[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/maranon-river-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/maranon-river-wikipedia\/","headline":"Mara\u00f1\u00f3n River – Wikipedia","name":"Mara\u00f1\u00f3n River – Wikipedia","description":"River in Peru Mara\u00f1\u00f3n River Map of the Amazon Basin with the Mara\u00f1\u00f3n River highlighted Country Peru Source Andes Mouth","datePublished":"2019-04-14","dateModified":"2019-04-14","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/25\/Maranon.jpg\/270px-Maranon.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/25\/Maranon.jpg\/270px-Maranon.jpg","height":"184","width":"270"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/maranon-river-wikipedia\/","wordCount":6172,"articleBody":"River in PeruMara\u00f1\u00f3n RiverMap of the Amazon Basin with the Mara\u00f1\u00f3n River highlightedCountryPeruSourceAndesMouthAmazon RiverLength1,737\u00a0km (1,079\u00a0mi)Basin size358,000\u00a0km2 (138,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi)Discharge\u00a0\u00a0\u2022\u00a0average16,708\u00a0m3\/s (590,000\u00a0cu\u00a0ft\/s)Tributaries\u00a0\u00a0\u2022\u00a0leftTigre, Cunincu, Urituyacu, Nucuray, Ungumayo, Pastaza, Sasipahua, Morona, Cangaza, Santiago, Cenepa, Chinchepe, Choros, Linl\u00edn, Artesamayo, Choropampa, Madgalena, Cortegana, Chipche, Mireles, Chusg\u00f3n, San Sebasti\u00e1n, Casga, Mamara, Mayas, Actuy, Rupac, Yanamayo, Puchca, Contan, Vizcarra\u00a0\u2022\u00a0rightYanayacu, Huallaga, Cahuapanas, Potro, Apaga, Saramiriza, Nieva, Cananya, Chiriaco, Cong\u00f3n, Rumirumi, Shuve, Chumuch, Pusac, Lavasen, Gansul, San Miguel, Challas River, Tantamayo, San JuanThe Mara\u00f1\u00f3n River (Spanish: R\u00edo Mara\u00f1\u00f3n, IPA:\u00a0[\u02c8ri.o ma\u027ea\u02c8\u0272on]) is the principal or mainstem source of the Amazon River, arising about 160\u00a0km to the northeast of Lima, Peru, and flowing through a deeply eroded Andean valley in a northwesterly direction, along the eastern base of the Cordillera of the Andes, as far as 5\u00b0 36\u2032 southern latitude; from where it makes a great bend to the northeast, and cuts through the jungle Andes, until at the Pongo de Manseriche it flows into the flat Amazon basin.[1] Although historically, the term “Mara\u00f1on River” often was applied to the river all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, nowadays the Mara\u00f1on River is generally thought to end at the confluence with the Ucayali River, after which most cartographers label the ensuing waterway the Amazon River.Table of ContentsGeography[edit]Source of the Amazon[edit]Description[edit]Historical journeys[edit]La Condamine, 1743[edit]The Grand Canyon of the Amazon[edit]Hydroelectric dams[edit]Concerns[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Geography[edit]The Mara\u00f1\u00f3n River is Peru’s second-longest river, according to a 2005 statistical publication by the Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica.[2]:\u200a21,\u200apdf 13\u200aSource of the Amazon[edit]The Mara\u00f1on River was considered the source of the Amazon River starting with the 1707 map published by Padre Samuel Fritz,[3]:\u200a58\u200a who indicated the great river \u201chas its source on the southern shore of a lake that is called Lauriocha, near Hu\u00e1nuco.” Fritz believed that the Mara\u00f1\u00f3n contributed the most water of all the Amazon’s tributaries, making it the most important headstream.[4][5] For most of the 18th\u201319th centuries and into the 20th century, the Mara\u00f1on River was generally considered the source of the Amazon. Later explorations have proposed two headwaters rivers of the Mara\u00f1on in the high Andes as sources of the Amazon: the Lauricocha and Nupe Rivers. The Lauricocha and Nupe unite near the village of Rondos to form from their confluence downstream the river that is called the Mara\u00f1on.[6]Although the Apurimac and Mantaro rivers also have claims to being the source of the Amazon, the Mara\u00f1on River continues to claim the title of the “mainstem source” or “hydrological source” of the Amazon due to its contribution of the highest annual discharge rates.[7]Description[edit]The initial section of the Mara\u00f1on contains a plethora of pongos, which are gorges in the jungle areas often with difficult rapids.[citation needed]The Pongo de Manseriche is the final pongo on the Mara\u00f1on located just before the river enters the flat Amazon basin. It is 5\u00a0km (3.1\u00a0mi) long and located between the confluence with the Rio Santiago and the village of Borja. According to Captain Carbajal, who attempted ascent through the Pongo de Manseriche in the little steamer Napo, in 1868, it is a vast rent in the Andes about 600\u00a0m (2000\u00a0ft) deep, narrowing in places to a width of only 30\u00a0m (100\u00a0ft), the precipices “seeming to close in at the top.” Through this canyon, the Mara\u00f1\u00f3n leaps along, at times, at the rate of 20\u00a0km\/h (12\u00a0mi\/h).[1] The pongo is known for wrecking many ships and many drownings.Downstream of the Pongo de Manseriche, the river often has islands, and usually nothing is visible from its low banks, but an immense forest-covered plain[1] known as the selva baja (low jungle) or Peruvian Amazonia. It is home to indigenous peoples such as the Urarina of the Chambira Basin [2], the Candoshi, and the Cocama-Cocamilla peoples.A 552-km (343-mi) section of the Mara\u00f1on River between Puente Copuma (Puchka confluence) and Corral Quemado is a class IV raftable river that is similar in many ways to the Grand Canyon of the United States, and has been labeled the “Grand Canyon of the Amazon”.[8] Most of this section of the river is in a canyon that is up to 3000 m deep on both sides \u2013 over twice the depth of the Colorado’s Grand Canyon. It is in dry, desert-like terrain, much of which receives only 250\u2013350\u00a0mm\/rain per year (10\u201314 in\/yr) with parts such as from Balsas to Ja\u00e9n known as the hottest infierno area of Peru. The Mara\u00f1on Grand Canyon section flows by the village of Calemar, where Peruvian writer Ciro Alegr\u00eda based one of his most important novels, La serpiente de oro (1935).Historical journeys[edit]La Condamine, 1743[edit]One of the first popular descents of the Mara\u00f1on River occurred in 1743, when Frenchman Charles Marie de La Condamine journeyed from the Chinchipe confluence all the way to the Atlantic Ocean. La Condamine did not descend the initial section of the Mara\u00f1on by boat due to the pongos.  From where he began his boating descent at the Chiriaco confluence, La Condamine still had to confront several pongos, including the Pongo de Huaracayo (or Guaracayo) and the Pongo de Manseriche.The Grand Canyon of the Amazon[edit]  Mara\u00f1on River as seen from Quchapata in PeruThe upper Mara\u00f1on River has seen a number of descents. An attempt to paddle the river was made by Herbert Rittlinger in 1936.[citation needed][9]Sebastian Snow was an adventurer who journeyed down most of the river by trekking to Chiriaco River starting at the source near Lake Ni\u00f1acocha.[10][page\u00a0needed]In 1976 and\/or 1977, Laszlo Berty descended the section from Chagual to the jungle in raft.[11] In 1977, a group composed of Tom Fisher, Steve Gaskill, Ellen Toll, and John Wasson spent over a month descending the river from Rondos to Nazareth with kayaks and a raft.[12]  In 2004, Tim Biggs and companions kayaked the entire river from the Nupe River to Iquitos.[13]  In 2012, Rocky Contos descended the entire river with various companions along the way.[14]Hydroelectric dams[edit]The Mara\u00f1on River may supply 20 hydroelectric megadams planned in the Andes, and most of the power is thought to be destined for export to Brazil, Chile, or Ecuador.[15] Dam survey crews have drafted construction blueprints, and the environmental impact statements have been available since November 2009 for the Veracruz dam,[16] and since November 2011, the Chadin2 dam.[17][18]A 2011 law stated “national demand” for the hydroelectric energy, while in 2013, Peruvian President Ollanta Humala explicitly made a connection with mining; the energy is to supply mines in the Cajamarca Region, La Libertad, Ancash Region, and Piura Region.[19] Construction of the 406 MW dam in Chaglla District started in 2012.[20]Concerns[edit]Opposition arose because the dams are expected to disrupt the major source of the Amazon, alter normal silt deposition into the lower river, damage habitat and migration patterns for fish and other aquatic life, displace thousands of residents along the river, and damage a national treasure “at least as nice as the Grand Canyon in the USA”. Residents have launched efforts to halt the dams along the river with conservation groups such as SierraRios[21][22] and International Rivers.[23]Potential ecological impacts of 151 new dams greater than 2 MW on five of the six major Andean tributaries of the Amazon over the next 20 years are estimated to be high, including the first major break in connectivity between Andean headwaters and lowland Amazon and deforestation due to infrastructure.[24]See also[edit]References[edit]^ a b c Church, George Earl (1911). “Amazon”\u00a0.  In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. Vol.\u00a01 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0786\u2013787.^ Sistema Estad\u00edstico Nacional (2005). “Teritorio 1.8 Longitud aproximada de los rios mas importantes”. Per\u00fa: Compendio Estad\u00edstico 2005 (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica e Inform\u00e1tica (INEI). p.\u00a0997.^ Samuel Fritz, George Edmundson (1922). Journal of the travels and labours of Father Samuel Fritz in … Fritz, Samuel, 1654-1724. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society,2d ser., no. 51. London, Printed for the Hakluyt Society.^ Loureiro Dias, Camila (July 2012), “Jesuit Maps and Political Discourse: The Amazon River of Father Samuel Fritz”, The Americas, Vol 69, No. 9, p. 2014. Downloaded from Project MUSE.^ Dasgupta, Shreya (2016), “Why the Source of the Amazon river remains a Mystery,” BBC, [1], accessed 6 Nov 2018^ Church, George Earl (1911). “Amazon”\u00a0.  In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. Vol.\u00a001 (11th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0783\u2013790.^ “Camila Loureiro Dias, “Maps and Political Discourse: The Amazon River of Father Samuel Fritz,” The Americas, Volume 69, Number 1, July 2012, pp. 95\u2013116″ (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.^ “The Grand Canyon of the Amazon Under Attack”. OARS. 2015-04-13. Retrieved 2023-01-28.^ Rittlinger, Herbert (1977). Ganz Allein zum Amazonas. Germany: B\u00fcchergilde Gutenberg, Frankfurt am Main. ISBN\u00a03765301965.^ Sebastian Snow (January 1955). My Amazon Adventure. Readers Book Club. ASIN\u00a0B003Z01196. Retrieved 22 February 2013.^ “Laszlo Berty: rafting pioneer in Peru”. SierraRios. n.d. Retrieved 22 February 2013.^ “First Descent of R\u00edo Mara\u00f1on: Fisher, Gaskill, Toll, and Wasson Expedition”. SierraRios. Retrieved 22 February 2013.^ Tim Biggs (9 May 2011). Three Rivers of the Amazon. Amazon. ASIN\u00a0B00507FRT2. Retrieved 10 February 2013.^ “First Descent of the Amazon Expedition”. Sierra Rios. Retrieved 22 February 2013.^ “Peru’s Energy Ambitions”. The Economist. 12 February 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2013.^ “Proyecto Central Hidroel\u00e9ctrica Veracruz 730 MW” (in Spanish). Sector Electricidad. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2013.^ AC Energia S.A. (November 2011). “EIA Proyecto CH Chad\u00edn” (PDF). Ministerio de Energ\u00eda y Minas. p.\u00a059. Retrieved 5 May 2016.^ “EIS Chadin2 Dam”. Estudio de Impacto Ambiental del Proyecto Hydroelectrica Chadin 2, AC Energia S.A. SierraRios. November 2011. p.\u00a030. Retrieved 22 February 2013.^ Mongabay.org\u2019s Special Reporting Initiatives (26 May 2015). “Peru planning to dam Amazon’s main source and displace 1000s”. The Guardian. Retrieved 5 May 2016.^ “Per\u00fa: Se inici\u00f3 obra de Central Hidroel\u00e9ctrica Chaglla de 406MW – Sector Electricidad – Profesionales en Ingenier\u00eda El\u00e9ctrica”. www.sectorelectricidad.com (in Spanish). 21 August 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2017.^ “Save R\u00edo Mara\u00f1on”. sierrarios.org. n.d. Retrieved 22 February 2013.^ “Graves impactos de la represa Chad\u00edn 2” (PDF). Infographic. Forum Solidaridad Peru. 23 September 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2016.^ “R\u00edo Mara\u00f1on”. International Rivers. n.d. Retrieved 22 February 2013.^ Finer M, Jenkins CN (2012). “Proliferation of Hydroelectric Dams in the Andean Amazon and Implications for Andes-Amazon Connectivity”. PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e35126. Bibcode:2012PLoSO…735126F. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0035126. PMC\u00a03329437. PMID\u00a022529979.Coordinates: 7\u00b058\u203203\u2033S 77\u00b017\u203252\u2033W\ufeff \/ \ufeff7.967438\u00b0S 77.297745\u00b0W\ufeff \/ -7.967438; -77.297745"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/maranon-river-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Mara\u00f1\u00f3n River – Wikipedia"}}]}]