[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki14\/wiru-language-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki14\/wiru-language-wikipedia\/","headline":"Wiru language – Wikipedia","name":"Wiru language – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Language spoken in Papua New Guinea Wiru or Witu is the language spoken","datePublished":"2018-09-08","dateModified":"2018-09-08","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki14\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki14\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/44a4cee54c4c053e967fe3e7d054edd4?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki14\/wiru-language-wikipedia\/","wordCount":2298,"articleBody":" (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Language spoken in Papua New GuineaWiru or Witu is the language spoken by the Wiru people of Ialibu-Pangia District of the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. The language has been described by Harland Kerr, a missionary who lived in the Wiru community for many years. Kerr’s work with the community produced a Wiru Bible translation and several unpublished dictionary manuscripts,[3] as well as Kerr’s Master’s thesis on the structure of Wiru verbs.[4] (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4There are a considerable number of resemblances with the Engan languages, suggesting Wiru might be a member of that family, but language contact has not been ruled out as the reason. Usher classifies it with the Teberan languages.Table of ContentsPronouns[edit]Vocabulary[edit]Evolution[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]Pronouns[edit]Trans\u2013New Guinea\u2013like pronouns are no 1sg (< *na) and ki-wi 2pl, ki-ta 2du (< *ki). (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Vocabulary[edit]The following basic vocabulary words are from Franklin (1973,[5] 1975),[6] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[7]glossWiruheadtobouhairpine; p\u00edneearkabidieyelenenosetiminitoothkimetonguekeke; kek\u00e9legkawalousenomo; nom\u00f2dogtuepigka\u00ecbirdini; in\u00eceggmu\u0327bloodkamatebonetonoskinkepenebreastadutreeyomo; yom\u00f2manaliwomanatoa; at\u00f2asunlou; lo\u00famoontokenewaterue; u\u00e8firetoestonekue; ku\u00e9nameibini; ib\u00ednieatnak\u00f2; one ne nakooneodenetwotakuta; ta kut\u00e0Wiru has a general noun-modifying clause construction.[8] In this construction, a noun can be modified by a clause that immediately precedes it. The noun may, but need not, correspond to an argument of the modifying clause. Such constructions can be used to express a wide range of semantic relationships between clause and noun. The follow examples all use the same noun-modifying clause construction:[No ka-k-u] tono tubea.1sg stay-prs-1sg mountain big‘The mountain I am on top of is big.’piri-ki-ya.lie-prs-2\/3pl-hab[Kia-nea karo pi-k-i] ail-aroa eida piri-ki-ya.be.red-inf car lie-prs-2\/3pl man-woman there lie-prs-2\/3pl-hab‘The people who own red cars live there.’[Kenbra namolo no-k-o] ko ou.Canberra first come-pst-1pl story say.1sg.fut‘I’ll tell the story about the first time we came to Canberra.’no-ka-l-e…come-pst-ds-2\/3pl…[Toro pea skul ke poa-rok-o] oi no-ka-l-e…1pl all school loc go-opt-1pl time come-pst-ds-2\/3pl…‘The time for all of us to go to school arrived…’The noun-modifying clause construction imposes a falling tone on the head noun. That is, no matter what the lexical tone of the noun that is being modified is, it takes on a high-low tone pattern when it is modified in a noun-modifying clause construction.Evolution[edit]Wiru reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are:[9]ibi(ni) \u2018name\u2019 < *imbinomo \u2018louse\u2019 < *nimanlaga \u2018ashes\u2019 < *la(\u014bg,k)atokene \u2018moon\u2019 < *takVn[V]mane \u2018instructions, incantations\u2019 < *manakeda \u2018heavy\u2019 < *ke(nd,n)amo– \u2018negative prefix\u2019 < *ma-References[edit]^ Wiru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)^ New Guinea World, Tua River^ Kerr, Harland (13 March 2014). “Witumo Wituda Database”. Retrieved 2022-02-21.^ Kerr, Harland (1967). A preliminary statement of Witu grammar: The syntactic role and structure of the verb (PDF) (MA). University of Hawai\u02bbi.^ Franklin, K.J. “Other Language Groups in the Gulf District and Adjacent Areas”. In Franklin, K. editor, The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea. C-26:261-278. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. doi:10.15144\/PL-C26.261^ Franklin K.J. 1975. Comments on Proto-Engan. In S.A. Wurm, Ed. New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study: Papuan languages and the New Guinea linguistic scene. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 263-275.^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). “TransNewGuinea.org – database of the languages of New Guinea”. Retrieved 2020-11-05.^ Hendy, Caroline; Daniels, Don (2021). “The Wiru Noun-Modifying Clause Construction”. Oceanic Linguistics. 60 (1): 72\u2013102. doi:10.1353\/ol.2021.0002. S2CID\u00a0236779036.^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarstr\u00f6m, Harald (2018). “The Trans New Guinea family”. In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol.\u00a04. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.\u00a021\u2013196. ISBN\u00a0978-3-11-028642-7.Further reading[edit]External links[edit]Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, WituAndrew Strathern and Pamela J. Stewart Recordings – Andrew Strathern and Pamela J. Stewart Recordings From the Andrew Strathern and Pamela J. Stewart Photographs and Audiorecordings. MSS 477. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki14\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki14\/wiru-language-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Wiru language – Wikipedia"}}]}]