 – synthetic solid 98 Cf Californium California, where the element was first synthesised in the LBNL laboratory n/a 7 f-block [251] 15.1 1173 (1743)^[b] – 1.3 – synthetic solid 99 Es Einsteinium Albert Einstein, German physicist n/a 7 f-block [252] 8.84 1133 (1269) – 1.3 – synthetic solid 100 Fm Fermium Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist n/a 7 f-block [257] (9.7)^[b] (1125)^[7]
(1800)^[8] – – 1.3 – synthetic unknown phase 101 Md Mendelevium Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist who proposed the periodic table n/a 7 f-block [258] (10.3) (1100) – – 1.3 – synthetic unknown phase 102 No Nobelium Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer n/a 7 f-block [259] (9.9) (1100) – – 1.3 – synthetic unknown phase 103 Lr Lawrencium Ernest Lawrence, American physicist 3 7 d-block [266] (14.4) (1900) – – 1.3 – synthetic unknown phase 104 Rf Rutherfordium Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist from New Zealand 4 7 d-block [267] (17) (2400) (5800) – – – synthetic unknown phase 105 Db Dubnium Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered in the JINR laboratory 5 7 d-block [268] (21.6) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 106 Sg Seaborgium Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist 6 7 d-block [269] (23–24) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 107 Bh Bohrium Niels Bohr, Danish physicist 7 7 d-block [270] (26–27) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 108 Hs Hassium New Latin Hassia, ‘Hesse’, a state in Germany 8 7 d-block [269] (27–29) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 109 Mt Meitnerium Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist 9 7 d-block [278] (27–28) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 110 Ds Darmstadtium Darmstadt, Germany, where the element was first synthesised in the GSI laboratories 10 7 d-block [281] (26–27) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 111 Rg Roentgenium Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, German physicist 11 7 d-block [282] (22–24) – – – – – synthetic unknown phase 112 Cn Copernicium Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer 12 7 d-block [285] (14.0) (283) (340)^[b] – – – synthetic unknown phase 113 Nh Nihonium Japanese Nihon, ‘Japan’, where the element was first synthesised in the Riken laboratories 13 7 p-block [286] (16) (700) (1400) – – – synthetic unknown phase 114 Fl Flerovium Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR, where the element was synthesised; itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist 14 7 p-block [289] (9.928) (200)^[b] (380) – – – synthetic unknown phase 115 Mc Moscovium Moscow, Russia, where the element was first synthesised in the JINR laboratories 15 7 p-block [290] (13.5) (700) (1400) – – – synthetic unknown phase 116 Lv Livermorium Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California 16 7 p-block [293] (12.9) (700) (1100) – – – synthetic unknown phase 117 Ts Tennessine Tennessee, United States, where Oak Ridge National Laboratory is located 17 7 p-block [294] (7.1–7.3) (700) (883) – – – synthetic unknown phase 118 Og Oganesson Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist 18 7 p-block [294] (6.6–7.4) (325) (450) – – – synthetic unknown phase