Qeparo – Wikipedia

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Village in Vlorë, Albania

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Qeparo (definite Albanian form: Qeparoi; Greek: Κηπαρό, Kiparo) is a seaside village in the municipality of Himara in Vlorë County, Albania.[1][2] It is part of the Albanian Riviera and the village is divided in two parts – Upper or Old Qeparo on higher ground and Lower or New Qeparo on the coast.[3]

The first identified form of the name of the village is “Clapero” in the 1566 correspondence of the people of Himara who were seeking refuge from the Ottoman Empire with the Kingdom of Naples. The name is thought to derive from the word kllapë and the Greek suffix -erό, which is commonly used in toponyms (e.g. Vromero). As “kllapë/klapa” has nearly the same meaning in the local Albanian and Greek dialects, the question arises as to whether the name is Greek or Albanian. The form Qeparo is a later innovation which was produced via vowel metathesis and the typical shift of /kl/ to /q/ in southern Albanian dialects. Oral and written historical accounts suggest that the original name of the village was Kiepero or Kiparos, which derives from the Greek word kipos, meaning garden.[6][7] The connection with Greek kipos is a folk etymology.

History[edit]

Double axes of the Mycenaean Greek type that date from the late Bronze Age (1400-1100 BC) have been found in the location Shafka e Kudhësit between Qeparo and Kudhës in the 1977-78 site survey under the direction of archaeologist Frano Prendi.[8] They belong to the IV-Buchholz/B1a-Deshayes Aegean sea group of Bronze Age metalworking.[9]

In 1501, villages in the Himara region were governed by their own elders, and the traditional meeting place of the region was in the locality of Spilea, near the village of Qeparo. Certain villages enjoyed more privileges than others, as they were provided with Kapedana – hereditary leaders with military roles, particularly regarding recruitment. The Gjika family held this title in Qeparo, and a major by the name of Atanasio Gjika was mentioned in Neapolitan documents relating to the king’s recruitments in the region during the end of the 18th century. Apart from these Kapedana, the villages in the Himara region did not have unique leaders, but rather a council made up of the heads of the local fis or brotherhoods known as primates in relevant documents.[10]

In 1722, the villages of Himara, Palasa, Ilias, Vuno, Pilur and Qeparo refused to submit to the Pasha of Delvina.[11] Eastern-rite missionary Giuseppe Schirò from the Arbëresh town of Piana degli Albanesi in Sicily, visited the Himara region in 1722 due to connections based on the founders of Piana degli Albanesi being from the region of Himara. In his report, Qeparo and other villages were described as Albanian (“di natione Albanesi”), while Palasa, Himara and Dhermi as Greek.[12]

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The village has an Orthodox Church dedicated to Saint Demetrius, dated 1760, one of the nine churches in Albania today dedicated to that saint.[13] The church was erected at a period when pressure for conversion to Islam was strong.[14] A project for the establishment of a Greek school in the village was initiated by the Greek national benefactors Evangelos and Konstantinos Zappas in 1860. In the 1898-1899 school season three Greek schools were operating in Qeparo: elementary, secondary and a girls’ school with a total of 100 students.[15]

During the period of the Balkan Wars, the inhabitants of Greek-speaking villages in the region, such as Qeparo, fought against Albanian speaking-villages like Kudhës, who fought on the side of the Ottoman Empire.[16]

The Albanian government built the main road along the coast in 1957 and it boosted economic and other opportunities in the area.[17] The water channel built near the road was a factor that made people over time settle near the sea, resulting in the village becoming split into parts, Old Qeparo and New Qeparo.[17] Coastal New Qeparo is the hub of both villages where government services are located and social activities take place.[17] In post communist Albania, some two thirds of the village population emigrated from Qeparo.[17] The remaining people were involved in developing the village by constructing new homes and focusing on raising the quality of life.[17] Later, the wider area became a tourist destination and New Qeparo has had to deal with problems related to uncontrolled urban sprawl and population growth.[17] Emigration mostly impacted Old Qeparo whose population has declined, with many old houses being uninhabited and in various states of disrepair.[17]

Geography[edit]

Qeparo is situated on the western slope of Mount Gjivlash, at about 450 metres (1,480 ft) above sea level. In ancient times, Qeparo was situated in the hill of Kasteli. Later on, its inhabitants settled a little further down, in the Gjivlash Slope, southeast of the hill of Kasteli, to be closer to their fields and to escape the cold of the winter. From 1957 onwards, Qeparo was split into the Old Village (Albanian: Fshati i vjetër, Greek: Άνω or Παλαιό Κηπαρό), and the New Village (Albanian: Fshati i ri, Greek: Κάτω or Νέο Κηπαρό).[18]

To the east, Qeparo is bounded by the village of Borsh, to the northeast by Çorraj, to the north with Kudhës, to the northwest by Piluri, to the west with the town of Himara and to the south and southwest by the Ionian sea. The Porto Palermo Castle, probably built by the Venetian and later used by Ali Pasha to guard against the Himariotes is part of the territory of Qeparo.[19]

The village is composed of the following neighbourhoods or brotherhoods (Albanian: vëllazëri): Ballëguras, Bragjint’ e Poshçërë, Bragjint’ e Sipërmë, Dhimëgjonas, Gjikëbitaj, Mërtokaj, Ndregjin, Peçolat, Pogdan and Rushat. Every brotherhood had its own patron saint.[20]

Qeparo has cultivated olives for centuries, as mentioned in the early 19th century in the work of François Pouqueville, Napoleon Bonaparte’s general consul at the court of Ali Pasha in Ioannina.[21][full citation needed]: testimony to this, are some centennial olive trees still existing in the village.

Demographics[edit]

Qeparo was in the past inhabited by Greek speakers and according to Georgios Giakoumis is indicated by the village name.[22] During the interwar period, the inhabitants of Qeparo were Greek speaking.[23] After 1957, the village developed into two parts, New Qeparo where the population became concentrated and Old Qeparo.[17]

Qeparo in the early 1990s was mainly inhabited by an Albanian speaking population, many being Orthodox Christians.[22] The village of Qeparo is mixed[24] and contains both an Orthodox Albanian population inhabiting Qeparo Poshtme (lower neighbourhood) and Greeks living in Άνω Κηπαρό/Ano Kiparo (upper neighbourhood).[25] Today the inhabitants of Qeparo mainly speak the Albanian Tosk dialect,[26] with the exception of Upper Qeparo, where Greek speech is dominant.[27] The Albanian local dialects, are part of southern Tosk, and more precisely, of the Labërisht sub-group.[28] Labërisht itself is composed of non-unical language groups, and shares many features with the Arbëresh language which it is related to.[29][30] In the early twenty first century, villagers are mainly concentrated in coastal New Qeparo, while the population of Old Qeparo has decreased to due to emigration with those remaining being some 80-100 elderly people.[17]

Tourism[edit]

Qeparo is one of the favorite tourist destinations in Albania. Two hotels and a few guesthouses serve the tourists’ enjoyment of the small beaches.

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qeparo.

References[edit]

  1. ^ “Location of Qeparo”. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  2. ^ “Law nr. 115/2014” (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6376. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  3. ^ Krosi 2017, pp. 46-48.
  4. ^ Gregorič, Nataša. “Contested Spaces and Negotiated Identities in Dhermi/Drimades of Himare/Himara area, Southern Albania” (PDF). University of Nova Gorica. p. 46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  5. ^ Catalani, Anna; Nour, Zeinab; Versaci, Antonella; Hawkes, Dean; Bougdah, Hocine; Sotoca, Adolf; Ghoneem, Mahmoud; Trapani, Ferdinando (2018). Cities’ Identity Through Architecture and Arts: Proceedings of the International Conference on Cities’ Identity through Architecture and Arts (CITAA 2017), May 11-13, 2017, Cairo, Egypt. Routledge. p. 2383. ISBN 978-1-351-68032-5.
  6. ^ Bejko, Lorenc (2002). “Mycenaean Presence and Influence in Albania”. Greek Influence Along the East Adriatic Coast. Kniževni Krug: 12. ISBN 9789531631549. Retrieved 4 April 2020. It is important to note that during this period items for every day use of Mycenaean type have a rather wide distribution… Double axes are found at… Qeparo. …Instead, the local production of Mycenaean types (such as one-edged knives and double axes) is more evident.
  7. ^ Bunguri, Adem (2012). “Sëpatat dyshe prej bronzi në Shqipëri / Bronze Double Axes from Albania”. Iliria. 36: 11. doi:10.3406/iliri.2012.2381.
  8. ^ Valentini, Giuseppe (1956). Il Diritto delle Comunità – Nella Tradizione Giuridica Albanese. Florence: Vallecchi Editore. p. 271-272.
  9. ^ Etnografia shqiptare. Vol. 15. Akademia e Shkencave e RPSH, Instituti i Historisë, Sektori i Etnografisë. 1987. p. 199.
  10. ^ Bartl, Peter (1991). “Zur topographie und geschichte der Himara”. Münchner Zeitschrift für Balkankunde. 8. ISBN 9783878281962. Nach der Relation von Giuseppe Schirò su dem Jahre 1722 waren von del 14 himariotischen Ortschaften drei (Himara Dhërmi und Palasa ) ” di natione greci ” , die restlichen 11 ( Ilias , Vuno , Kalarat , Piluri , Qeparo , Piçerras , Lukovë , Shën – Vasil , Hundëcovë , Nivicë e Bubarit und Lëkurës ) wurden als ” di natione albanesi ” bezeichnet
  11. ^ Elsie, Robert (December 2000). A dictionary of Albanian religion, mythology, and folk culture. New York University Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-8147-2214-8.
  12. ^ Giakoumēs, Geōrgios K. (1996). Monuments of Orthodoxy in Albania. Doukas School. p. 88. ISBN 978-960-7203-09-0.
  13. ^ Koltsida, Athina. “Warning – Aristotle University of Thessaloniki – Psifiothiki” Η Εκπαίδευση στη Βόρεια Ήπειρο κατά την Ύστερη Περίοδο της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας (PDF) (in Greek). University of Thessaloniki. p. 174. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  14. ^ Pettifer James, Poulton Hugh. The Southern Balkans. Minority Rights Group, 1994. ISBN 978-1-897693-75-9, p. 51: “During this period, some Albanian-speaking villages in Epirus fought for the Turks against the Greek-speaking villages (eg Kudhes against Qeparo)”
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i Krosi, Enkela (2017). Year-round tourism in Albanian Riviera: Case of Qeparo (PDF) (Masters). Epoka University. p. 28. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  16. ^ Bashki e Himares. p. 5, 12.
  17. ^ Ndarurinze, Renate (2008). Albanien entdecken: Auf den Spuren Skanderbegs (in German). Berlin: Trescher Verlag. p. 243. ISBN 978-3-89794-125-0.
  18. ^ Ulqini, K. “Phénomènes de l’ancienne organisation sociale à Himara et à Suli”. Ethnographie Albanaise (in French). Tirana. XV (1987): 201.
  19. ^ “I see that this place is full of olive groves”… in: Pouqueville, F.C.H.L., Voyage en Morée, à Constantinople, en Albanie et dans plusieurs autres parties de l’Empire Ottoman pendant les années 1798, 1799, 1800 et 1801. Paris Chez Gabon 1805. [1]
  20. ^ a b Giakoumēs, Geōrgios K. (1996). Monuments of Orthodoxy in Albania. Doukas School. p. 88. ISBN 978-960-7203-09-0. Kiparo: The village used to be Greek speaking as its name suggests. Now it is populated mainly by Albanian speakers, amongst whom are a large number of Orthodox Christians.
  21. ^ Hammond Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière. Epirus: the geography, the ancient remains, the history and topography of Epirus and adjacent areas. Clarendon P., 1967, p. 122: “”to the Greek-speaking village of Qeparo.”
  22. ^ Reed Fred A.. Salonica Terminus: travels into the Balkan nightmare. Talonbooks, 1996 ISBN 978-0-88922-368-4, p. 102: “a mixed Greek-Albanian village called Qeparo nestled in a narrow valley.”
  23. ^ Kallivretakis, Leonidas (1995). “Η ελληνική κοινότητα της Αλβανίας υπό το πρίσμα της ιστορικής γεωγραφίας και δημογραφίας [The Greek Community of Albania in terms of historical geography and demography.” In Nikolakopoulos, Ilias, Kouloubis Theodoros A. & Thanos M. Veremis (eds). Ο Ελληνισμός της Αλβανίας [The Greeks of Albania]. University of Athens. p. 51. “Ε Έλληνες, ΑΧ Αλβανοί Ορθόδοξοι Χριστιανοί; p.53. “QEPARO POSTHME ΚΗΠΑΡΟ ΚΑΤΩ 854 ΑΧ; QEPARO SIPERME ΚΗΠΑΡΟ ΑΝΩ 461 E”
  24. ^ Gregorič, Nataša. “Contested Spaces and Negotiated Identities in Dhermi/Drimades of Himare/Himara area, Southern Albania” (PDF). University of Nova Gorica. p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2010. In their day-to-day conversations locals of Dhermi, Palase, and Himara mainly use a Greek dialect and partly a southern Albanian (Tosk) dialect, while the locals of Ilias, Vuno, Qeparo, Kudhes, and Pilur mainly speak the Albanian tosk dialect
  25. ^ Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010). On the border : transborder mobility, ethnic groups and boundaries along the Albanian-Greek frontier. Berlin: Lit. p. 99. ISBN 9783643107930.
  26. ^ Gjinari, Jorgji (1989). Dialektet e gjuhës shqipe (in Albanian). Academy of Sciences of Albania, Institute of Linguistics. p. 57.
  27. ^ Totoni, M (1971). Dialektologjia shqiptare I, Vëzhgime rreth të folmeve të Kurveleshit (English: Albanian dialectology I, Observations on the Language of Kurvelesh) (in Albanian). p. 85.
  28. ^ Sotiri, Natasha (2001). E folmja dhe toponimia e Qeparoit (in Albanian). Academy of Sciences of Albania. p. 13. ISBN 99927-759-0-4. OL 3756700M. Kështu, banorët e Qeparoit janë njëgjuhësh, shqipfolës, megjithëse janë fare pranë me qytetin e Himarës, banorët e së cilës janë dygjuhësh (shqip dhe greqishtfolës). Në krahun tjetër të Himarës vjen fshati Vuno, i cili edhe ai është shqipfolës; pas Vunoit vjen Dhërmiu, që është shqip dhe greqishtfolës. (in English: Thus the inhabitants of Qeparo are monolingual, Albanian speaking, although we are very near to the town of Himara, whose inhabitants are bilingual (Albanian and Greek speaking). On the other side of Himara is the village of Vuno, which also is Albanian speaking, after Vuno comes Dhermi, which is Albanian and Greek speaking)

Bibliography[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Widmann, Carlo Aurelio; Paladini, Filippo Maria (ed.): Dispacci da Corfù – 1794–1797. Venice, La Malcontenta, 1997.
  • İnalcık, Halil: Hicrî 835 Tarihli: Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid [Copy of the Fiscal Survey for the Province of Arvanid (Albania), Year 1431 A.D.]. Metni bir Giriş ile Neşreden Halil İnalcik. Metin dışında H. 991 tarihli Avlonya Kanunnâmesi ile 1 harita, 29 tıpkı-basım vardır. (Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınlarından XIV. Seri – No. 1. Tahrir defterleri.) Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi – Ankara. 1954, p. 27–28.
  • Region of Himara: Official municipality website. [2]


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