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Through comparing Proxima Centauri to other similar stars it was estimated that it had a lower metallicity, ranging from less than a third, to about the same, of our Sun’s.[11][12]^ Extrasolar planet names are designated following the International Astronomical Union’s naming conventions in alphabetical order according to their respective dates of discovery, with ‘Proxima Centauri a’ being the star itself.^ The density (\u03c1) is given by the mass divided by the volume. Relative to the Sun, therefore, the density is:\u03c1{displaystyle rho }= MM\u2299\u22c5(RR\u2299)\u22123\u22c5\u03c1\u2299{displaystyle {begin{smallmatrix}{frac {M}{M_{odot }}}cdot left({frac {R}{R_{odot }}}right)^{-3}cdot rho _{odot }end{smallmatrix}}}= 0.122 \u00b7 0.154\u22123 \u00b7 (1.41\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0103\u00a0kg\/m3)= 33.4 \u00b7 (1.41\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0103\u00a0kg\/m3)= 4.71\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0104\u00a0kg\/m3where \u03c1\u2299{displaystyle {begin{smallmatrix}rho _{odot }end{smallmatrix}}} is the average solar density.See:Munsell, Kirk; Smith, Harman; Davis, Phil; Harvey, Samantha (11 June 2008). “Sun: facts & figures”. Solar system exploration. NASA. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2008.Bergman, Marcel W.; Clark, T. Alan; Wilson, William J. F. (2007). Observing projects using Starry Night Enthusiast (8th\u00a0ed.). Macmillan. pp.\u00a0220\u2013221. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4292-0074-5.^ The standard surface gravity on the Earth is 980.665\u00a0cm\/s2, for a ‘log g’ value of 2.992. The difference in logarithms is 5.20 \u2212 2.99 = 2.21, yielding a multiplier of 102.21 = 162. For the Earth’s gravity, see:Taylor, Barry N., ed. (2001). The International System of Units (SI) (PDF). NIST Special Publication 330. United States Department of Commerce: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p.\u00a029. Retrieved 8 March 2012.^ The coordinates of the Sun would be diametrically opposite Proxima Centauri, at \u03b1=02h 29m 42.9487s, \u03b4=+62\u00b0\u00a040\u2032\u00a046.141\u2033. The absolute magnitude Mv of the Sun is 4.83, so at a parallax \u03c0 of 0.77199 the apparent magnitude m is given by 4.83 \u2212 5(log10(0.77199) + 1) = 0.40.See: Tayler, Roger John (1994). The Stars: Their Structure and Evolution. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a016. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-45885-6.^ Pale Red Dot is a reference to Pale Blue Dot, a distant photo of Earth taken by Voyager 1.^ For a star south of the zenith, the angle to the zenith is equal to the Latitude minus the Declination. The star is hidden from sight when the zenith angle is 90\u00b0 or more, i.e., below the horizon. Thus, for Proxima Centauri:Highest latitude = 90\u00b0 + (\u221262.68\u00b0) = 27.32\u00b0.See: Campbell, William Wallace (1899). The elements of practical astronomy. London: Macmillan. pp.\u00a0109\u2013110. Retrieved 12 August 2008.References[edit]^ “Collins English Dictionary”. HarperCollins Publishers. Retrieved 30 September 2020.^ a b c Van Leeuwen, F. (2007). “Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction”. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653\u2013664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A…474..653V. doi:10.1051\/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID\u00a018759600.^ a b Samus’, N. N; Kazarovets, E. V; Durlevich, O. V; Kireeva, N. N; Pastukhova, E. 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Bibcode:2021MNRAS.505.3537M. doi:10.1093\/mnras\/stab1440.Kavanagh, Robert D.; et\u00a0al. (June 2021). “Planet-induced radio emission from the coronae of M dwarfs: the case of Prox Cen and AU Mic”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 504 (1): 1511\u20131518. arXiv:2103.16318. Bibcode:2021MNRAS.504.1511K. doi:10.1093\/mnras\/stab929.P\u00e9rez-Torres, M.; et\u00a0al. (January 2021). “Monitoring the radio emission of Proxima Centauri”. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 645: A77. arXiv:2012.02116. Bibcode:2021A&A…645A..77P. doi:10.1051\/0004-6361\/202039052. S2CID\u00a0227255606. A77.Klein, Baptiste; et\u00a0al. (January 2021). “The large-scale magnetic field of Proxima Centauri near activity maximum”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 500 (2): 1844\u20131850. arXiv:2010.14311. Bibcode:2021MNRAS.500.1844K. doi:10.1093\/mnras\/staa3396.Zic, Andrew; et\u00a0al. (December 2020). “A Flare-type IV Burst Event from Proxima Centauri and Implications for Space Weather”. The Astrophysical Journal. 905 (1): 23. arXiv:2012.04642. Bibcode:2020ApJ…905…23Z. doi:10.3847\/1538-4357\/abca90. S2CID\u00a0227745378. 23.Lalitha, S.; et\u00a0al. (November 2020). “Proxima Centauri – the nearest planet host observed simultaneously with AstroSat, Chandra, and HST”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 498 (3): 3658\u20133663. arXiv:2008.07175. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.498.3658L. doi:10.1093\/mnras\/staa2574.Vida, Kriszti\u00e1n; et\u00a0al. (October 2019). “Flaring Activity of Proxima Centauri from TESS Observations: Quasiperiodic Oscillations during Flare Decay and Inferences on the Habitability of Proxima b”. The Astrophysical Journal. 884 (2): 160. arXiv:1907.12580. Bibcode:2019ApJ…884..160V. doi:10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab41f5. S2CID\u00a0198985707. 160.Banik, Indranil; Kroupa, Pavel (August 2019). “Directly testing gravity with Proxima Centauri”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 487 (2): 1653\u20131661. arXiv:1906.08264. 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Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 482 (1): 372\u2013383. arXiv:1809.08210. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.482..372M. doi:10.1093\/mnras\/sty2682.Schwarz, R.; et\u00a0al. (November 2018). “Exocomets in the Proxima Centauri system and their importance for water transport”. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (3): 3595\u20133608. arXiv:1711.04685. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.480.3595S. doi:10.1093\/mnras\/sty2064.Howard, Ward S.; et\u00a0al. (June 2018). “The First Naked-eye Superflare Detected from Proxima Centauri”. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 860 (2): L30. arXiv:1804.02001. Bibcode:2018ApJ…860L..30H. doi:10.3847\/2041-8213\/aacaf3. S2CID\u00a059127420. L30.MacGregor, Meredith A.; et\u00a0al. (March 2018). “Detection of a Millimeter Flare from Proxima Centauri”. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 855 (1): L2. arXiv:1802.08257. Bibcode:2018ApJ…855L…2M. doi:10.3847\/2041-8213\/aaad6b. S2CID\u00a0119287614. L2.Damasso, M.; Del Sordo, F. (March 2017). “Proxima Centauri reloaded: Unravelling the stellar noise in radial velocities”. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 599: A126. arXiv:1612.03786. Bibcode:2017A&A…599A.126D. doi:10.1051\/0004-6361\/201630050. S2CID\u00a0119335949. A126.External links[edit]"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki2\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki2\/proxima-centauri-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Proxima Centauri – Wikipedia"}}]}]