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    (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4  Protesters going to the march  The 2012 Catalan independence demonstration was a protest which occurred in central Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain, on 11 September 2012 during the National Day of Catalonia.[4][5][6] The protestors demanded the independence of Catalonia and its establishment as a sovereign state under the slogan “Catalonia, new state in Europe” (Catalan: “Catalunya, nou estat d’Europa”).[7][8][9] It was organized by the Catalan National Assembly (ANC) and headed together with the Association of Municipalities for Independence as the most prominent of a series of events known as “March towards Independence” (Catalan: “Marxa cap a la Independ\u00e8ncia”) which began on 30 June 2012 in Lleida.[10][11]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The estimated number of participants ranges widely, from 600,000 people quoted by some media,[12] statisticians such as Lloren\u00e7 Badiella from the Autonomous University of Barcelona[13] or the delegation of the Spanish government in Catalonia[14][15][16] to 1.5 million according to Catalan public sources such as Barcelona’s Municipal Police or Catalonia’s Department of the Interior, with a maximum estimate of about 2 million according to the organizers.[12]The city centre was crowded for hours and it was feared that the massive influx of people was going to bring mobile phone networks to a standstill.[17][18] Many newspapers and other news agencies described it as a “historic” demonstration and considered it to be the biggest protest march ever held in Catalonia since the restoration of democracy in Spain,[19][20][21][22][23][24] surpassing other major demonstrations, including the 2010 Catalan autonomy protest.[25][26]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsBackground[edit]Changes in government[edit]Public response[edit]Support for independence[edit]Controversies[edit]Demonstration[edit]Institutional events[edit]Route[edit]Organisation[edit]Attendees[edit]After the march[edit]Green cards[edit]Concerts[edit]Responses[edit]Following years[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]Background[edit]The 2010 Catalan autonomy protest was a demonstration held in central Barcelona on 10 July 2010 against the limits set to the autonomy of Catalonia within Spain, and particularly against a then recent decision of the Spanish Constitutional Court to annul or reinterpret several articles of the 2006 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia.[26] The estimates regarding the number of people taking part in the demonstration ranged widely, from 425,000 estimated by some media[27] to 1.1\u00a0million according to the local police, with a maximum estimate of 1.5\u00a0million according to the organisers.[28][29]  A private company specialising in reporting demonstration attendance numbers, Lynce, made an estimate of 56,000\u201374,400 by measuring a single street at 20h30, 15 minutes after the demonstration had finished,[30] judging from the circumstances and other estimates in the hundreds of thousands, this was likely a gross understimate.The mobilisation was described as “unprecedented” by the mayor of Barcelona.[31] Barcelona daily El Peri\u00f3dico de Catalunya described it as “without a doubt one of the biggest protest marches that have ever occurred in Catalonia, and possibly the biggest”.[28]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The demonstration was led by a banner with the Catalan slogan Som una naci\u00f3. Nosaltres decidim. (in English, “We are a nation. We decide.”).[32]Changes in government[edit]Several analysts believe that the demonstration on 10 July was a turning point in relations between Catalonia and Spain.[33] An election to the Catalan Government was held on 28 November 2010 with Artur Mas (CiU) emerging as president.A general election was held in Spain the following year in which the People’s Party won an absolute majority with 187 of the 350 seats in the chamber. Party leader Mariano Rajoy was sworn in as president of the Spanish Tenth Legislature shortly afterwards.Public response[edit]Catalonia saw several local referendums for independence take place in hundreds of villages between 13 September 2009 and April 2011, with an overwhelming number of “yes” votes being cast. However, turnout was low at 27.41%.Several citizens’ initiatives arose in 2011 and 2012 in response to perceived slights by Spain, such as the No vull pagar (“I don’t want to pay”) campaign, which protested against toll fees by private companies present in Catalonia that were seen as abusive compared with those in other parts of Spain. The protest began in early April 2012 in Catalonia, with minor extensions in Valencia and the Balearic Islands by the following month.[34][35]At an institutional level, several municipalities of Catalonia came together to create the Associaci\u00f3 de Municipis per la Independ\u00e8ncia (“Association of Municipalities for Independence”), an organisation officially established on 14 December 2011 in Vic which brings local organisations together to further the national rights of Catalonia and promote its right to self-determination.[36]Support for independence[edit]Changes in support for independence in Catalonia through time can be seen by comparing the results of a survey conducted by Spain’s Centro de Investigaciones Sociol\u00f3gicas in 1996, which asked: “Personally, would you support or reject Catalonia becoming independent?” with more recent surveys carried out in 2011 and 2012, revealing the level of support in a referendum on the independence of Catalonia.Controversies[edit]On 29 August 2012 the Government of Catalonia requested access to the Spanish fund liquidity to finance debt maturities, while warning the Spanish President, Mariano Rajoy, that it would not accept the imposition of “political conditions”.[45] This led many Spanish politicians to make controversial statements, such as President of La Rioja Pedro Sanz, who said that “they have the gall to ask [for money] and then keep their television channels and embassies”.[46] President of the Community of Madrid Esperanza Aguirre claimed that “Catalonia receives more money than Madrid”,[47] while President of Galicia Alberto N\u00fa\u00f1ez Feijoo said that “today Galicia pays and Catalunya asks”.[48] The recent publication of studies[which?] regarding in-depth economical analysis of the first detailed budgetary and expenditure figures ever provided by the Central Government reached the conclusion that Catalonia was both the autonomous community supporting more taxes yet receiving the smallest returns or investments, a situation that didn’t even compare to any other European region.[citation needed] Sustainability as an independent state was shown to be more than feasible in at least one paper[49] published by CatDem, CDC’s think tank, although it was ignored by most of the Spanish press. The paper in question focused on the strength of a hypothetical independent Catalonia ceteris paribus, without incorporating to the analysis likely consequences of secession, such as not being a member of the EU or market share loss in the rest of Spain for Catalan products.On 30 August, EC President Jos\u00e9 Manuel Dur\u00e3o Barroso acknowledged that “in the hypothetical case that Catalonia secedes, a solution should be found and negotiated within the framework of international laws”.[50] One day later he made clear that any region becoming independent from an EU member state would automatically leave the EU itself.[51]On 2 September, citizens throughout Catalonia changed the name of several squares called Pla\u00e7a d’Espanya (“Spain Square”) to Pla\u00e7a de la Independ\u00e8ncia (“Independence Square”). The event was held in 40 municipalities, such as Barcelona, Matar\u00f3, Torroella de Montgr\u00ed, Roda de Ter and T\u00e0rrega.[52]On 3 September, the town halls of Sant Pere de Torell\u00f3 and Calldetenes passed a motion in favour of the independence of Catalonia, proclaiming themselves “Free Catalan Territory”. Their aim was to urge the Government and Parliament of Catalonia to assume sovereignty over the Catalan territory.[53] A few days before, retired Spanish army colonel Francisco Alam\u00e1n Castro said that “the basis of Catalan nationalism is a hatred of Spain” and warned “not to wake up the lion, as it has already given enough proof of its ferocity”. Regarding the action by Sant Pere de Torell\u00f3, Alam\u00e1n said “This is clearly an act of treason as set out in the Spanish Penal Code. Therefore, if the plenary approved this atrocity, we should immediately arrest both the mayor and the councillors who voted for the proposal “.[54] Alam\u00e1n had been retired since 2003, hence the Spanish Defence Ministry deemed the outburst as Alam\u00e1n’s personal opinion only.[55]Demonstration[edit]  Route followed by the march    Institutional events[edit]During the morning, like every year, wreaths were laid on the monument to Rafael Casanova in Barcelona’s Ronda Sant Pere. An official ceremony was then held in Parc de la Ciutadella where, according to government spokesman Francesc Homs, “our national sentiment” and especially “the Catalan language, after the recent attacks” would be celebrated. The event was led by playwright John Oll\u00e9 and emceed by the previous director of the Catalan public TV, journalist M\u00f2nica Terribas. The official ceremony began with a parade by the Catalan police, the Mossos d’Esquadra. Then, the town Capmany\u2014symbolising the “fight against fire” after its comarca of Alt Empord\u00e0 suffered a serious wildfire this summer\u2014delivered the Catalan flag to President Artur Mas.[56]During the ceremony, several local bands played songs and read poems by Catalan authors. Portuguese singer Maria de Medeiros performed as guest artist, singing a poem by Ausi\u00e0s March, a Valencian medieval author. The Government also commemorated several anniversaries, including those of Antoni Maria Alcover, Montsalvatge, Eduard Toldr\u00e0 and Pere Calders. The official image of the National Day was a reproduction of the painting The Catalan Spirit (1971), by Antoni T\u00e0pies.[57]Route[edit]The march officially began at the intersection of Gran Via and Passeig de Gr\u00e0cia (near Pla\u00e7a de Catalunya) at 6:00 pm, descending Pau Claris street to the Via Laietana, finally ending, near the Parliament of Catalonia building in the Parc de la Ciutadella, at the intersection of Marqu\u00e8s de l’Argentera street and Passeig de Picasso, where a stage was set up. N\u00faria de Gispert, the President of the Catalan Parliament, received a delegation from the Catalan National Assembly (ANC), the organisers of the march, who called for the process leading to secession from Spain to be started.[58]Organisation[edit]A banner with the slogan “Catalonia: New European State” led the march. The banner was presented on 5 September in the central Pla\u00e7a Catalunya, the same day that Carme Forcadell, in the press conference for the presentation, said “The people are prepared, and we need the government and our institutions to take a step forward, because we want a free and sovereign country, we want independence.”[59]The banner was carried by 10 representatives of the territorial regions of the ANC and by 10 representatives of the Association of Municipalities for Independence (AMI). Directly behind them was the president of the ANC, Carme Forcadell and the vicepresident, Carles Castellanos. They were accompanied by Joan Rigol and Ernest Benach. The third group was formed by a group of representatives of both the ANC and the AMI.[60]Next in the march came the political parties who confirmed that they would attend: (CDC, UDC, ICV, ERC, SI, RI) and other entities like \u00d2mnium Cultural, Plataforma Pro Seleccions, Sobirania i Progr\u00e9s, and Sobirania i just\u00edcia, among others. The Popular Unity Candidates (CUP) and the Independentist Left went ahead with their own demonstration on 11 September and did not participate in the march in an official capacity, while allowing their members to join it if they wanted to.[61]The other political parties with representation in the regional parliament of Catalonia at the time \u2013PSC, PP and Ciutadans\u2013 had refused to participate in demonstration due to its secessionist intent, making it the first time in modern times since these rallies started by the Spanish transition to democracy when not all of the Catalan political parties participated in this kind of rally.The fifth and largest group was formed by the public.Attendees[edit]Organisations, municipalities and institutions from all over Catalonia booked buses to bring people to the event. The anticipation of a massive turnout led the organisers to change the route several times.[62] The mayors of Girona, Manresa and Figueres organised special Renfe trains to Barcelona. In addition, over 1000 buses from all over the country were made available to people wishing to travel to the capital to attend the march, which makes it the event with most buses in the history of the country, as confirmed by the City Council of Barcelona. On the same day, a group of bikers held a “motorcycle separatist march” that started from Vic in the morning. As a curious aside, a marathon runner attended the rally by leaving Sant Carles de la R\u00e0pita on 9 September to reach the march running on 11 September.[63]After the march[edit]Green cards[edit]  A green card printed in the Time Out Barcelona supplement of the newspaper Diari Ara three days before the demonstration  At the stage set up at the end of the march, the organisers, the Catalan National Assembly, asked those present several questions.  Green cards had been printed in various publications prior to the demonstration and people were asked to bring them along, and to hold them up to vote “yes” to these questions.  Cards were also handed out at the event.  The aim was to get a photograph with a sea of green voting papers in support of Catalan independence.We want an image of the Catalan people’s desire for freedom, and what better backdrop for this than the door of Parliament?\u2014\u2009Ferran Civit, coordinator of the march.[64]Concerts[edit]\u00d2mnium Cultural organised the Festa per la Llibertat 2012 (“Party for Freedom 2012”) at the end of the march, on a stage set up on Passeig Llu\u00eds Companys. The concert, which included the Pastora, Txarango and Brams bands, began at 7:30 pm with writer M\u00e0rius Serra as the host.[65]Responses[edit]The event has marked the Catalan political agenda and the debate about the right to hold a referendum on the independence of Catalonia has been re-opened,[66][67][68][69] as well as the debate about the feasibility of an independent Catalan state and its integration into the European Union. On 25 September 2012, the president of the Generalitat of Catalonia Artur Mas announced snap elections for the Parliament of Catalonia to be held on 25 November and argued, referring to the demonstration, that “the street vocal must be moved to the polls”.On 12 October 2012, during the celebration of the National Day of Spain, an estimated 6,000 people according to Barcelona’s Municipal Police up to 65,000 people according to the delegation of the Spanish government in Catalonia, rallied at Pla\u00e7a de Catalunya in central Barcelona against independence as a response to 11 September demonstration.[70][71][72]Following years[edit]The protest was followed in the succeeding years by the Catalan Way (2013), the Catalan Way 2014, the Free Way to the Catalan Republic (2015) and Go ahead, Catalan Republic (2016).See also[edit]References[edit]^ “Huge turnout for Catalan independence rally”. BBC News. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.^ Abend, Lisa (11 September 2012). “Secessionist Sentiments Grows Amid Economic Crisis”. Time. TIME World. Retrieved 15 September 2012.^ Minder, Raphael (11 September 2012). “Protest Rally in Catalonia Adds a Worry for Spain”. The New York Times. Retrieved 15 September 2012.^ Khazan, Olga (11 September 2012). “Catalonia rallies for independence on ‘Catalan National Day’“. The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 September 2012.^ “Catalonia ‘National Day’ protest in Barcelona”. Euro News. 12 September 2012. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.^ Goodman, Al (12 September 2012). “Throngs push Catalan independence amid Spain’s economic crisis”. Madrid. CNN. Retrieved 15 September 2012.^ “La marxa comen\u00e7a a caminar sota el lema ‘Catalunya, nou Estat d’Europa’“ (in Catalan). Barcelona: Europa Press. 11 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012. ^ “‘Catalunya, nou estat d’Europa’ \u00e9s el lema de la pancarta de la manifestaci\u00f3, que ha arrencat poc abans de les sis de la tarda” (in Catalan). Catalunya vol viure en llibertat. 12 September 2012. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2012. ^ “El lema de la marxa per la independ\u00e8ncia: “Catalunya, nou estat d’Europa”“ (in Catalan). Barcelona: BTVnot\u00edcies.cat. 5 September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.^ “L’ANC i l’AMI encap\u00e7alaran la manifestaci\u00f3 de la Diada” (in Catalan). REUSdirecte.cat. 9 September 2012. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2012.^ “Qu\u00e8 \u00e9s?”. Marxa cap a la independ\u00e8ncia (in Catalan). Catalan National Assembly. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.^ a b Delcl\u00f3s, Tom\u00e0s. “C\u00e1lculo de manifestantes”. EDICIONES EL PA\u00cdS S.L. Retrieved 16 June 2017.^ Badiella, Lloren\u00e7 (14 September 2012). “Unas 600.000 personas en la manifestaci\u00f3n independentista” (in Spanish). Barcelona. La Vanguardia. Retrieved 30 December 2012.^ Pi\u00f1ol, \u00c0ngels (11 September 2012). “El independentismo catal\u00e1n logra una hist\u00f3rica exhibici\u00f3n de fuerza” (in Spanish). Barcelona. El Pa\u00eds. Retrieved 12 September 2012.^ “Diada.- El Govern central xifra l’assist\u00e8ncia en 600.000 persones” (in Catalan). Barcelona. Europa Press. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.^ “La delegaci\u00f3 del govern espanyol a Catalunya xifra en 600.000 els assistents a la manifestaci\u00f3 de la Diada” (in Catalan). Madrid. Ag\u00e8ncia Catalana de Not\u00edcies. 11 September 2012. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2012.^ “La marcha independentista colapsa el centro de Barcelona en la celebraci\u00f3n de la Diada” (in Spanish). 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(20 August 2012). “La CUP es desmarca de la manifestaci\u00f3 de l’ANC de la Diada” (in Catalan).^ La previsi\u00f3 d’assist\u00e8ncia creixent a la manifestaci\u00f3 de la Diada obliga l’ANC a modificar-ne el recorregut (in Catalan)^ La manifestaci\u00f3 amb m\u00e9s autocars de la hist\u00f2ria (in Catalan)^ OPJ (6 September 2012). “Una marea verda davant del Parlament simbolitzar\u00e0 els anhels d’independ\u00e8ncia” (in Catalan). El Punt Avui. Retrieved 8 September 2012.^ Pastora, Txarango, Brams i M\u00e0rius Serra: plats forts de la Festa per la Llibertat Archived 1 January 2013 at archive.today (in Catalan)^ “Los partidos catalanes valoran la manifestaci\u00f3n independentista” (in Spanish). Barcelona. LaVanguardia.com. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.^ “El independentismo marca la agenda pol\u00edtica en un oto\u00f1o cr\u00edtico para el Estado espa\u00f1ol” (in Spanish). GARA. 23 September 2012. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.^ “CiU, ICV-EUiA, ERC y SI negocian una resoluci\u00f3n por la autodeterminaci\u00f3n” (in Spanish). Barcelona. elPeri\u00f3dico.com. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.^ “Un 74% dels catalans estan a favor de fer un refer\u00e8ndum d’autodeterminaci\u00f3 i un 20% en contra, segons el CEO” (in Catalan). Madrid. 324. 10 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.^ “Miles de personas se concentran en Pla\u00e7a Catalunya contra la independencia” (in Spanish). Barcelona. LaVanguardia.com. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2012.^ Julve, Rafa (12 October 2012). “La manifestaci\u00f3n antiindependentista re\u00fane a miles de personas en la plaza de Catalunya” (in Spanish). Barcelona. elPeri\u00f3dico.com. Retrieved 14 October 2012.^ Roger, Maiol; Carranco, Rebeca (12 October 2012). “El PP arropa la concentraci\u00f3n contra la independencia en Barcelona” (in Spanish). Barcelona. El Pa\u00eds. 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