[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/kumyk-language-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/kumyk-language-wikipedia\/","headline":"Kumyk language – Wikipedia","name":"Kumyk language – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Kipchak Turkic language after-content-x4 Linguistic map of the Caucasus region: Kumyk is spoken","datePublished":"2018-02-09","dateModified":"2018-02-09","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg\/220px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg\/220px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png","height":"250","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/kumyk-language-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4125,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Kipchak Turkic language         (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Linguistic map of the Caucasus region: Kumyk is spoken in the dark blue area, numbered “25.”Kumyk (\u043a\u044a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043a\u044a \u0442\u0438\u043b,[2] qumuq til,[3] \u0642\u0645\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u064a\u0644[4][5]) is a Turkic language spoken by about 426,212 people, mainly by the Kumyks, in the Dagestan, North Ossetia and Chechen republics of the Russian Federation.[6][better\u00a0source\u00a0needed] Until the 20th century Kumyk was the lingua-franca of the Northern Caucasus.Table of ContentsClassification[edit]History[edit]Phonology[edit]Orthography[edit]Latin based alphabet (1927\u20131937)[edit]Cyrillic based alphabet (since 1937)[edit]Literature and media[edit]Bibliography[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]Classification[edit]Kumyk language belongs to the Kipchak-Cuman subfamily of the Kipchak family of the Turkic languages. It’s a descendant of the Cuman language, with likely influence from the Khazar language,[7] and in addition contains words from the Bulghar and Oghuz substratum.[7] The closest languages to Kumyk are Karachay-Balkar, Crimean Tatar, and Karaim languages.[8]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Nikolay Baskakov, based on a 12th century scripture named Codex Cumanicus, included modern Kumyk, Karachai-Balkar, Crimean Tatar, Karaim, and the language of Mamluk Kipchaks in the linguistic family of the Cuman-Kipchak language. Samoylovich also considered Cuman-Kipchak close to Kumyk and Karachai-Balkar.[9]Amongst the dialects of the Kumyk there are Kaitag, Terek (G\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-yurt and Braguny), Buynaksk (Temir-Khan-Shura) and Xasavyurt. The latter two became basis for the literary language.[10]History[edit]Kumyk had been a lingua-franca of the bigger part of the Northern Caucasus, from Dagestan to Kabarda, until the 1930s[11][12][13] and was an official language of communication between the North-Eastern Caucasian nations and the Russian administration.[14]In 1848, a professor of the “Caucasian Tatar” (Kumyk) Timofey Makarov published the first ever grammatical book in Russian language for one of the Northern Caucasian languages, which was international Kumyk. Makarov wrote:[15]From the peoples speaking Tatar language I liked the most Kumyks, as for their language’s distinction and precision, so for their closeness to the European civilization, but most importantly, I take in account that they live on the Left Flank of the Caucasian Front, where we’re conducting military actions, and where all the peoples, apart from their own language, speak also Kumyk.More than 90% of the Kumyks, according to 2010 census, also speak Russian, and those in Turkey and the Levant speak Turkish and Arabic.[citation needed]Phonology[edit]Orthography[edit]Kumyk has been used as a literary language in Dagestan and Caucasus for some time.[when?] During the 20th century the writing system of the language was changed twice: in 1929, the traditional Arabic script (called ajam) was first replaced by a Latin script, which was then replaced in 1938 by a Cyrillic script.Latin based alphabet (1927\u20131937)[edit]  Kumyk alphabet from newly introduced Latin school book (1935).A aB bC c\u00c7 \u00e7D dE eF fG g\u01a2 \u01a3H hI iJ jK kL lM mN n\ua790 \ua791O o\u019f \u0275P pQ qR rS s\ua7a8 \ua7a9T tU uV vX xY yZ z\u01b5 \u01b6\u042c \u044cCyrillic based alphabet (since 1937)[edit]\u0410 \u0430\u0411 \u0431\u0412 \u0432\u0413 \u0433\u0413\u044a \u0433\u044a\u0413\u044c \u0433\u044c\u0414 \u0434\u0415 \u0435\u0401 \u0451\u0416 \u0436\u0417 \u0437\u0418 \u0438\u0419 \u0439\u041a \u043a\u041a\u044a \u043a\u044a\u041b \u043b\u041c \u043c\u041d \u043d\u041d\u0433 \u043d\u0433\u041e \u043e\u041e\u044c \u043e\u044c\u041f \u043f\u0420 \u0440\u0421 \u0441\u0422 \u0442\u0423 \u0443\u0423\u044c \u0443\u044c\u0424 \u0444\u0425 \u0445\u0426 \u0446\u0427 \u0447\u0428 \u0448\u0429 \u0449\u042a \u044a\u042b \u044b\u042c \u044c\u042d \u044d\u042e \u044e\u042f \u044fLiterature and media[edit]Irchi Kazak (\u0418\u0439\u0440\u0447\u044b \u041a\u044a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a\u044a Y\u0131r\u00e7\u0131 Qazaq; born 1839) is usually considered to be the greatest poet of the Kumyk language. The first regular Kumyk newspapers and magazines appeared in 1917\u201318 under the editorship of Kumyk poet, writer, translator, and theatre figure Temirbolat Biybolatov (Temirbolat Biybolat). Currently, the newspaper \u0401\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0448 (Yoldash, “Companion”), the successor of the Soviet-era \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0451\u043b\u0443 (Lenin yolu, “Lenin’s Path”), prints around 5,000 copies 3 times a week.[citation needed]The Kumyk language was learned by Russian classical authors such as Leo Tolstoy[17] and Mikhail Lermontov,[18] both of whom served in the Caucasus. The language is present in such works of Tolstoy as “The Raid”,[19]Cossacks,[20]Hadji Murat, and Lermontov’s – “A Hero of Our Time”,[21][18]Bestuzhev-Marlinsky’s – “Molla-nur” and “Ammalat-bek”.Bibliography[edit]Saodat Doniyorova and Toshtemirov Qahramonil. Parlons Koumyk. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2004. ISBN\u00a02-7475-6447-9.References[edit]^ 2010 Russian Census^ L. S. Levitskaya, “Kumyk language”, in Languages of the world. Turkic languages (1997). (in Russian)^ Book review Retrieved 1 March 2023^ \u041d\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u041a\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044b, 1883, \u041c.-\u042d. \u041e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0421\u043f\u0411^ \u0422\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u044f \/ \u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442. \u0422. \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c. – \u0422\u0438\u0444\u043b\u0438\u0441\u00a0: \u0442\u0438\u043f. \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a., 1848^ “Kumyk language, alphabet and pronunciation”.^ a b Baskakov N.A. \u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u044e\u0440\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432. \u041c., 1962, \u0441. 236.^ \u041a\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c. \u041c\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430. 2012. \u0421. 218.^ \u0410\u0431\u0438\u0431\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0421. “‘\u041a\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u041a\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0441’ \u2013 \u041f\u0410\u041c\u042f\u0422\u041d\u0418\u041a \u0422\u042e\u0420\u041a\u0421\u041a\u0418\u0425 \u042f\u0417\u042b\u041a\u041e\u0412 \u041a\u041e\u041d\u0426\u0410 XIII \u2013 \u041d\u0410\u0427\u0410\u041b\u0410 XIV \u0412\u0415\u041a\u041e\u0412” (PDF) (in Russian). ^ \u041a\u0443\u043c\u044b\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u00a0\/\/ \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f\u00a0: [\u0432 30 \u0442.]\u00a0\/ \u0433\u043b. \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u0410. \u041c. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432.\u00a0\u2014 3-\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434.\u00a0\u2014 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f, 1969\u20141978.^ Pieter Muysken. (2008). Studies in language companion series. From linguistic areas to areal linguistics. Vol.\u00a090. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p.\u00a074. ISBN\u00a09789027231000.^ Nansen. Gjennem Kaukasus til Volga (Oslo: Jacob Dybwads Forlag, 1929).^ \u041d.\u0421.\u0422\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 (1925). “\u041e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430” (\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u00a0ed.). ^ \u042f\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0412.\u041d. \u0438 \u0434\u0440. (\u0440\u0435\u0434.) \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0422\u043e\u043c 2. \u041a-\u0420, \u0441\u0442\u0440. 183^ “Kafkaz Leh\u00e7eni Tatar Grammatikas\u0131, Makarov 1848”. caucasian.space (in Kumyk and Russian). Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-06-28.^ Levitska\u00efa. 1997.^ “\u041b\u0435\u0432 \u0422\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439: \u0414\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a 1847 \u2014 1854 \u0433\u0433. \u0422\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u044c \u0413. \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442 – \u043c\u0430\u0439 1851 \u0433.” tolstoy.lit-info.ru. Retrieved 2017-03-10.^ a b \u041c\u0443\u0433\u0443\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430. “\u041a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b 20-30-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 XIX \u0432.: \u041d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041c. \u042e. \u041b\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430” (\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u00a0ed.). ^ s:\u041d\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0433 (\u0422\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439)^ s:\u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0438 (\u0422\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439)\/XL^ s:\u0413\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 (\u041b\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432)\/\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435External links[edit]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/kumyk-language-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Kumyk language – Wikipedia"}}]}]