[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/dustur-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/dustur-wikipedia\/","headline":"D\u00fcstur – Wikipedia","name":"D\u00fcstur – Wikipedia","description":"Set of laws The Ottoman Turkish version of the D\u00fcstur The Ottoman Code of Public Laws, also known as the","datePublished":"2018-06-28","dateModified":"2018-06-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a1\/D%C3%BCstur_-_kavanin_ve_nizam%C3%A2t%C4%B1n_m%C3%BCnderic_oldu%C4%9Fu_mecmuaya_zam-%C4%B1_dal_ile_d%C3%BCstur_dinlavar.pdf\/page13-220px-D%C3%BCstur_-_kavanin_ve_nizam%C3%A2t%C4%B1n_m%C3%BCnderic_oldu%C4%9Fu_mecmuaya_zam-%C4%B1_dal_ile_d%C3%BCstur_dinlavar.pdf.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a1\/D%C3%BCstur_-_kavanin_ve_nizam%C3%A2t%C4%B1n_m%C3%BCnderic_oldu%C4%9Fu_mecmuaya_zam-%C4%B1_dal_ile_d%C3%BCstur_dinlavar.pdf\/page13-220px-D%C3%BCstur_-_kavanin_ve_nizam%C3%A2t%C4%B1n_m%C3%BCnderic_oldu%C4%9Fu_mecmuaya_zam-%C4%B1_dal_ile_d%C3%BCstur_dinlavar.pdf.jpg","height":"342","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/dustur-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4838,"articleBody":"Set of laws  The Ottoman Turkish version of the D\u00fcsturThe Ottoman Code of Public Laws, also known as the D\u00fcstur or Destur or Doustour, was a set of laws in the Ottoman Empire.[1] The name in Ottoman Turkish comes from a Persian word for a law collection, “Destur”.[2] It includes the penal code as well as some civil and commercial laws.The first Ottoman Turkish volume was published in 1862, and the second was published in 1865. Serialization began in 1872,[3] and the first volume labeled “Destur” was published in 1873.[2] The final volume was published in 1886.[4]M. Safa Sara\u00e7o\u011flu, author of “Economic Interventionism, Islamic Law and Provincial Government in the Ottoman Empire,” stated that its style and structure are similar to that of the 1851 legal collection Mecmu’a-y\u0131 Kavanin.[5]Table of ContentsContents[edit]Translations[edit]Greek[edit]Authorship of the Greek version[edit]Reception to the Greek version[edit]French[edit]Bulgarian[edit]Others[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Reference notes[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]Contents[edit]This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.  (September 2019)The later volumes include a copy of an 1849 provincial council code.[5]Translations[edit]Greek[edit]  Demetrius Nicolaides published the first Greek translation, \u1f48\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1f76 \u039a\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 (“Oth\u014dmanikoi k\u014dd\u0113kes”, meaning “Ottoman Codes”, with Demotic Greek using “\u039f\u03b8\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u039a\u03ce\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2”), in 1871, making it the first version of the Destur not in any variety of Turkish.[6] Nicolaides used the publishing company of Eptalofos to do this,[7] and bundled copies with his newspapers.[8] He advertised the translation in the supplements of his newspapers and personally.[9] At one time the price was 400 piastres.[10]Nicolaides, who indicated in applications to the Ottoman press office that he intended to help increase the job performance of employees of the Ottoman government who belonged to the Rum Millet (as in Greek-speaking employees),[11] stated that even a complete collection of such laws in Ottoman Turkish did not exist, and that his was the only one that was complete. He received favours from the Ottoman government as a reward for his work, and this enriched him,[6] giving him money used to operate his newspapers.[9]Publication of an annex (“parart\u0113ma”) began in 1874.[6] The publishers of Thrake (“Thrace”), another publication of Nicolaides, published additional “Law Annexes” translated by Kon. G. Vayannis from 1879 to 1881.[12]Nicolaides requested the Ottoman government to allow him to publish an updated Greek version, and the state let him do this on the condition that he publish the updated version in the same manner as the previous one.[10] From 1889 to 1891 the second edition was distributed, with four volumes.[11] In order to have his costs paid for and to spread the knowledge in the codes, he requested that Orthodox Greek members of local and regional governments buy the Greek D\u00fcstur.[10]Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdulhamid II gave Nicolaides, through the Ottoman Internal Affairs fund, 5,000 piastres due to the translations of the legal documents. He made requests to vilayet governments to buy the books again in 1893, as well as to Greeks working for private companies.[13] The price of the Greek D\u00fcstur declined to 300 piastres after Nicolaides successfully petitioned the government to do so in 1892.[10] After a natural disaster destroyed one of his houses in 1894, Nicolaides asked Ottoman government ministries to buy or promote the book to help resolve his debts.[14]Authorship of the Greek version[edit]The main dragoman at the embassy of Greece in Constantinople (now Istanbul), D. Rhazes, translated the Ottoman land and taxation codes into Greek, and those codes were used in the Greek D\u00fcstur. Johann Strauss, author of A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the Kanun-\u0131 Esasi and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages, wrote that as the French version of the land codes in another law collection, L\u00e9gislation ottomane, was later revised with the Rhazes version in mind, “This Greek version was apparently held in such high esteem”.[15]Nicolaides also included a Greek translation of the Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856 made from the official Ottoman Empire French version, with several notes attached from a different French translation of the edict made by Fran\u00e7ois Belin. Nicolaides included additional notes including an 1860-issued berat in Greek, and removed some of Belin’s notes; Johann Strauss argued that they were excised “probably because [Nicolaides] considered them too critical”.[15]The Ottoman Commercial Code (Ticaret kanunu) was about the same as the French Code de commerce, and the Greek collection’s version was translated from the French, with the translation stating this explicitly.[15] The document has an annex in the Greek language that explains how the Turkish and French models are different.[16]Reception to the Greek version[edit]British lawyer John Alexander Strachey Bucknill wrote that for Nicolaides “high praise is due as it is an accurate and useful rendering”.[2] George Young, the author of Corps de droit ottoman, stated that there were inconsistencies in the translation and that the work lacked an index.[17]French[edit]  A French version of the D\u00fcstur was included in L\u00e9gislation ottomane, volumes one through five, with the fifth titled as Doustour-i-hamidi\u00e9.[18] L. Rota, a lawyer stated by Strauss to be “probably of Levantine origin” located in Constantinople, translated several texts in the L\u00e9gislation ottomane collection. Mihran Chirinian, an ethnic Armenian, assisted him in the translations of content in volumes 1-3 and 5.[19]Nicolaides requested the Ottoman government to allow him to publish an updated French version, and the state let him do this on the condition that he publish the updated version in the same manner as the previous one. The Ottoman Imperial Command paid him 100 Ottoman lira in 1887 as a reward for his translation of the codes into French.[10]Bulgarian[edit]  Volume 1 of the Bulgarian versionChristo S. Arnaudov (Bulgarian: \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0421. \u0410\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044a; Post-1945 spelling: \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0421. \u0410\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432) published the Bulgarian version, titled “Complete Collection of the State Laws, Regulations, Instructions, and High Orders of the Ottoman Empire\u201d (\u041f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0441\u044a\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0438, \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u041e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f P\u0103lno s\u0103branie na d\u0103r\u017eavnyte Zakoni, Ustavy, Nastavleniya i Vysoky Zapovedi na Osmanskata Imperia). Volumes one through three were published in Constantinople in 1871, 1872, and 1873 while volume four was published in Sofia, Bulgaria in 1886.[20]Straus concluded that the Bulgarian version likely originated from Nicolaides’s Greek version due to “striking similarities” between the two,[20] even though the Bulgarian one states that it was a collaborative work that was directly translated from Ottoman Turkish. Strauss stated that the introduction was “mostly a literal translation” of the Greek one and that the notes “are almost identical”.[20] Nicolaides had in fact wrote a document in which he stated that he translated volumes of the Dust\u00fcr and the Mecelle into Bulgarian.[21] He lacked funds to publish the entire collection; vilayet council leaders agreed to fund the distribution of these volumes. He had translated two volumes which together had half of the D\u00fcstur and Mecelle laws at the time.[10]The Bulgarian version includes material absent from the Ottoman Turkish version, including copies of treaties made with other countries.[20]Others[edit]Mo\u00efse del M\u00e9dico (a.k.a. “Moiz Bey Dalmediko”, 1848-1937) and David Fresco (1850-1933) published Koleksyon de las leyes, reglamentos, ordenanzas i instruksyones del Imperio Otomano, the translation of the D\u00fcstur into Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino), in 1881.[22]The D\u00fcstur was eventually published in Arabic,[23] even though Ziya Pasha wrote a satirical article about the difficulty of translating it into Arabic, suggesting that Ottoman Turkish needs to be changed to make governance easier.[24]Evangelinos Misalaidis, from 1861 to 1871, released a translation in Karamanli Turkish (Turkish in Greek characters).[8]In addition it was published in Armenian and Armeno-Turkish (Turkish in Armenian characters).[23]See also[edit]References[edit]Reference notes[edit]^ Strauss, “A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire,” p. 23 (PDF p. 25)^ a b c Bucknill, John A. Strachey; Haif Apisoghom S. Utidjian (1913). The Imperial Ottoman Penal Code: A Translation from the Turkish Text, With Latest Additions and Amendments Together with Annotations and Explanatory Commentaries Upon the Text and Containing an Appendix Dealing with the Special Amendments in Force in Cyprus and the Judicial Decisions of the Cyprus Courts. Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press. pp.\u00a0xiv. – PDF p. 13\/263^ Sara\u00e7o\u011flu, M. Safa (2016-01-07). “Economic Interventionism, Islamic Law and Provincial Government in the Ottoman Empire”.  In Schull, Kent F.; M. Safa Saracoglu; Robert F. Zens (eds.). Law and Legality in the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey. Indiana University Press. pp.\u00a065\u2013. ISBN\u00a09780253021007., Cited: p. 67.^ Young, George (1905). Corps de droit ottoman; recueil des codes, lois, r\u00e8glements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit int\u00e9rieur, et d’\u00e9tudes sur le droit coutumier de l’Empire ottoman (in French). Vol.\u00a01. Clarendon Press. p.\u00a0xiv.^ a b Sara\u00e7o\u011flu, M. Safa (2016-01-07). “Economic Interventionism, Islamic Law and Provincial Government in the Ottoman Empire”.  In Schull, Kent F.; M. Safa Saracoglu; Robert F. Zens (eds.). Law and Legality in the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey. Indiana University Press. pp.\u00a065\u2013. ISBN\u00a09780253021007., Cited: p. 66–67.^ a b c Strauss, “A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire,” p. 29 (PDF p. 31)^ Balta and Kavak, p. 36^ a b Balta and Kavak, p. 50.^ a b Balta and Kavak, p. 40^ a b c d e f Balta and Kavak, p. 52.^ a b Balta and Kavak, p. 51.^ Balta and Kavak, p. 50–51.^ Balta and Kavak, p. 53.^ Balta and Kavak, p. 54.^ a b c Strauss, “A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire,” p. 30 (PDF p. 32)^ Strauss, “A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire,” p. 30-31 (PDF p. 32-33)^ Young, George (1905). Corps de droit ottoman; recueil des codes, lois, r\u00e8glements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit int\u00e9rieur, et d’\u00e9tudes sur le droit coutumier de l’Empire ottoman (in French). Vol.\u00a01. Clarendon Press. p.\u00a0xiv. […]intitul\u00e9e ‘Kodikes Ottomanikoi.’ La meme absence de methode se fait remarquer dans cet ouvrage, e.g. un texte assez bien traduit dans un volume, se trouve dans une traduction inferieure dans le volume suivant, etc., et il n’y a ni index ni renvois.^ Strauss, “A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire,” p. 27 (PDF p. 29)^ Strauss, “A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire,” p. 28 (PDF p. 30)^ a b c d Strauss, “A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire,” p. 31 (PDF p. 33)^ Balta and Kavak, p. 51–52.^ Strauss, “A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire,” p. 23 (PDF p. 25), with Fresco’s date of birth and death on p. 24 (PDF p. 26)^ a b Strauss, “A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire,” p. 24 (PDF p. 26)^ Strauss, “A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire,” p. 21 (PDF p. 23)Further reading[edit]B. Lewis (1965). “Dust\u016br II \u2013 Turkey”. Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition. Leiden-London: Brill.External links[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to D\u00fcstur.Our servers are currently under maintenance or experiencing a technical problem.Please try again in a few\u00a0minutes.See the error message at the bottom of this page for more\u00a0information."},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/dustur-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"D\u00fcstur – Wikipedia"}}]}]