[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/plateau-languages-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/plateau-languages-wikipedia\/","headline":"Plateau languages &#8211; Wikipedia","name":"Plateau languages &#8211; Wikipedia","description":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Group of Benue\u2013Congo languages of central Nigeria The forty or so Plateau languages are a","datePublished":"2020-02-05","dateModified":"2020-02-05","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/79\/CC_BY_icon-80x15.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/79\/CC_BY_icon-80x15.png","height":"15","width":"80"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/plateau-languages-wikipedia\/","wordCount":3762,"articleBody":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaGroup of Benue\u2013Congo languages of central NigeriaThe forty or so Plateau languages are a tentative group of Benue\u2013Congo languages spoken by 15 million people on the Jos Plateau, Southern Kaduna, Nasarawa State and in adjacent areas in central Nigeria.Berom and Eggon have the most speakers. Most Plateau languages are threatened and have around 2,000-10,000 speakers.[1]Defining features of the Plateau family have only been published in manuscript form (Blench 2008). Many of the languages have highly elaborate phonology systems that make comparison with poor data difficult.Table of ContentsBranches and locations[edit]Classification[edit]Blench (2018)[edit]Blench (2008)[edit]Gerhardt (1983)[edit]Language list[edit]Morphology[edit]Reconstructions[edit]Numerals[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]Branches and locations[edit]Below is a list of major Plateau branches and their primary locations (centres of diversity) based on Blench (2019).[2]Distributions of Plateau branches[2]BranchPrimary locationsAlumicAkwanga LGA, Nasarawa StateBeromicBarkin Ladi, Jos North, Jos South and Riyom LGAs, Plateau State; and Jema&#8217;a LGAs, Kaduna StateCentralJaba, Jema&#8217;a, Kachia, Kagarko, Kajuru, Kaura, Kauru and Zangon Kataf LGAs, Kaduna State; and Bassa, Jos East and Jos North LGAs, Plateau State; Toro and Tafawa Balewa LGAs, Bauchi StateEastMangu LGA, Plateau StateNdunicSanga LGA, Kaduna StateNinzicJema&#8217;a and Sanga LGAs, Kaduna State; and Akwanga LGA, Nasarawa StateSouthAkwanga, Nasarawa Eggon, Lafia LGAs, Nasarawa State; Bwari LGA, Federal Capital TerritoryTarokoidLangtang North, Langtang South, Wase LGAs, Plateau StateThe Plateau languages are highly typologically and lexically diverse. For instance, Roger Blench (2022) notes that Beromic is more internally diverse than all of West Chadic A3.[3]Classification[edit]Little work has been done on the Plateau languages, and the results to date are tentative.Blench (2018)[edit]Blench (2018:112) gives the following classification of the Plateau languages.[4]Blench (2008)[edit]The following classification is taken from Blench (2008).[5] Most of the branches are discrete constituents, though Central is a residual grouping and there are doubts about some of the purported Ninzic languages. Plateau languages as a whole share a number of isoglosses, as do all branches apart from Tarokoid.Glottolog adds the Yukubenic languages.[6] Blench, however, places Yukubenic in the Jukunoid family,[7] following Shimizu (1980).[8]Gerhardt (1983)[edit]Classification of Plateau languages by Gerhardt (1983),[9] based on Maddieson (1972):[10]Plateau 1a, 1b (Kainji languages)Plateau 2Yeskwa, Lungu, KoroKamanton, Kagoma, Jaba cluster, Nandu-TariAfuzare, Kaje, IregweKagoro, Ataka, Katab (including Kachicheri, Kafanchan), MarwaKadara, Kuturmi, Ikulu, Idong, Doka, Iku-Gora-AnkwaPlateau 3Migili (?, L. G.)Birom (including Aboro, Afango)AtenPlateau 4AyuKwanka-Boi-Bijim-Shall-ZwallNinzam, Mada, Gwantu, Numana-Nunku, Nindem, Kaningkon, KanufiRukubaPlateau 5YashiEggon, Nungu, Ake, Jidda-AbuPlateau 6Plateau 7Tarok (= Yergam)BasharPaiPlateau 8Plateau 9Plateau 10Note: Plateau 1 languages, consisting of Plateau 1a and 1b, are now classified separately as Kainji languages.Language list[edit]List of Plateau languages given by Blench (2018):[4]NorthwestEdaEdraAcroObiroKulu\u1eb8j\u1eb9gha (Idon)Doka\u1eb8hwa (Iku-Gora-Ankwe)BeromicWest-Central (area)IzericIzere of FoburIc\u00e8n, Gan\u00e0ng, F\u0259r\u00e0nRigweSouthern Zaria (now Southern Kaduna)TyapicJjuTyapGworokTakad (Attakar)Tyecarak (Kacicere)SholyioFantswam (Kafancan)TyukuKoroAsheTin\u0254r (Waci-Myamya)Id\u0169, GwaraNyankpa-BardeHyamicShamangCoriHyamZhireShangGyongicGyong (Kagoma)N\u0261han (Kamanton)NinzicNinzoCeBu-Ni\u014bkadaMadaNumana-Nunku-Gwantu-NumbuNingye-NinkaAnibNinkyobNindemNunguAyuNdunicAlumicToro, Alumu-T\u0259suHashaSambeSouthernSoutheastern (?)TarokoidTarokPe (Pai)Kwang-Ya-Bijim-LegeriYa\u014bkam (Bashar)Sur (Tapshin)EloyiNisam is a presumed Plateau language once spoken in Nince Village, Kaduna State, but its place within the Plateau branch cannot be ascertained due to the lack of linguistic data. In 2005, there was only one speaker of Nisam.[11]Morphology[edit]Proto-Plateau nominal prefixes:[4]*ni- (corresponding to Bantu noun class 9 *n- for animals and inanimate objects)*V- for person, *bV- for people*N- prefixes, homorganic with the following consonant*nV- ~ *mV- (both singular and plural), which mark liquids, mass nouns, and abstract nounsOnly some of the languages have nominal classes, as the Bantu languages have, where in others these have eroded. In many Plateau languages, many CV- prefixes have become fossilised, replaced by V- prefixes, or disappeared altogether.[4] The large numbers of consonants in many languages is due to the erosion of noun-class prefixes.In Plateau languages, adjectives and possessive forms generally follow the noun.Reconstructions[edit]Some Proto-Plateau quasi-reconstructions proposed by Roger Blench (2008) are:No.GlossProto-Plateau1.tree#ku-kon V-kon2.leaf#(g)yaNa4.dew#-mye\u014be12.wind#-gbulu21.hunger#igbyo\u014b25.ear#ku-to\u014b(\u0254)26.mouth#ku-nyu30.female breast#amb\u025b\u014b31.navel#i-kumbu32.bone#-kupu35.blood#-(n)ji64.twelve\/ten#isok-Numerals[edit]Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[12]ClassificationLanguage12345678910SouthLijilil\u014d\u0325\u00e0b\u0113\u0325\u00e0t\u0283\u00e9\u0325\u00e0n\u00e0r\u00f3\u0325\u00e0s\u00f3\u0325m\u00ecnz\u00edm\u00fat\u00e1r\u00fan\u00f3\u0325z\u00e0t\u0283\u00e9\u0325z\u00e0b\u00e8\u0325BeromicAten (Iten)d\u00e1yf\u00e0t\u00e0t \/ t\u0283\u00e0tn\u00e0\u02d0sw\u00edt\u00e0\u02d0r\u00e0n\u00ect\u00e0n\u00e0r\u00e0sd\u00f9\u02d0d\u0292\u00e0\u014bd\u00f9\u02d0b\u0254\u0300BeromicBerom (Birom)\u0261w\u012bn\u00ec\u014b \/ (d)\u012bn\u00ec\u014b  (Roots)-b\u0101-t\u0101t-n\u0101\u02d0s-t\u016b\u014b\u016bn-t\u012b\u0304\u02d0 m\u00ecn-t\u0101\u02d0m\u00e0   (5+ 2)-rw\u012b\u02d0t    (5+ 3)sy\u0101\u02d0-t\u0101t (12- 3)sy\u0101\u02d0-t\u0101t  (12- 2)Central, South-CentralIrigwe (Rigwe)\u02c0zr\u00fa\u02c0\u028d\u02b2\u00e8\u02c0t\u0361s\u02b2\u025b\u0300\u02c0ni\u02c0t\u0361\u0255\u02b7\u00f2\u00f4r\u00edt\u0361s\u02b2\u025b\u0301nat\u0361s\u02b2\u025b\u0301kla\u01f9v\u00e0kruv\u00e1j\u00e1\u0283\u02b7\u00e1Central, South-CentralJju (Kaje)\u0259yri\u014b\u0259hwa\u0259tat\u0259naai\u0259pfw\u0254n\u0259kitat (2 x 3)\u0259tiyri\u014b\u0259naimbvwak\u0259kumbvuyri\u014bswakCentral, South-CentralTyap (Kataf)\u0259\u0272iu\u014b\/ \u0292yiu\u014b\u0259fea\u014b\/ swea\u014b\u0259tat\/ t\u0361sat\u0259naai\/ \u0272aai\u0259fwuon\/ t\u0361swuon\u0259taa\u0259natat\u0259ninai\/ \u0259rinai\u0259kubunyiu\u014bswakNorthernIkulu (Kulu)\u00ed\u0144j\u00ed\u00ed\u0144p\u00e0\u00e0l\u00e1\u00ed\u0144t\u00e1\u00e1\u00ed\u0144n\u0101\u0101\u00ed\u0144c\u016b\u016b\u00ed\u0144c\u00fan\u00fat\u0254\u0301\u0254\u0300p\u0101\u0101n\u00ed\u01f9n\u0101\u0101 (2 x 4)\u00a0?t\u0254\u0301\u0254\u0300ll\u0101\u0101n\u00f9k\u0254\u0304pSoutheasternFyam (Pyem)k\u02b2\u00e9\u014bport\u00e1\u00e1rnaast\u00f3\u00f3nt\u00e1\u00e1rint\u00e1mort\u0283\u00edn\u00edtt\u00e9resduk\u00fatTarokoidTarok (Yergam)\u00f9z\u0268\u0300\u014b\u00f9p\u00e0r\u0268\u0301m\u00f9\u0283\u00e1\u0257\u0268\u0301\u014b\u00f9n\u00e8\u0257\u0268\u0301\u014b\u00f9t\u00fak\u00fan\u00f9k\u0361p\u0259\u0301\u0257\u0268\u0301\u014b\u00f9f\u00e0\u014b\u0283\u00e1t\u00f9n\u0259\u0300nn\u00e8\u00f9f\u00e0\u014bz\u0268\u0301\u014bt\u0268\u0301\u014b\u00f9\u0261\u0361b\u0259\u0301peiWestern, Northwestern, HyamicHyam (Jabba)\u0292\u00ecn\u00ecfe\u0320ritaatnaa\u014btwootwaani  (5+ 1)\u00a0?twarfo  (5+ 2)\u00a0?naara\u014b (2 x 4)\u00a0?mbwan k\u0254b  (10 &#8211; 1)k\u0254\u0301bWestern, Northwestern, KoroYeskwa (Nyenkpa)\u00e8ny\u00ed\u00e8nv\u00e0\u00e8nt\u00e2t\u00e8nn\u00e0\u00e8nty\u00fa\u00f2\u00e8nc\u00edt\u00f2nv\u00e0t\u00f3nd\u00e1tty\u00fa\u00f4r\u00e1\u00f3k\u00f3pWestern, Southwestern, AMada (Madda)\u0261y\u0259\u0304ryw\u0101tarnly\u025b\u0304tunt\u0101nn\u025b\u0300nt\u0101m\u0261\u0361b\u0101t\u0101nd\u00e0t\u012by\u0101r\u0261\u00f9rWestern, Southwestern, ANinzoj\u00edrh\u00e1t\u00e1rn\u0259\u0304(s)\u0288\u02b7\u00edt\u0101n\u00ect\u0101\u014b\u0261\u0361b\u0101t\u0101nd\u00e0rt\u012br(s)w\u016brWestern, Southwestern, ARukuba (Che)\u0261y\u00edn-h\u00e0k-t\u00e1t-n\u00e0s-t\u00fa\u014bt\u00e0i\u014bta\u014bb\u00e1kta\u02d0ratta\u02d0rasuw\u00f9rukWestern, Southwestern, BEggon (1)\u00e1ki\u0259\u0301n\u00e0h\u00e0\u00e0\u00e0tr\u00e1\u00e1\u00f9\u0272\u00ed\u00f2tn\u00f3\u00f9f\u00edn    (5+ 1)\u00e0f\u00f3h\u00e0  (5+ 2)\u00e0f\u00f3t\u00e9 (5+ 3)\u00e0f\u00fa\u00fa\u0272\u00ed  (5+ 4)\u00f3kpoWestern, Southwestern, BEggon (2)\u00f2r\u00ed\u0254\u0300h\u00e0\u0254\u0300c\u00e1\u00f2\u0272\u00ec\u0254\u0300tn\u0254\u0302\u0259\u0300f\u0129\u0301   (5+ 1)\u0254\u0300f\u0254\u0301h\u00e0 (5+ 2)\u0254\u0300f\u0254\u0301t\u025b\u0301  (5+ 3)\u0254\u0300f\u0254\u0302\u0272\u00ed  (5+ 4)\u0254\u0300kb\u0254\u0301See also[edit]^ Blench, Roger. 2007. Language families of the Nigerian Middle Belt and the historical implications of their distribution. Presented to the Jos Linguistic Circle in Jos, Nigeria, July 25, 2007.^ a b Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th\u00a0ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.^ Blench, Roger (2022). Contact between West Chadic and Plateau languages: new evidence languages: new evidence. 11-12 November 2022, presentation given at Universit\u00e4t Wien.^ a b c d Blench, Roger M. 2018. Nominal affixes and number marking in the Plateau languages of Central Nigeria. In John R. Watters (ed.), East Benue-Congo: Nouns, pronouns, and verbs, 107\u2013172. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281\/zenodo.1314325^ Blench, Roger (April 2008). &#8220;Prospecting Proto-Plateau&#8221; (PDF). p.\u00a02.^ &#8220;Glottolog 3.0 &#8211; Yukubenic&#8221;. glottolog.org. Retrieved 2017-08-14.^ &#8220;Jukunoid&#8221;. Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-07-26.^ Roger Blench (15 November 2005). &#8220;Is there a boundary between Plateau and Jukunoid? (PDF Download Available)&#8221;. ResearchGate. pp.\u00a03, 5. Retrieved 2017-07-26.^ Gerhardt, Ludwig. 1983. Beitr\u00e4ge zur Kenntnis der Sprachen des Nigerianischen Plateaus. Gl\u00fcckstadt: Verlag J. J. Augustin.^ Maddieson, Ian. 1972. The Benue-Congo Languages of Nigeria. Sheet 1 and 2: Plateau. Mimeographed paper. Ibadan.^ Blench, Roger M. 2012. Akpondu, Nigbo, B\u0259b\u0259r and Nisam: moribund or extinct languages of central Nigeria Babur.^ Chan, Eugene (2019). &#8220;The Niger-Congo Language Phylum&#8221;. Numeral Systems of the World&#8217;s Languages.References[edit]\u00a0This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3.0 license.External links[edit]  "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki19\/plateau-languages-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Plateau languages &#8211; Wikipedia"}}]}]