[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/blue-black-grosbeak-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/blue-black-grosbeak-wikipedia\/","headline":"Blue-black grosbeak – Wikipedia","name":"Blue-black grosbeak – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Species of songbird The blue-black grosbeak (Cyanoloxia cyanoides) is a species of songbird","datePublished":"2014-03-19","dateModified":"2014-03-19","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6c\/Blue-black_Grosbeak_CW.jpg\/167px-Blue-black_Grosbeak_CW.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6c\/Blue-black_Grosbeak_CW.jpg\/167px-Blue-black_Grosbeak_CW.jpg","height":"125","width":"167"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/blue-black-grosbeak-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":3753,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Species of songbirdThe blue-black grosbeak (Cyanoloxia cyanoides) is a species of songbird in the family Cardinalidae.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society places this species in genus Cyanoloxia.[2] In addition, in 2018 the committee split the eastern lowland population into a new species, Amazonian grosbeak (Cyanoloxia rothschildii).[2]Table of ContentsTaxonomy and systematics[edit]Description[edit]Vocalization[edit]Distribution and habitat[edit]Behaviour[edit]Breeding[edit]Diet[edit]Gallery[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]Taxonomy and systematics[edit]The blue-black grosbeak is found in the family Cardinalidae, within the order Passeriformes. Although it is still sometimes placed in the genus Cyanocompsa, it was found that this genus is paraphyletic and contains members of the genus Amaurospiza and Cyanoloxia.[3]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4There are three subspecies in this taxa: Cyanoloxia cyanoides cyanoides, Cyanoloxia cyanoides caerulescens, and Cyanoloxia cyanoides concreta. Although these three subspecies are very similar, there are slight differences between them. Males all have dark blue plumage, however, C.c. concreta has the darkest of the three and is also the largest. Next, in terms of size and coloration, is C.c. caerulescens, followed by C.c. cyanoides, which has the smallest size and brightest plumage.[4][5]Originally there was a fourth subspecies, C.c. rothschildii, the only subspecies found to the east of the Andes.[4] However, after examining the genetics of this subspecies, it was determined that C.c. rothschildii would be considered a separate species, Cyanoloxia rothschildii.[2]Description[edit]The blue-black grosbeak is sexually dimorphic. Females have dark brown plumage which can have a slight reddish hue. Males are dark blue with lighter blue eyebrows and shoulder patches on their wings. The forehead, the area just above the beak, is also a lighter shade of blue.[6][7]Vocalization[edit]Often blue-black grosbeaks will not be seen since they prefer to stay hidden among the vegetation, so most of the time their presence is known only when they vocalize. Their song is composed of about six whistles with decreasing pitch and ends with a “seee seee sewee suwee sweet suuu.”[8] There are slight differences in the songs between the three different subspecies.[7][4]Blue-Black Grosbeak Alarm CallThe call is a sharp “shek” or “chit” and will often be repeated many times.[8]Distribution and habitat[edit]The distribution of the blue-black grosbeak is limited to the Central and South American. It is found in Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela.[9]Both C.c. caerulescens and C.c. concreta are found in Mexico and Central America, while C.c. cyanoides can be found from Panama to northern South America.[4]They prefer habitats which are dense with tall trees and undergrowth because this provides sufficient cover. Although not generally seen, the blue-black grosbeak can be found at edges of broadleaf forests.[7][8]Behaviour[edit]Breeding[edit]The blue-black grosbeak construct little cup nests to lay their eggs in and normally have a clutch size of 2.[10] The breeding season of the blue-black grosbeak takes place during the spring and summer months, however the peak period of the breeding season differs slightly between populations located in different areas.[6]Diet[edit]Blue-black grosbeaks are omnivorous; they have been known to eat seeds and fruits, as well as insects like ants and caterpillars.[6][7] They crush the seeds before they consume them.[7]Gallery[edit]Blue-black grosbeak, El Tapir, Costa RicaReferences[edit]^ BirdLife International (2012). “Cyanoloxia cyanoides“. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.^ a b c “Updates & Corrections \u2013 August 2018 | Clements Checklist”. www.birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-15.^ Klicka, John; Burns, Kevin; Spellman, Garth M. (2007). “Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: A molecular perspective”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (3): 1014\u20131032. CiteSeerX\u00a010.1.1.550.1550. doi:10.1016\/j.ympev.2007.07.006. ISSN\u00a01055-7903. PMID\u00a017920298.^ a b c d Garc\u00eda, Natalia C.; Barreira, Ana S.; Lavinia, Pablo D.; Tubaro, Pablo L. (2016-06-01). “Congruence of phenotypic and genetic variation at the subspecific level in a Neotropical passerine”. Ibis. 158 (4): 844\u2013856. doi:10.1111\/ibi.12386. ISSN\u00a00019-1019.^ Stoddard, Mary Caswell; Prum, Richard O. (2008). “Evolution of Avian Plumage Color in a Tetrahedral Color Space: A Phylogenetic Analysis of New World Buntings”. The American Naturalist. 171 (6): 755\u2013776. doi:10.1086\/587526. ISSN\u00a00003-0147. PMID\u00a018419340. S2CID\u00a016876611.^ a b c “Blue-black Grosbeak – Introduction”. Neotropical Birds Online. Retrieved 2018-10-15.^ a b c d e Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela. Gwynne, John A., Tudor, Guy., Grajal, Alejandro., McQueen, Larry B., Webb, Sophie., Kleinbaum, Michel (2nd\u00a0ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN\u00a09781400834099.^ a b c Vallely, A.C.; Dyer, D. (2018). Birds of Central America\u00a0: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN\u00a09780691184159.^ BirdLife International (2017). “Cyanoloxia cyanoides“. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103810895A119455700. doi:10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103810895A119455700.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.^ Skutch, Alexander F. (1985). “Clutch Size, Nesting Success, and Predation on Nests of Neotropical Birds, Reviewed”. Ornithological Monographs (36): 575\u2013594. doi:10.2307\/40168306. JSTOR\u00a040168306.Further reading[edit]Bryson, R.W. Jr; Chaves, J.; Smith, B.T.; Miller, M.J.; Winker, K.; P\u00e9rez-Em\u00e1n, J.L.; Klicka, K. (2014). “Diversification across the New World within the ‘blue’ cardinalids (Aves: Cardinalidae)”. Journal of Biogeography. 41 (3): 587\u2013599. doi:10.1111\/jbi.12218. S2CID\u00a056287512.Skutch, Alexander F. (1954). “Blue-black grosbeak” (PDF). Life Histories of Central American Birds. Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 31. Berkeley, California: Cooper Ornithological Society. pp.\u00a050\u201361.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/blue-black-grosbeak-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Blue-black grosbeak – Wikipedia"}}]}]