[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/lefipan-formation-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/lefipan-formation-wikipedia\/","headline":"Lefip\u00e1n Formation – Wikipedia","name":"Lefip\u00e1n Formation – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Geologic formation in Argentina after-content-x4 The Lefip\u00e1n Formation is a Maastrichtian to Danian, straddling the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, geologic formation","datePublished":"2020-04-18","dateModified":"2020-04-18","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Geologic_Map_Ca%C3%B1ad%C3%B3n_Asfalto_Basin_and_stratigraphic_column_of_Lefip%C3%A1n_Formation%2C_Patagonia%2C_Argentina.png\/250px-Geologic_Map_Ca%C3%B1ad%C3%B3n_Asfalto_Basin_and_stratigraphic_column_of_Lefip%C3%A1n_Formation%2C_Patagonia%2C_Argentina.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Geologic_Map_Ca%C3%B1ad%C3%B3n_Asfalto_Basin_and_stratigraphic_column_of_Lefip%C3%A1n_Formation%2C_Patagonia%2C_Argentina.png\/250px-Geologic_Map_Ca%C3%B1ad%C3%B3n_Asfalto_Basin_and_stratigraphic_column_of_Lefip%C3%A1n_Formation%2C_Patagonia%2C_Argentina.png","height":"155","width":"250"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki21\/lefipan-formation-wikipedia\/","wordCount":6722,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Geologic formation in Argentina       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The Lefip\u00e1n Formation is a Maastrichtian to Danian, straddling the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, geologic formation of the Ca\u00f1ad\u00f3n Asfalto Basin in Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina. The up to 380 metres (1,250\u00a0ft) thick stratigraphic unit comprises mudstones, sandstones, siltstones and conglomerates, sourced from the North Patagonian Massif and deposited in a deltaic to shallow marine environment with a strong tidal influence. The basin that in those times was connected to the widening South Atlantic Ocean with a seaway connection to the Austral Basin and possibly with the Pacific Ocean.The formation has provided unique fossil flora assemblages dating to the Cretaceous and Paleogene ages, and are characteristic of the early Cenozoic after the extinction of the dinosaurs. The occurrence of the same taxa in the Maastrichtian and Danian successions suggests that the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event did not affect aquatic plant communities, which retained approximately similar structure and composition during the transition between the latest Maastrichtian and the earliest Paleocene. Insect predation on fossil leaves shows a considerably more rapid recovery from the extinction in event in Patagonia (about 4 Ma) than in the Western Interior of North America, estimated at 9 million years.Fossils of the mammal Cocatherium, the oldest known marsupial or any therian mammal in the Southern Hemisphere, and fish; Hypolophodon patagoniensis and shark teeth were found in the Danian section of the formation. The Danian part of the succession contains fossil flora of Lactoridaceae, presently a monotypic family restricted to the subtropical forests of the Juan Fern\u00e1ndez Archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, offshore Chile. The latest Cretaceous lower section of the formation contains fossils of a plesiosaur; Aristonectes parvidens. The genus Lefipania padillae and species Cocatherium lefipanum and Araucaria lefipanensis were named after the formation.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsDescription[edit]Basin history[edit]Depositional environment[edit]Paleontological significance[edit]The Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event[edit]Maastrichtian[edit]Earliest Danian[edit]Danian[edit]Fossil content[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Bibliography[edit]Description[edit]  Map of the Ca\u00f1ad\u00f3n Asfalto Basin with outcrops and stratigraphic column of the Lefip\u00e1n FormationThe Lefip\u00e1n Formation was first described by Lesta and Ferello in 1972.[1] The formation was formerly considered a member of the underlying Paso del Sapo Formation.[2] The Lefip\u00e1n Formation is named after Lefip\u00e1n, a prominent member of the Mapuche, who are the native inhabitants of the region where the formation crops out.[3]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The Lefip\u00e1n Formation is found in the Ca\u00f1ad\u00f3n Asfalto Basin, stretching from the Andean foothills to the Atlantic coast in Patagonia, stretching about 400 kilometres (250\u00a0mi). It reaches a maximum thickness of 380 metres (1,250\u00a0ft). The formation partly overlies and is partly laterally equivalent to the Paso del Sapo Formation and is unconformably overlain by the Barda Colorada Ignimbrite, part of the Middle Chubut River Volcanic Pyroclastic Complex.[4] On both banks of the Chubut River where the Lefip\u00e1n Formation crops out, it is overlain by the Huitrera Formation.[5] In other parts of the Ca\u00f1ad\u00f3n Asfalto Basin, the formation overlies the Cerro Barcino Formation and is unconformably overlain by the Colloncuran Coll\u00f3n Cur\u00e1 Formation or the basalts of El Mirador Formation. In the western part of the basin, the Lefip\u00e1n Formation rests unconformably on the Early Jurassic Lonco Trapial Formation.[6]At the fossil site of Cocatherium, the formation is 200 metres (660\u00a0ft) thick and comprises a Maastrichtian succession of massive mudstones with intercalating parallel and cross-bedded sandstone beds and coquinas that preserve a molluscan fauna. Bioturbation of Skolithos–Cruziana-type is present in the sandstones.[7]Phosphatic levels occur in both the Maastrichtian and Danian parts of the formation,[8] and the sandstones contain grains of biotite, zircon, kyanite, amphibole and pyroxene, all typical of an igneous and metamorphic provenance. Traces of volcanic glass are also present in the sandstones.[9]Basin history[edit]  Sketch of the paleogeographic situation of South America during the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene, roughly 85 to 63 Ma. The Ca\u00f1ad\u00f3n Asfalto Basin, located south of the North Patagonian Massif in the South Gondwanan Province (grey), was connected to the South Atlantic.The Ca\u00f1ad\u00f3n Asfalto Basin started forming as a rift basin in the earliest Jurassic on top of Permian basement.[10] During the Jurassic and Cretaceous, the basin went through an extensional tectonic regime, with transtensional movements. Several distinct tectonic reactivation cycles occurred, with block rotation due to transpressional forces, characterized in the stratigraphy by regional unconformities. The western side of the basin during the Late Cretaceous experienced a marine transgression of the Atlantic Ocean, depositing the fluvial and estuarine Paso del Sapo Formation and Lefip\u00e1n Formation.[11]Depositional environment[edit]The lower part of the formation was mainly deposited in a shallow marine shoreface environment with strong tidal influence and beds rich in phosphatic concretions.[12] The sandstones of the formation probably represent bars shoals on the coast of an epeiric sea.[7] The environment evolved to a tide to wave-dominated deltaic system in the middle part of the sequence,[12] with a maximum flooding surface representing the transgression and deepening of the basin at the start of the Paleocene.[7] This was the first marine transgression of the Southern Atlantic in the Ca\u00f1ad\u00f3n Asfalto Basin.[13]The abundance of iron oxides in the sediments of the formation, as well as ferruginous cement and glauconite indicate the waters were rich in iron, coming from a continent with intense meteoric waters. This suggests the presence of a temperate to hot climate and high humidity in Maastrichtian to Paleocene Patagonia.[14] The provenance area for the sediments was probably the North Patagonian Massif to the northeast of the Ca\u00f1ad\u00f3n Asfalto Basin.[15] The intense bioturbation in combination with phosphatic levels in the sediments points to a highly organic activity at time of deposition.[14]The marine sediments of the Lefip\u00e1n Formation have been correlated with the La Colonia Formation in the Ca\u00f1ad\u00f3n Asfalto Basin,[16] the Jag\u00fcel Formation of the Neuqu\u00e9n Basin to the northwest and the Salamanca Formation of the Golfo San Jorge Basin to the south.[15] The strata of the Lefip\u00e1n Formation show evidence of syntectonic deposition.[17]Paleontological significance[edit]The Lefip\u00e1n Formation has provided fossil teeth of a newly described species of rays, Hypolophodon patagoniensis from the middle section of the formation, in the Paleocene strata,[18] as well as Cocatherium lefipanum, the oldest known marsupial or any therian mammal in the Southern Hemisphere.[19][20] The mammal, a member of Polydolopimorphia, probably represents a basal polydolopiform, closely related to Roberthoffstetteria.[21] The presence of the mammal predates the Tiupampan South American land mammal age.[22]The Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event[edit]The formation is unique in preserving fossil flora both from the Late Cretaceous, before the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event and from the Danian, after the mass extinction. The K\/Pg boundary impact layer is not preserved in the formation, apparently due to bioturbation.[23] The Maastrichtian part of the succession shows a diverse assemblage comprising angiosperms, including aquatic Nelumbo leaves and fruits, and conifers. The upper part of the formation is represented by an extremely diverse collection of angiosperms (about 70 species), as well as monocots, conifers, and ferns.[24]Many of the species that disappear at the boundary, return higher in the sequence, indicating their survival in refugial areas. The overall extinction rate is difficult to estimate without more exhaustive studies, but it probably does not exceed 10% of the species. This pattern of recovery is comparable to that observed in New Zealand, where an abrupt disturbance of the vegetation across the K\/Pg boundary occurred, but with a low overall extinction rate.[25]The occurrence of the same taxa in the Maastrichtian and Danian successions, suggests that the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event did not affect aquatic plant communities, which retained approximately similar structure and composition during the transition between the latest Maastrichtian and the earliest Paleocene.[16] The presence of the bivalve fauna strongly suggests the basin was connected via a seaway with the Austral Basin and possibly with the Pacific Ocean.[26] The fossils of Retrophyllum superstes is associated with numerous dark, circular marks of about 0.1 to 0.2 millimetres (0.0039 to 0.0079\u00a0in) in diameter, that most likely represent piercing-and sucking damage of hemipteran insects.[27] Comparison of the insect damage on the plant leaves between Western Interior North America (WINA) and Patagonia, on flora recovered from the Lefip\u00e1n Formation, as well as the Salamanca and Pe\u00f1as Coloradas Formations of the Golfo San Jorge Basin to the south, show that recovery from the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction was considerably faster in Patagonia than in North America. Recovery to pre-extinction levels of insect damage diversity in the southern hemisphere flora occurred in approximately 4 Ma, whereas this recovery took about 9 Ma in North America, supporting the hypothesis of a large-scale geographic heterogeneity in extinction and recovery from the end-Cretaceous extinction event.[28]Maastrichtian[edit]  Reconstructed environment of the MaastrichtianThe presence of Spinizonocolpites, related to the tropical mangrove palm Nypa in the Maastrichtian part of the formation indicates specialized shore-line mangrove assemblages. Proteaceae, related to Beauprea and Telopea, together with Aquifoliaceae, may have formed a lower stratum of forests or woodlands. The abundant monocots, primarily Liliaceae and some Sparganiaceae, Chloranthaceae and the diverse ferns may have grown in the understory, associated with ponds, small streams or rivers, just landward of the shoreline.[25]Earliest Danian[edit]  Reconstructed environment of the earliest DanianThe earliest Danian vegetation is characterized by a low diversity and was quite different in species composition and abundance from both the latest Maastrichtian andthe subsequent Danian assemblages. The marked reduction in diversity affected all groups of plants, and ferns and monocots in particular, most Proteaceae species exceptBeauprea-like forms, and nearly all gymnosperms. The presence of marginal, shallow marine, somewhat stressed paleoenvironmental conditions on both sides of the K\/Pg boundary indicates that changing depositional factors were unlikely to have had significant importance in driving the observed compositional changes in thepalynological assemblages. Earliest Danian assemblages were characterized by the striking abundance of Classopollis, a pollen type linked to Casuarinaceae (Haloragacidites harrisii), the consistent presence of Beauprea (Peninsulapollis gillii), and ferns of Gleicheniaceae, among others.[25]Danian[edit]  Reconstructed environment of the later DanianLater Danian vegetation was dominated by gymnosperms, including diverse Podocarpaceae related to Podocarpus, Microcachrys, Dacrydium, Lagarostrobos and Dacrycarpus. Classopollis remained abundant, but it shows a general reduction towards younger samples. Palms and tree ferns of Dicksoniaceae were also important components of the Danian vegetation. Other elements included Nothofagus, diverse eudicots of uncertain affinity, and newspecies of Proteaceae and Ericaceae, indicating that several typical components of extant austral forests were in place by the Danian. Several Cretaceous taxa return again in this part of the sequence; including Liliaceae and temperate to warmer climate families: Aquifoliaceae, Malvaceae (Bombacoideae) and Arecaceae (Nypa type). The presence of Lactoridaceae, a monotypic family today restricted to subtropical forests of the Juan Fern\u00e1ndez Archipelago, offshore Chile in the South Pacific Ocean, is particularly striking. These assemblages are fairly diverse, although no Danian sample reaches the diversity recorded in the latestMaastrichtian.[25]Fossil content[edit]Fossils recovered from the formation include:AgeGroupFossilsImagesNotesDanianMammalsCocatherium lefipanum[3]FishHypolophodon patagoniensis[18]Carcharias sp. teeth[19]GastropodsTurritella malaspina[29]BivalvesMeretrix chalcedonica[7]Venericardia feruglioi[29]Pycnodonte miradonensis[29]Pseudolimea sp.[29]CoralsHaimesiastraea conferta[29]MicrofloraClassopollis sp. (I), Haloragacidites harrisii (J), Proteacidites sp. (K), cf. Cicotriporites sp. (L), Neoraistrichia sp. (M), Senipites tercrassata (N), Retritricolporites sp. (O), Peninsulapollis gillii (P), Ulmoideipites patagonicus (Q), Bombacacidites cf. isoreticulatus (R), Rousea microreticulata (S), Nothofagidites dorotensis (T), Rosannia manika (U), Propylipollis reticuloscabratus (V), Ericipites microtectatum (W), Nothofagidites fuegiensis (X)[30]MaastrichtianMicrofloraGrapnelispora evansii (A), Arecipites minutiscabratus (B), Lewalanipollis senectus (C), Liliacidites regularis (D), Longapertites aff. vaneendenburgi (E), Propylipollis ambiguus (F), Azollopsis tormentosa (G), Quadraplanus brossus (H)[30]PlesiosaursAristonectes parvidens[31]BivalvesPterotrigonia windhausenia[7]MacrofloraLefipania padillae[32]Araucaria lefipanensis[33]Retrophyllum superstes[27]Magnoliopsida[32]See also[edit]References[edit]^ Figari et al., 2015, p.150^ Lefip\u00e1n Member at Fossilworks.org^ a b Goin et al., 2006, p.505^ Figari et al., 2015, p.153^ Fazio et al., 2013, p.584^ Figari et al., 2015, p.154^ a b c d e Goin et al., 2006, p.506^ Fazio et al., 2013, p.586^ Fazio et al., 2013, p.589^ Di Pietro, 2016, p.28^ Echaurren Gonz\u00e1lez, 2017, p.94^ a b Kiessling et al., 2005, p.234^ Figari et al., 2015, p.137^ a b Fazio et al., 2013, p.599^ a b Echaurren Gonz\u00e1lez, 2017, p.95^ a b C\u00faneo et al., 2014, p.14^ Echaurren Gonz\u00e1lez, 2017, p.110^ a b Cione et al., 2013, p.3^ a b Goin et al., 2006, p.507^ Woodburne et al., 2013, p.59^ Woodburne et al., 2013, p.38^ Woodburne et al., 2013, p.7^ Donovan et al., 2016, p.4^ Woodburne et al., 2013, p.6^ a b c d Barreda et al., 2012, p.6^ Olivero et al., 1990, p.129^ a b Wilf et al., 2017, p.1360^ Donovan et al., 2016, p.1^ a b c d e Kiessling et al., 2005, p.235^ a b Barreda et al., 2012, p.5^ Gasparini et al., 2003, p.104^ a b Mart\u00ednez et al., 2018^ Andruchow\u2010Colombo et al., 2018Bibliography[edit]GeologyEchaurren Gonz\u00e1lez, Andr\u00e9s. 2017. Evoluci\u00f3n tect\u00f3nica del sistema orog\u00e9nico Andino en la Patagonia norte (42\u201344\u00b0 S) (PhD thesis), 1\u2013170.Universidad de Buenos Aires. Accessed 2019-03-30..Fazio, Ana Mar\u00eda; Liliana Norma Castro, and Roberto Adri\u00e1n Scasso. 2013. Geoqu\u00edmica de tierras raras y fosfog\u00e9nesis en un engolfamiento marino del Cret\u00e1cico Tard\u00edo-Paleoceno de Patagonia, Provincia del Chubut, Argentina. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geol\u00f3gicas 30. 582\u2013600. Accessed 2019-03-30.Figari, Eduardo G.; Roberto A. Scasso; Rub\u00e9n N. C\u00faneo, and Ignacio Escapa. 2015. Estratigraf\u00eda y evoluci\u00f3n geol\u00f3gica de la Cuenca de Ca\u00f1ad\u00f3n Asfalto, Provincia del Chubut, Argentina. Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis 22. 135\u2013169. Accessed 2019-03-30.Di Pietro, Pablo Federico. 2016. Geolog\u00eda de la zona del Cerro Bayo, Bajo de Gastre, Provincia de Chubut (B.S. thesis), 1\u2013107.Universidad de Buenos Aires. Accessed 2019-03-30..PaleontologyAndruchow\u2010Colombo, Ana; Ignacio H. Escapa; N. Rub\u00e9n C\u00faneo, and Mar\u00eda A. Gandolfo. 2018. Araucaria lefipanensis (Araucariaceae), a new species with dimorphic leaves from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. American Journal of Botany 105(6). 1067\u20131087. Accessed 2019-03-30.Barreda, Viviana D.; N. Rub\u00e9n C\u00faneo; Peter Wilf; Ellen D. Currano; Roberto A. Scasso, and Henk Brinkhuis. 2012. Cretaceous\/Paleogene Floral Turnover in Patagonia: Drop in Diversity, Low Extinction, and a Classopollis Spike. PLoS ONE 7. 1\u20138. Accessed 2019-03-30.  Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.Cione, Alberto Luis; Marcelo Tejedor, and Francisco Javier Goin. 2013. A new species of the rare batomorph genus Hypolophodon (?latest Cretaceous to earliest Paleocene, Argentina). Neues Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Geologie und Pal\u00e4ontologie – Abhandlungen 267(1). 1\u20138. Accessed 2019-03-30.C\u00faneo, N. Rub\u00e9n; Mar\u00eda A. Gandolfo; Mar\u00eda C. Zamaloa, and Elizabeth Hermsen. 2014. Late Cretaceous Aquatic Plant World in Patagonia, Argentina. PLoS ONE 9. 1\u201318. Accessed 2019-03-30.Donovan, Michael P.; Ari Iglesias; Peter Wilf; Conrad C. Labandeira, and N. Rub\u00e9n C\u00faneo. 2016. Rapid recovery of Patagonian plant\u2013insect associations after the end-Cretaceous extinction. Nature Ecology and Evolution 1. 1\u20135. Accessed 2019-03-30.Gasparini, Z.; N. Bardet; J.E. Martin, and M.S. Fernandez. 2003. The elasmosaurid plesiosaur Aristonectes Cabreta from the Latest Cretaceous of South America and Antarctica. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23. 104\u2013115. Accessed 2019-03-30.Goin, Francisco & Rosendo Pascual, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Javier N. Gelfo, Michael O. Woodburne, Judd A. Case, Marcelo A. Reguero, Mariano Bond, Guillermo M. L\u00f3pez, Alberto L. Cione, Daniel Udrizar Sautheir, Luc\u00eda Balarino, Roberto A. Scassos, Francisco A. Medina and Mar\u00eda C. Ubald\u00f3n. 2006. The earliest Tertiary therian mammal from South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26. 505\u2013510. Accessed 2019-03-30.Kiessling, Wolfgang; Eugenio Arag\u00f3n; Roberto Scasso; Martin Aberhan; Jurgen Kriwet; Francisco Medina, and Diego Fracchia. 2005. Massive corals in Paleocene siliciclastic sediments of Chubut (Argentina). Facies 51. 233\u2013241. Accessed 2019-03-30.Mart\u00ednez, Camila; Mar\u00eda A. Gandolfo, and N. Rub\u00e9n C\u00faneo. 2018. Angiosperm leaves and cuticles from the uppermost Cretaceous of Patagonia, biogeographic implications and atmospheric paleo-CO2 estimates. Cretaceous Research 89. 107\u2013118. Accessed 2019-03-30.Olivero, Eduardo B.; Francisco A. Medina, and Horacio H. Camacho. 1990. Nuevos hallazgos de moluscos con afinidades australes en la Formaci\u00f3n Lefip\u00e1n (Cret\u00e1cico Superior, Chubut): Significado paleogeogr\u00e1fico, 129\u2013135.V Congreso Argentino de Paleontolog\u00eda y Bioestratigraf\u00eda. Accessed 2019-03-30..Wilf, Peter; Michael P. Donovan; N. Rub\u00e9n C\u00faneo, and Mar\u00eda A. Gandolfo. 2017. The fossil flip-leaves (Retrophyllum, Podocarpaceae) of southern South America. American Journal of Botany 104(9). 1344\u20131369. Accessed 2019-03-30.Woodburne, M.O.; F.J. Goin; M. Bond; A.A. Carlini; J.N. Gelfo; G.M. L\u00f3pez; A. Iglesias, and A.N. Zimicz. 2013. Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 21. 1\u201373. Accessed 2019-03-30.     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