[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki2\/city-of-london-uk-parliament-constituency\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki2\/city-of-london-uk-parliament-constituency\/","headline":"City of London (UK Parliament constituency)","name":"City of London (UK Parliament constituency)","description":"before-content-x4 Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1885\u20131950 after-content-x4 The City of London was a United Kingdom Parliamentary constituency. 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It was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1950.Table of Contents       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Boundaries and boundary changes[edit]Members of Parliament 1707\u20131950[edit]Parliaments of Great Britain 1707\u20131800[edit]Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801[edit]MPs 1801\u20131885[edit]MPs 1885\u20131950[edit]Elections[edit]Parliament of Great Britain election results 1713\u20131800[edit]Elections in the 1710s[edit]Elections in the 1720s[edit]Elections in the 1730s[edit]Elections in the 1740s[edit]Elections in the 1750s[edit]Elections in the 1760s[edit]Elections in the 1770s[edit]Elections in the 1780s[edit]Elections in the 1790s[edit]Parliament of the United Kingdom election results (4 seats) 1801\u20131885[edit]Elections in the 1800s[edit]Elections in the 1810s[edit]Elections in the 1820s[edit]Elections in the 1830s[edit]Elections in the 1840s[edit]Elections in the 1850s[edit]Elections in the 1860s[edit]Elections in the 1870s[edit]Elections in the 1880s[edit]Parliament of the United Kingdom election results (2 seats) 1885\u20131950[edit]Elections in the 1880s[edit]Elections in the 1890s[edit]Elections in the 1900s[edit]Elections in the 1910s[edit]Elections in the 1920s[edit]Elections in the 1930s[edit]Elections in the 1940s[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Bibliography[edit]Boundaries and boundary changes[edit]This borough constituency (or ‘parliamentary borough\/burgh’) consisted of the City of London, which is at the very centre of Greater London. The only change by the Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832 was to include The Temple.[1]Bounded south by the Thames, the City adjoins Westminster westward, enfranchised in 1545.[2]  In other directions a web of tiny liberties and parishes of diverse size adjoined from medieval times until the 20th century. Most of the population of Middlesex was beyond the city’s boundaries. From the 17th century three of four new ‘divisions’ of Ossulstone Hundred adjoined the city reflecting their relative density \u2013 Holborn division and Finsbury division to the north and Tower division to the north-east and the east, all enfranchised in 1832.London is first known to have been enfranchised and represented in Parliament in 1298. Because it was the most important city in England it received four seats in Parliament instead of the normal two for a constituency. Previous to 1298 from the middle of that century, the intermittent first parliaments, the area’s households, officially, could turn to their Middlesex “two knights of the shire” \u2013 two members of the Commons \u2013 as to their interests in Parliament as the City formed part of the geographic county yet from early times wielded independent administration, its corporation.The city was represented by four MPs until 1885, when this was cut to two, and in 1950 the constituency was abolished.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The City of London was originally a densely populated area. Before the Reform Act 1832 the composition of the City electorate was not as democratic as that of some other borough constituencies, such as neighbouring Westminster. The right of election was held by members of the Livery Companies. However the size and wealth of the community meant that it had more voters than most other borough constituencies. Namier and Brooke estimated the size of the City electorate, in the latter part of the 18th century, at about 7,000. Only Westminster had a larger size of electorate.During the 19th and 20th centuries the metropolitan area of London expanded greatly. The resident population of the City fell.  People moved to the new definitively urban expansion and suburbs; businesses moved in. However the City authorities did not want to extend their jurisdiction beyond the traditional “square mile” so the constituency was left unchanged as its resident population fell. By 1900 almost all electors in the City qualified through Livery Company membership and lived outside of the city. The business voters were a type of plural voter which when abolished by the Representation of the People Act 1948 meant the City became immediately under-sized in electorate, akin to the least-worst examples of pre-1832 “rotten and pocket boroughs”.In 1950 the area was merged for Parliamentary purposes with the eldest parts of the neighbouring City of Westminster, to form the seat Cities of London and Westminster. The pre-1900 heavily subdivided city became simplified for the period 1907 and 1965 into one civil parish, before in that year this level of local government complication was taken away.  Statutory protection applied between 1986 and 2011 to prevent division of the City between seats:There shall continue to be a constituency which shall include the whole of the City of London and the name of which shall refer to the City of London”\u2014\u2009Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986 Sch.2 Rule 3 (repealed, 2011)[3]Members of Parliament 1707\u20131950[edit]See City of London (elections to the Parliament of England) for citizens known to have represented the City in Parliament before 1707Parliaments of Great Britain 1707\u20131800[edit]Note:-Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801[edit]MPs 1801\u20131885[edit]MPs 1885\u20131950[edit]Elections[edit]In multi-member elections the bloc voting system was used. Voters could cast a vote for one to four (or up to two in two-member elections 1885\u20131950) candidates, as they chose. The leading candidates with the largest number of votes were elected. In 1868 the limited vote was introduced, which restricted an individual elector to using one, two or three votes, in elections to fill four seats.In by-elections, to fill a single-seat, the first past the post system applied.After 1832, when registration of voters was introduced, a turnout figure is given for contested elections. In multi-member elections, when the exact number of participating voters is unknown, this is calculated by dividing the number of votes by four (to 1868), three (1868\u20131885) and two thereafter. To the extent that electors did not use all their votes this will be an underestimate of turnout.Where a party had more than one candidate in one or both of a pair of successive elections change is calculated for each individual candidate, otherwise change is based on the party vote.Candidates for whom no party has been identified are classified as non-partisan. The candidate might have been associated with a party or faction in Parliament or consider himself to belong to a particular political tradition. Political parties before the 19th century were not as cohesive or organised as they later became. Contemporary commentators (even the reputed leaders of parties or factions) in the 18th century did not necessarily agree who the party supporters were. The traditional parties, which had arisen in the late 17th century, became increasingly irrelevant to politics in the 18th century (particularly after 1760), although for some contests in some constituencies party labels were still used. It was only towards the end of the century that party labels began to acquire some meaning again, although this process was by no means complete for several more generations.Sources: The results are based on the History of Parliament Trust’s volumes on the House of Commons in various periods from 1715 to 1820, Stooks Smith from 1820 until 1832 and Craig from 1832. Where Stooks Smith gives additional information this is indicated in a note. See references below for further details of these sources.Dates of general and by-elections from 1660 to 1715 (excluding general elections at which no new MP was returned)27 Mar 166019 Mar 166110 Feb 166317 Feb 167915 May 16859 Jan 168914 May 168911 Mar 16902 Mar 169325 Oct 169530 Jul 16981 Feb 170120 Mar 170124 Nov 170118 Aug 170217 May 170516 Dec 170714 May 170816 Nov 1710Parliament of Great Britain election results 1713\u20131800[edit]Elections in the 1710s[edit]6,787 voted. The losing candidates demanded a scrutiny, which did not change the result. (Source: Copy of the pollbook)Elections in the 1720s[edit]After a scrutiny the members returned were unchanged and vote totals were amended to Lockwood 4,025; Barnard 3,840; Godfrey 3,723; Child 3,575; Heysham 3,441; Parsons 3,393.Death of Godfrey 10 November 1724After a scrutiny the members returned were unchanged and vote totals were amended to Eyles 3,539; Barnard 3,514; Perry 3,396; Parsons 3,255; Thompson 3,244; Lockwood 2,977; Hopkins 2,921; Williams 2,914.Elections in the 1730s[edit]Note (1734): Poll 7 days (Source: Stooks Smith)Elections in the 1740s[edit]Note (1741): Poll 7 days (Source: Stooks Smith)Death of Godschall 26 June 1742Elections in the 1750s[edit]Note (1754): Poll 7 days, 5,931 voted (Source: Stooks Smith)Death of Bethell 1 November 1758Elections in the 1760s[edit]Note (1761): Poll 7 days (Source: Stooks Smith)Elections in the 1770s[edit]Death of Beckford 21 June 1770Death of Ladbroke 31 October 1773Elections in the 1780s[edit]Death of Kirkman 19 September 1780Death of Hayley 30 August 1781Death of Bull 10 January 1784Note (1784 be): Poll 3 days (Source: Stooks Smith)Note (1784): Poll 7 days. Mr Pitt was returned on the show of hands, but retired before the poll. (Source: Stooks Smith)Elections in the 1790s[edit]Note (1790): Poll 7 days (Source: Stooks Smith)Appointment of Watson as Commissary GeneralNote (1793): Mr Newnham was a candidate, but declined to go to the poll. (Source: Stooks Smith)Death of Sawbridge 21 February 1795Note (1795): Poll 3 days (Source: Stooks Smith)Note (1796): Poll 7 days (Source: Stooks Smith)Parliament of the United Kingdom election results (4 seats) 1801\u20131885[edit]Elections in the 1800s[edit]Note (1802): Poll 7 days (Source: Stooks Smith)Note (1806): Poll 3 days (Source: Stooks Smith)Note (1807): Mr Hankey died on the afternoon of the first day’s polling. All the candidates voted for him. (Source: Stooks Smith)Elections in the 1810s[edit]Note (1818): Poll 7 days, 7,978 voted. (Source: Stooks Smith)Elections in the 1820s[edit]Note (1820): Poll 7 days (Source: Stooks Smith)Note (1826): Poll 7 days. 8,639 voted. Alderman Garrett was proposed without his consent. (Source: Stooks Smith)Elections in the 1830s[edit]Death of Waithman 6 February 1833Elections in the 1840s[edit]Death of Wood 25 September 1843Note (1847):  De Rothschild and Payne were classified as Reformer candidates. (Source: Stooks Smith)Resignation of de Rothschild to seek re-election after rejection of the Jewish Disabilities BillNote (1849): De Rothschild was classified as a Reformer candidate. (Source: Stooks Smith)Death of Pattison June 1849Elections in the 1850s[edit]Resignation of de Rothschild to seek re-election after rejection of the Jewish Disabilities BillElections in the 1860s[edit]Death of Wood 17 May 1863Note (1868): Craig refers to R.N. de Rothschild, but Stenton confirms the candidate was L.N. de RothschildAppointment of Goschen as President of the Poor Law BoardDeath of Bell 9 February 1869Elections in the 1870s[edit]Note (1874): Craig refers to R.N. de Rothschild, but Stenton confirms the candidate was L.N. de RothschildElections in the 1880s[edit]Reduction of constituency to two seats, in the 1885 redistributionParliament of the United Kingdom election results (2 seats) 1885\u20131950[edit]Elections in the 1880s[edit]  Fowler was elevated to the peerage, becoming Lord Addington, requiring a by-election.Elections in the 1890s[edit]Baring’s death caused a by-election.Fowler’s death caused a by-election.Elections in the 1900s[edit]          Elections in the 1910s[edit]Elections in the 1920s[edit]    Elections in the 1930s[edit]Elections in the 1940s[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]^ “2 & 3 Will. 4 c. 64 Schedule O 22”. The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol.\u00a02 & 3 William IV. London: His Majesty’s Statute and Law Printers. 1832. p.\u00a0351. Retrieved 2 August 2019.; Commissioners on Proposed Division of Counties and Boundaries of Boroughs (20 January 1832). “City of London”. Parliamentary Representation: Further Return to an Address to His Majesty, Dated 12 December, 1831; for Copies of Instructions Given by the Secretary of State for the Home Department with Reference to Parliamentary Representation; Likewise Copies of Letters of Reports Received by the Secretary of State for the Home Department in Answer to Such Instructions. Reports from Commissioners on Proposed Division of Counties and Boundaries of Boroughs. Volume II Part I. Parliamentary Papers. Vol.\u00a01831\u201332 HC 39 (141) 1. p.\u00a0117. Retrieved 2 August 2019.; also Metropolitan Boroughs Map included with the report.^ [The House of Commons 1509\u20131558, by S.T. Bindoff (Secker & Warburg 1982)]^ Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986 Sch.2 (as enacted) See instead substituted Sch.2 (16.2.2011) by Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011 (c. 1), ss. 11(1), 19(1) (with s. 13(5))^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Stooks Smith, Henry. (1973) [1844-1850].  Craig, F. W. S. (ed.). The Parliaments of England (2nd\u00a0ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. pp.\u00a0209\u2013212. ISBN\u00a00-900178-13-2.^ a b c “Dublin Evening Packet and Correspondent”. 27 July 1837. p.\u00a02. Retrieved 21 October 2018 \u2013 via British Newspaper Archive.^ a b Fisher, David R. (2009). “London”. The History of Parliament. Retrieved 3 September 2019.^ Beaven, Alfred P. (1908). The Aldermen of the City of London Temp. Henry III – 1912. London: British History Online. pp.\u00a0261\u2013297. Retrieved 3 September 2019.^ a b Churton, Edward (1838). The Assembled Commons or Parliamentary Biographer: 1838. Retrieved 21 October 2018 \u2013 via Google Books.^ “Sir John Key, Bart”. The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser. 10 May 1834. p.\u00a03. Retrieved 3 September 2019.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (1st\u00a0ed.). London: Macmillan Press. ISBN\u00a0978-1-349-02349-3.^ a b “Kentish Gazette”. 3 October 1843. p.\u00a02. Retrieved 21 October 2018 \u2013 via British Newspaper Archive.^ a b “Lord John Russell’s Speech to the Electors of the City of London”. Derby Mercury. 28 July 1847. p.\u00a06. Retrieved 21 October 2018 \u2013 via British Newspaper Archive.^ “Local News and Table Talk”. Cheltenham Chronicle. 5 July 1849. p.\u00a03. Retrieved 21 October 2018 \u2013 via British Newspaper Archive.^ “Imperial Parliament”. Exeter and Plymouth Gazette. 31 May 1851. p.\u00a08. Retrieved 13 May 2018 \u2013 via British Newspaper Archive.^ “Harwich Election”. Morning Post. 29 May 1851. p.\u00a04. Retrieved 13 May 2018 \u2013 via British Newspaper Archive.^ “Election News”. Leeds Intelligencer. 7 August 1847. p.\u00a07. Retrieved 21 October 2018 \u2013 via British Newspaper Archive.^ “English Cities and Boroughs”. Globe. 20 August 1847. p.\u00a01. Retrieved 21 October 2018 \u2013 via British Newspaper Archive.^ “North Wales Chronicle”. 6 July 1847. pp.\u00a02\u20133. Retrieved 21 October 2018 \u2013 via British Newspaper Archive.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN\u00a09781349022984.^ WGK. “1945 By Elections”. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2020.Bibliography[edit]Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1972)British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1977)British Parliamentary Election Results 1885-1918, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1974)British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1977)The House of Commons 1715-1754, by Romney Sedgwick (HMSO 1970)The House of Commons 1754-1790, by Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke (HMSO 1964)The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844\u201350), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)Who’s Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832-1885, edited by M. Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)The Times, various editions, was used to obtain dates of elections or unopposed returns and first names of candidates not available in the above books (from 1885 to 1910). The dates of declarations are used before 1885 and the dates of the General Election polling day from 1918.Leigh Rayment’s Historical List of MPs \u2013 Constituencies beginning with “L” (part 3)     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki2\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki2\/city-of-london-uk-parliament-constituency\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"City of London (UK Parliament constituency)"}}]}]