[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/integrative-level-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/integrative-level-wikipedia\/","headline":"Integrative level – Wikipedia","name":"Integrative level – Wikipedia","description":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia An integrative level, or level of organization, is a set of phenomena emerging from pre-existing","datePublished":"2019-11-18","dateModified":"2019-11-18","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/integrative-level-wikipedia\/","wordCount":6585,"articleBody":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaAn integrative level, or level of organization, is a set of phenomena emerging from pre-existing phenomena of a lower level. The levels concept is an intellectual framework for structuring reality. It arranges all entities, structures, and processes in the universe, or in a certain field of study, into a hierarchy, typically based on how complex their organization is. When arranged this way, each entity is three things at the same time: It is made up of parts from the previous level below. It is a whole in its own right. And it is a part of the whole that is on the next level above. Typical examples include life emerging from non-living substances, and consciousness emerging from nervous systems.The main levels usually acknowledged are those of matter, life, mind, and society. These are called strata in philosopher Nicolai Hartmann’s ontology. They can be further analyzed into more specific layers, such as those of particles, atoms, molecules, and rocks forming the material stratum, or those of cells, organisms, populations, and ecosystems forming the life stratum.The sequence of levels is often described as one of increasing complexity, although it is not clear whether this is always true: for example, parasitism emerges on pre-existing organisms, although parasites are often simpler than their originating forms.Table of ContentsPhilosophies[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Arguments against levels of organization[edit]Philosophies[edit]Ideas connected to integrative levels can be found in the works of both materialist philosophers and anti-materialist ones. Some philosophers and scientists have argued against certain ideas about levels of organization (see \u00a7\u00a0Arguments against levels of organization).See also[edit]References[edit]Comte, Auguste (1974) [1830\u20131842].  Stanislav, Andreski (ed.). The essential Comte: selected from Cours de philosophie positive. Translated by Clarke, Margaret. London: Croom Helm; New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN\u00a00064901815. OCLC\u00a01032574.Spencer, Herbert (1877). “Super-organic evolution”. The principles of sociology. A system of synthetic philosophy. Vol.\u00a06\u20138. New York: D. Appleton & Company. p.\u00a03. OCLC\u00a02083641.Alexander, Samuel (1920). Space, time, and deity: the Gifford lectures at Glasgow, 1916\u20131918. Vol.\u00a01916\u201318. London: Macmillan. OCLC\u00a01041642.Sellars, Roy Wood (1922). Evolutionary naturalism. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. OCLC\u00a0172131.Morgan, C. Lloyd (1923). Emergent evolution. Gifford lectures. London: Williams and Norgate. OCLC\u00a03140885.Conger, George P. (4 June 1925). “The doctrine of levels”. The Journal of Philosophy. 22 (12): 309\u2013321. doi:10.2307\/2014178. JSTOR\u00a02014178.Wheeler, William Morton (1928). Emergent evolution and the development of societies. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. OCLC\u00a03399922.Needham, Joseph (1943) [1937]. “Integrative levels: a revaluation of the idea of progress”. Time: the refreshing river (essays and addresses, 1932\u20131942). London: G. Allen & Unwin. pp.\u00a0233\u2013272. OCLC\u00a01148711.Hartmann, Nicolai (1940). Der Aufbau der realen Welt: Grundri\u00df der allgemeinen Kategorienlehre. Ontologie. Vol.\u00a03. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. doi:10.1515\/9783110823844. ISBN\u00a09783110823844. OCLC\u00a0174268798.Novikoff, Alex B. (March 1945). “The concept of integrative levels and biology”. Science. 101 (2618): 209\u2013215. Bibcode:1945Sci…101..209N. doi:10.1126\/science.101.2618.209. JSTOR\u00a01672950. PMID\u00a017814095.Hartmann, Nicolai (1952) [1949]. New ways of ontology [Neue Wege der Ontologie]. Translated by Kuhn, Reinhard C. Chicago: H. Regnery Co. OCLC\u00a0888650.Feibleman, James K. (May 1954). “Theory of integrative levels”. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 5 (17): 59\u201366. doi:10.1093\/bjps\/V.17.59. JSTOR\u00a0685952.Boulding, Kenneth Ewart (April 1956). “General systems theory: the skeleton of science” (PDF). Management Science. 2 (3): 197\u2013208. doi:10.1287\/mnsc.2.3.197. JSTOR\u00a02627132.Sellars, Roy Wood (September 1959). “Levels of causality: the emergence of guidance and reason in nature”. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 20 (1): 1\u201317. doi:10.2307\/2104949. JSTOR\u00a02104949.Simon, Herbert A. (December 1962). “The architecture of complexity”. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 106 (6): 467\u2013482. CiteSeerX\u00a010.1.1.110.961. JSTOR\u00a0985254.Bertalanffy, Ludwig von (1968). General system theory: foundations, development, applications. New York: G. Braziller. OCLC\u00a01465.Bunge, Mario (1973). “The metaphysics, epistemology and methodology of levels”. Method, model, and matter. Synthese library. Dordrecht; Boston: D. Reidel. pp.\u00a0160\u2013168. doi:10.1007\/978-94-010-2519-5_9. ISBN\u00a09027702527. OCLC\u00a0613670.Foskett, Douglas John (June 1978). “The theory of integrative levels and its relevance to the design of information systems”. ASLIB Proceedings. 30 (6): 202\u2013208. doi:10.1108\/eb050633.Greenberg, Gary; Tobach, Ethel, eds. (1984). Behavioral evolution and integrative levels. The T. C. Schneirla conference series. Vol.\u00a01. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN\u00a00898593638. OCLC\u00a010997500.O’Neill, Robert V.; Deangelis, Donald Lee; Waide, J. B.; Allen, Timothy F. H. (1986). A hierarchical concept of ecosystems. Monographs in population biology. Vol.\u00a023. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN\u00a0069108436X. OCLC\u00a013526197.Greenberg, Gary; Tobach, Ethel, eds. (1987). Cognition, language, and consciousness: integrative levels. The T. C. Schneirla conference series. Vol.\u00a02. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN\u00a00898597226. OCLC\u00a015317589.Blitz, David (1992). Emergent evolution: qualitative novelty and the levels of reality. Episteme. Vol.\u00a019. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. doi:10.1007\/978-94-015-8042-7. ISBN\u00a00792316584. OCLC\u00a025370568. Foreword by Joseph Needham.Poli, Roberto (September 2001). “The basic problem of the theory of levels of reality”. Axiomathes. 12 (3\u20134): 261\u2013283. doi:10.1023\/A:1015845217681.Bunge, Mario (2003). Emergence and convergence: qualitative novelty and the unity of knowledge. Toronto studies in philosophy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138\/9781442674356. ISBN\u00a00802088600. OCLC\u00a052411064.DiFrisco, James (August 2017). “Time scales and levels of organization”. Erkenntnis. 82 (4): 795\u2013818. doi:10.1007\/s10670-016-9844-4.Brooks, Daniel Stephen; Eronen, Markus I. (June 2018). “The significance of levels of organization for scientific research: a heuristic approach”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences. 68\u201369: 34\u201341. doi:10.1016\/j.shpsc.2018.04.003. PMID\u00a029653763.Brooks, Daniel Stephen; DiFrisco, James; Wimsatt, William C., eds. (2021). Levels of organization in the biological sciences. Vienna series in theoretical biology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN\u00a09780262045339. OCLC\u00a01184123324.Arguments against levels of organization[edit]Eronen, Markus I.; Brooks, Daniel Stephen (5 February 2018). “Levels of organization in biology”.  In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2018\u00a0ed.). See the section: “2.4 Levels skepticism and deflationary accounts”.Eronen, Markus I. (January 2015). “Levels of organization: a deflationary account”. Biology and Philosophy. 30 (1): 39\u201358. doi:10.1007\/s10539-014-9461-z.Eronen, Markus I. (3 August 2015). “Are there levels out there?”. scientiasalon.wordpress.com. Retrieved 20 December 2019.Eronen, Markus I. (December 2013). “No levels, no problems: downward causation in neuroscience”. Philosophy of Science. 80 (5): 1042\u20131052. doi:10.1086\/673898. JSTOR\u00a010.1086\/673898.Guttman, Burton S. (February 1976). “Is ‘levels of organization’ a useful biological concept?”. BioScience. 26 (2): 112\u2013113. doi:10.2307\/1297326. JSTOR\u00a01297326.Noble, Denis (February 2012). “A theory of biological relativity: no privileged level of causation”. Interface Focus. 2 (1): 55\u201364. doi:10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0067. PMC\u00a03262309. PMID\u00a023386960.Potochnik, Angela (2017). “Levels and fields of science”. Idealization and the aims of science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.\u00a0161\u2013197. doi:10.7208\/chicago\/9780226507194.001.0001. ISBN\u00a09780226507057. OCLC\u00a0975478843.Potochnik, Angela; McGill, Brian J. (January 2012). “The limitations of hierarchical organization”. Philosophy of Science. 79 (1): 120\u2013140. doi:10.1086\/663237. JSTOR\u00a010.1086\/663237.Schaffer, Jonathan (September 2003). “Is there a fundamental level?” (PDF). No\u00fbs. 37 (3): 498\u2013517. doi:10.1111\/1468-0068.00448. JSTOR\u00a03506125.Thalos, Mariam (2013). Without hierarchy: the scale freedom of the universe. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199917648.001.0001. ISBN\u00a09780199917648. OCLC\u00a0827008044.  "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/integrative-level-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Integrative level – Wikipedia"}}]}]