[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/abu-ishaq-al-zajjaj-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/abu-ishaq-al-zajjaj-wikipedia\/","headline":"Abu Ishaq al-Zajjaj – Wikipedia","name":"Abu Ishaq al-Zajjaj – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Abbasid era Grammarian of Basrah Ab\u016b Is\u1e25\u0101q Ibr\u0101h\u012bm ibn Mu\u1e25ammad ibn al-Sar\u012b al-Zajj\u0101j","datePublished":"2022-12-15","dateModified":"2022-12-15","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/abu-ishaq-al-zajjaj-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4008,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Abbasid era Grammarian of BasrahAb\u016b Is\u1e25\u0101q Ibr\u0101h\u012bm ibn Mu\u1e25ammad ibn al-Sar\u012b al-Zajj\u0101j (Arabic: \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c) was a grammarian of Basrah, a scholar of philology and theology and a favourite at the Abb\u0101sid court. He died in 922[n 1] at Baghd\u0101d, the capital city in his time.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Ab\u016b Is\u1e25\u0101q Ibr\u0101h\u012bm ibn Mu\u1e25ammad al-Sar\u012b (Surr\u012b) al-Zajj\u0101j had been a glass-grinder \u2013 al-Zajj\u0101j means \u2018the glassman\u2019 – before abandoning this trade to study philology under the two leading grammarians, al-Mubarrad of the Ba\u1e63ran school and Tha’lab of the Kufan school. As top student and class representative he advised al-Mubarrad. He studied \u201cAl-Kit\u0101b\u201d of S\u012bbawayh with the Ba\u1e63rah grammarian Ab\u016b Fahd.[n 2]Al-Zajj\u0101j entered the Abb\u0101sid court, first as tutor to al-Q\u0101sim ibn \u2018Ubayd All\u0101h,[n 3] son of the vizier \u2018Ubayd All\u0101h ibn Sulaym\u0101n ibn Wahb\u2019s [n 4] and later, as tutor to the sons of the caliph al-Mu\u2018ta\u1e0did.On his succession to the vizierate, Caliph al-Mu\u2019ta\u1e0did ordered vizier al-Q\u0101sim to commission an exposition of the Compendium of Speech by Ma\u1e25barah al-Nad\u012bm.[n 5] Both Tha\u2019lab and Al-Mubarrad declined the project for lack of knowledge and old age respectively. Al-Mubarrad proposed his friend and relative novice al-Zajj\u0101j, who was commissioned to work on just two sections as a trial of his abilities. In doing his research he consulted books on language by Tha\u2018lab, al-Sukkar\u012b, et al. He was assisted by  al-Tirmidh\u012b the Younger, as his amanuensis.  The bound two-section commentary greatly impressed Caliph al-Mu\u2019ta\u1e0did and al-Zajj\u0101j was given the work to complete the commentary for the payment of three hundred gold d\u012bn\u0101r. The finished manuscript was kept in al-Mu\u2019ta\u1e0did’s royal library, and the issuing of any copies to other libraries was prohibited.[n 6]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Winning the caliph’s favour, he received a royal pension of three hundred gold d\u012bn\u0101r from three official roles as court companion, jurist and scholar.Among al-Zajj\u0101j’s pupils were the grammarian Ab\u016b Al\u012b al-F\u0101ris\u012b and Ab\u016b \u2018l-Q\u0101sim Abd ar-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n, author of the Jumal fi \u2018n-Nawhi,[n 7]Ibn al-Sarr\u0101j and \u2018Al\u012b al-Mar\u0101gh\u012b[n 8] the rival of Abu al-\u2018Abb\u0101s Tha\u2019lab.{{refn|group=n|Perhaps this was al-Mubarrad Ab\u016b al-\u2018Abb\u0101s[citation needed]Al-Zajj\u0101j had a dispute with al-Khayy\u0101\u1e6d, a grammarian-theologian of Samarqand, whom he met in Baghd\u0101d.Al-Zajj\u0101j died at Baghd\u0101d on 13 October 922  [Friday, 18th, or 19th, Jumada al-Akhirah 310 AH] – other sources give 924 and 928 [311 and 316 AH.], aged over eighty.Table of ContentsSelected works[edit]See also[edit]Further reading[edit]References[edit]Citations[edit]Bibliography[edit]Selected works[edit]Kit\u0101b m\u0101 fassarahu min j\u0101mi\u2018 an-nu\u1e6dq (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642); \u2018Exposition of the “Compendium of Speech”. Ibn Khallik\u0101n describes this as “Extracts from his complete Treatise on Logic with his own commentary”;[n 9]Kit\u0101b ma\u2019\u0101n\u012b al-Qur\u2019\u0101n (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646), \u2018Meaning of the Qur\u2019\u0101n\u2019; tafsir (exegesis) of ambiguities, metaphors and figurative expressions.Kit\u0101b al-Ishtiq\u0101q (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642); Etymology[n 10]Kit\u0101b al-Qaw\u0101f\u012b (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0649);[n 11]Kit\u0101b al-\u2018Ar\u016b\u1e0d (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636); ProsodyKit\u0101b al-farqu (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642); Differentiation[n 12]Kit\u0101b kulq al-Ins\u0101n (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646); The nature of ManKit\u0101b kulq al-faris (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0633); The nature of the HorseKit\u0101b mukhta\u1e63ir nu\u1e25w (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648); Abridgment of GrammarKit\u0101b Fa\u2018altu wa-Af\u2018altu (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a); on the first and fourth Arabic verb formsKit\u0101b m\u0101 yun\u1e63arif wa-m\u0101 l\u0101 yun\u1e63arif (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0641); \u2018What Is Inflected and What Is Not Inflected\u2019[n 13]Kit\u0101b \u1e63ahr aby\u0101t S\u012bbawayh (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647); Commentary on the verses in the grammar of S\u012bbawayh;Treatise on the influence of the constellation upon the weather[n 15]Ab\u016b Al\u012b al-F\u0101ris\u012b wrote a treatise in refutation of al-Zajj\u0101j, titled Kit\u0101b al-mas\u0101\u2019il al-maslahat yurwiha \u2018an az-Zajj\u0101j wa-tu\u2019raf bi-al-Aghf\u0101l (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0641\u0627\u0644); the Aghf\u0101l (\u2018Negligences\u2019, or \u2018Beneficial (Corrected) Questions\u2019), in which he refutes al-Zajj\u0101j in his book Ma\u0101ni (Rhetoric).See also[edit]Further reading[edit]al-\u1e24amaw\u012b, Y\u0101q\u016bt Shih\u0101b al-D\u012bn ibn \u2018Abd All\u0101h (1907).  Margoliouth, D. S. (ed.). Irsh\u0101d al-Ar\u012bb al\u0101 Ma’rifat al-Ad\u012bb (in Arabic). Leiden: Brill.Zajj\u0101ji, \u02bbAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n ibn Is\u1e25\u0101q (1983).  H\u0101r\u016bn, \u02bbAbd al-Sal\u0101m Mu\u1e25ammad (ed.). Maj\u0101lis al-\u02bbulam\u0101\u02bc (in Arabic). al-Q\u0101hirah: Maktabat al-Kh\u0101nj\u012b.Zajj\u0101ji, \u02bbAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n ibn Is\u1e25\u0101q (1995).  Versteegh, C H M (ed.). The explanation of linguistic causes\u00a0: az-Za\u01e7\u01e7\u0101\u01e7\u012b’s theory of grammar\u00a0: introduction, translation, commentary. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: J. Benjamins.Zajj\u0101ji, \u02bbAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n ibn Is\u1e25\u0101q (1957).  Cheneb, Mohammed Ben (ed.). al-Gumal, pr\u00e9cis de grammaire arabe. Paris: C. Klincksieck. OCLC\u00a0793425520.Zajj\u0101ji, \u02bbAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n ibn Is\u1e25\u0101q (1984).  \u1e24amad, \u02bbAli Tawf\u012bq (ed.). Kit\u0101b \u1e25ur\u016bf al-ma\u02bb\u0101n\u012b (in Arabic). Bayr\u016bt, Irbid, al-Urdun: Mu\u02bcassasat al-Ris\u0101lah, D\u0101r al-Amal.^ Al-Zubayd\u012b gives his date of death as 316\/928.^ Ab\u016b Fahd wrote a book about grammar titled “The Exposition”.^ Al-Q\u0101sim became vizier to both al-Mu\u2019ta\u1e0did and his successor al-Muktafi, in whose reign he died.  He was a skilled a politician.^ Vizier to al-Mu\u2019ta\u1e0did, and an able statesman, d. 901 (288 h.)^ Ma\u1e25barah was the laqab (nickname) of Mu\u1e25ammad ibn Ya\u1e25y\u0101 ibn Ab\u012b \u2018Abb\u0101d, Ab\u016b Ja\u2019far al-Nadim, the court companion of al-Mu\u2019ta\u1e0did.^ This library was destroyed probably in 945\/46 when A\u1e25mad ibn Buwayh  captured Baghd\u0101d and blinded caliph al-Mu\u2019ta\u1e0did, who later died, perhaps from poisoning.  However, the fact that Mu\u1e25ammad ibn Is\u1e25aq al-Nad\u012bm writes that he, and his circle of scholars, had seen the manuscript on fine paper, suggests it may have escaped destruction.^  Ab\u016b \u2018l-Q\u0101sim Abd ar-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n was called al-Zajj\u0101j\u012b after him.^  Ab\u016b Bakr Mu\u1e25ammad ibn \u2018Al\u012b al-Mar\u0101gh\u012b was a scholar of philology and religion from the city of al-Mar\u0101ghah at the time the capital of Maragheh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Although al-Mar\u0101gh\u012b stayed at al-Maw\u1e63il, he was al-Zajj\u0101j\u2019 pupil.  He wrote; “Abridgment of Grammar”; “Exposition and Interpretation of the Arguments of S\u012bbawayh”, ^ Probably taken from al-Zajj\u0101j\u2019s treatise titled ‘J\u0101mi al-mun\u1e6daq’ (\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642), mentioned in Ka\u015ff az-Zun\u016bn \u2018an ‘as\u0101m\u012b \u2018l-Kutub wa-l\u2019fan\u016bn, the biblio-bibliographical dictionary of Hajji Khalifa^ Khallik\u0101n calls this “Different treatises on etymology”.^ Listed by al-Nad\u012bm but not Ibn Khallik\u0101n^ Ibn Khallik\u0101n gives the title “Muslim Sects”.^ Ibn Khallik\u0101n gives the title “On Nouns of the First or Second Declension”^ Dictates (\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a); The last three titles are omitted by al-Nad\u012bm.^ Hajji Khalifa remarks that a considerable number of works has been written on the subject. References[edit]Citations[edit]Bibliography[edit]Fl\u00fcgel, Gustav Leberecht (1872).  J. Roediger; A. Mueller (eds.). Al-Fihrist (in Arabic). Leipzig: F.C.W. Vogel.\u00c7elebi, K\u00e2tip (1835).  Fl\u00fcgel, Gustav Leberecht (ed.). Kashf al-zunun (Lexicon Bibliographicum et Encyclopaedicum) (in Arabic and Latin). Vol.\u00a01. London: Oriental Translation Fund.Ibn Khallik\u0101n (1843).  Mac Guckin de Slane, William (ed.). Wafay\u0101t al-A’y\u0101n wa Anb\u0101’ (Ibn Khallian’s Biographical Dictionary). Vol.\u00a01. Paris & London: W. H. Allen.al-Mas\u2018\u016bd\u012b, Ab\u016b al-\u1e24asan \u2018Al\u012b ibn al-\u1e24usayn (1874) [1861]. Kit\u0101b Mur\u016bj al-Dhahab wa-Ma’\u0101din al-Jawhar\/Les Prairies d’or (in Arabic and French). Vol.\u00a0VIII. Translated by Meynard (de), C. Barbier. Paris: Imprimerie imp\u00e9riale.al-Nad\u012bm, Ab\u016b al-Faraj Mu\u1e25ammad ibn Is\u1e25\u0101q Ab\u016b Ya\u2019q\u016bb al-Warr\u0101q (1970).  Dodge, Bayard (ed.). The Fihrist of al-Nadim; a tenth-century survey of Muslim culture. New York & London.Pococke, Edward (1806). Specimen historiae Arabum (in Arabic and Latin). London: Clarendon Press.de Sacy, Antoine Isaac Silvestre (1829). Anthologie grammaticale arabe (Morceaux choisis de divers grammairiens et scholiastes arabes, with introduction and notes in French) (in Arabic and French). Paris: Imprim\u00e9 par autorisation du Roi, al’Imprimerie Royale.al-Suy\u016b\u1e6d\u012b, Jal\u0101l al-D\u012bn \u2018Abd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n (1909). Bughyat al-Wu’\u0101t f\u012b \u1e6cabaq\u0101t al-Lughaw\u012by\u012bn wa-al-Nu\u1e25\u0101h. Cairo: Sa\u2018\u0101dah Press.Zubayd\u012b (al-), Ab\u016b Bakr Mu\u1e25ammad ibn al-\u1e24asan (1984) [1954].  Ibr\u0101h\u012bm, Mu\u1e25ammad (ed.). \u1e6cabaq\u0101t al-Na\u1e25w\u012by\u012bn wa-al-Lughaw\u012by\u012bn (in Arabic). Cairo: Al-Khanj\u012b.       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