[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki2\/participatory-rural-appraisal-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki2\/participatory-rural-appraisal-wikipedia\/","headline":"Participatory rural appraisal – Wikipedia","name":"Participatory rural appraisal – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 PRA ranking exercise being carried out by members of a Farmer Field School","datePublished":"2020-09-18","dateModified":"2020-09-18","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki2\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki2\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/Bartlett-Ranking_BGD%282004%29.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/Bartlett-Ranking_BGD%282004%29.jpg","height":"225","width":"300"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki2\/participatory-rural-appraisal-wikipedia\/","wordCount":5274,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia         (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4PRA ranking exercise being carried out by members of a Farmer Field School in Bangladesh, 2004       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach used by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other agencies involved in international development. The approach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of development projects and programmes.[1][2][3]Table of ContentsOrigins[edit]Overview of techniques[edit]Developmental changes in PRA[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]Origins[edit]The philosophical roots of participatory rural appraisal techniques can be traced to activist adult education methods such as those of Paulo Freire and the study clubs of the Antigonish Movement.[4] In this view, an actively involved and empowered local population is essential to successful rural community development. Robert Chambers, a key exponent of PRA, argued that the approach owes much to “the Freirian theme, that poor and exploited people can and should be enabled to analyze their own reality.”[5]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4By the early 1980s, there was growing dissatisfaction among development experts with both the reductionism of formal surveys, and the biases of typical field visits. In 1983, Robert Chambers, a Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies (UK), used the term rapid rural appraisal (RRA) to describe techniques that could bring about a “reversal of learning”, to learn from rural people directly.[6][7] Two years later, the first international conference to share experiences relating to RRA was held in Thailand.[8] This was followed by a rapid acceptance of usage of methods that involved rural people in examining their own problems, setting their own goals, and monitoring their own achievements. By the mid 1990s, the term RRA had been replaced by a number of other terms including participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and participatory learning and action (PLA).[9]Robert Chambers acknowledged that the significant breakthroughs and innovations that informed the methodology came from community development practitioners in Africa, India and elsewhere. Chambers helped PRA gain acceptance among practitioners.[10] Chambers explained the function of participatory research in PRA as follows:The central thrusts of the [new] paradigm \u2026 are decentralization and empowerment. Decentralization means that resources and discretion are devolved, turning back the inward and upward flows of resources and people. Empowerment means that people, especially poorer people, are enabled to take more control over their lives, and secure a better livelihood with ownership and control of productive assets as one key element. Decentralization and empowerment enable local people to exploit the diverse complexities of their own conditions, and to adapt to rapid change.[11]Overview of techniques[edit]Over the years techniques and tools have been described in a variety of books and newsletters, or taught at training courses.[1][12][13] However, the field has been criticized for lacking a systematic evidence-based methodology.[14]The basic techniques used include:[1][2][3][12][13]Understanding group dynamics, e.g. through learning contracts, role reversals, feedback sessionsSurveying and sampling, e.g. transect walks, wealth ranking, social mappingInterviewing, e.g. focus group discussions, semi-structured interviews, triangulationCommunity mapping, e.g. Venn diagrams, matrix scoring, ecograms, timelinesTo ensure that people are not excluded from participation, these techniques avoid writing wherever possible, relying instead on the tools of oral communication and visual communication such as pictures, symbols, physical objects and group memory.[15] Efforts are made in many projects, however, to build a bridge to formal literacy; for example by teaching people how to sign their names or recognize their signatures. Often developing communities are reluctant to permit invasive audio-visual recording.[citation needed]Developmental changes in PRA[edit]Since the early 21st century, some practitioners have replaced PRA with the standardized model of community-based participatory research (CBPR) or with participatory action research (PAR).[citation needed] Social survey techniques have also changed during this period, including greater use of information technology such as fuzzy cognitive maps, e-participation, telepresence, social network analysis, topic models, geographic information systems (GIS), and interactive multimedia.[citation needed]….See also[edit]References[edit]^ a b c Chambers, Robert (July 1994). “The origins and practice of participatory rural appraisal” (PDF). World Development. 22 (7): 953\u2013969. CiteSeerX\u00a010.1.1.454.4672. doi:10.1016\/0305-750X(94)90141-4. S2CID\u00a015939795.^ a b Castelloe, Paul; Gamble, Dorothy N. (2005). “Participatory methods in community practice: popular education and participatory rural appraisal”.  In Weil, Marie; Reisch, Michael (eds.). Handbook of community practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp.\u00a0261\u2013275. doi:10.4135\/9781452220819.n13. ISBN\u00a0978-0761921776. OCLC\u00a055008364.^ a b Narayanasamy, N. (2009). Participatory rural appraisal: principles, methods and application. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. ISBN\u00a09788178298856. OCLC\u00a0265732154.^ Flower, Charlotte; Mincher, Paul; Rimkus, Susan (2000). “Overview\u2014participatory processes in the North”. PLA Notes. 38: 14\u201318.^ Chambers, Robert (1997). Whose reality counts?: putting the first last. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. p.\u00a0106. ISBN\u00a0978-1853393860. OCLC\u00a036589868.^ Chambers, Robert (April 1981). “Rapid rural appraisal: rationale and repertoire” (PDF). Public Administration and Development. 1 (2): 95\u2013106. doi:10.1002\/pad.4230010202.^ Chambers, Robert (1984) [1983]. Rural development: putting the last first. London; New York: Longman. ISBN\u00a0978-0582644434. OCLC\u00a09196254.^ Proceedings of the 1985 International Conference on Rapid Rural Appraisal: Khon Kaen University. Khon Kaen, Thailand: Published by Rural Systems Research Project and Farming Systems Research Project for Khon Kaen University. 1987. ISBN\u00a09789745552517. OCLC\u00a019025969.^ Search results for ‘participatory rural appraisal’ and ‘participatory learning and action’ on Google Ngram Viewer^ Singh, Kamal (2001). “Handing over the stick: the global spread of participatory approaches to development”.  In Edwards, Michael; Gaventa, John (eds.). Global citizen action. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp.\u00a0175\u2013187. ISBN\u00a0978-1555879686. OCLC\u00a045879585.^ Chambers, Robert (1993). Challenging the professions: frontiers for rural development. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. ISBN\u00a0978-1853391941. OCLC\u00a028470414.^ a b Pretty, Jules N.; Vodouh\u00ea, Simplice D. (1997) [1984]. “Using rapid or participatory rural appraisal”.  In Swanson, Burton E.; Bentz, Robert P.; Sofranko, Andrew J. (eds.). Improving agricultural extension: a reference manual (2nd\u00a0ed.). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN\u00a0978-9251040072. OCLC\u00a0456586976.^ a b Sontheimer, Sally; Callens, Karel; Seiffert, Bernd (1999). “PRA tool box”. Conducting a PRA training and modifying PRA tools to your needs: an example from a participatory household food security and nutrition project in Ethiopia. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.^ Leurs, Robert (August 1997). “Critical reflections on rapid and participatory rural appraisal”. Development in Practice. 7 (3): 290\u2013293. JSTOR\u00a04029070.^ Robinson-Pant, Anna (1995). “PRA: a new literacy?”. PLA Notes. 24: 78\u201382.Further reading[edit]Campbell, John R. (Winter 2001). “Participatory rural appraisal as qualitative research: distinguishing methodological issues from participatory claims”. Human Organization. 60 (4): 380\u2013389. doi:10.17730\/humo.60.4.4bgnlmy60fkvq4r2.Hickey, Samuel; Mohan, Giles, eds. (2004). Participation, from tyranny to transformation?: exploring new approaches to participation in development. London; New York: Zed Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1842774601. OCLC\u00a055016221.Mukherjee, Amitava, ed. (2004). Participatory rural appraisal: methods and applications in rural planning: essays in honour of Robert Chambers. Studies in rural participation. Vol.\u00a05. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. ISBN\u00a09788180691058. OCLC\u00a056597737.Mukherjee, Amitava (2009). Frontiers in participatory rural appraisal and participatory learning and action: PRA and PLA in applied research. New Delhi: Academic Foundation. ISBN\u00a09788171887248. OCLC\u00a0477280350.Mukherjee, Neela (1993). Participatory rural appraisal: methodology and applications. Studies in rural participation. Vol.\u00a01. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. ISBN\u00a0978-8170224730. OCLC\u00a031012523.Mukherjee, Neela (1997). Participatory appraisal of natural resources. Studies in rural participation. Vol.\u00a03. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. ISBN\u00a09788170226185. OCLC\u00a037579543.Participatory Learning and Action \/ PLA Notes archive. Started in the 1980s and first known as RRA Notes, then as PLA Notes, and then as Participatory Learning and Action, this archive of articles is a joint collaboration of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) and the Institute of Development Studies (IDS).Scrimshaw, Nevin S.; Gleason, Gary R., eds. (1992). RAP, rapid assessment procedures: qualitative methodologies for planning and evaluation of health related programmes. Boston: International Nutrition Foundation for Developing Countries. ISBN\u00a0978-0963552204. OCLC\u00a027320692.Selener, Daniel; Endara, Nelly; Carvajal, Jos\u00e9 (1999). Participatory rural appraisal and planning: workbook. Quito, Ecuador: International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR). ISBN\u00a0978-9978408148. OCLC\u00a041874096.van Veldhuizen, Laurens; Waters-Bayer, Ann; de Zeeuw, Henk (1997). Developing technology with farmers: a trainer’s guide. London; New York: Zed Books in association with ETC Netherlands. ISBN\u00a0978-1856494892. OCLC\u00a0456590542.     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