[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/2018\/08\/28\/southern-union-co-v-united-states\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/2018\/08\/28\/southern-union-co-v-united-states\/","headline":"Southern Union Co. v. United States","name":"Southern Union Co. v. United States","description":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2012 United States Supreme Court case Southern Union Co. v. United States Full case name","datePublished":"2018-08-28","dateModified":"2018-08-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg\/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg\/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png","height":"100","width":"100"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/2018\/08\/28\/southern-union-co-v-united-states\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":1554,"articleBody":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia2012 United States Supreme Court caseSouthern Union Co. v. United StatesFull case nameSouthern Union Company v. United StatesDocket no.11-94Citations567 U.S. 343 (more)PriorUnited States v. Southern Union Co., 643 F. Supp. 2d 201 (D.R.I. 2009); affirmed, 630 F.3d 17 (1st Cir. 2010); cert. granted, 565 U.S. 1057 (2011).SubsequentOn remand, 942 F. Supp. 2d 235 (D.R.I. 2013)Apprendi applies to criminal fines.Chief JusticeJohn RobertsAssociate JusticesAntonin Scalia\u00a0\u00b7  Anthony KennedyClarence Thomas\u00a0\u00b7  Ruth Bader GinsburgStephen Breyer\u00a0\u00b7  Samuel AlitoSonia Sotomayor\u00a0\u00b7  Elena KaganMajoritySotomayor, joined by Roberts, Scalia, Thomas, Ginsburg, KaganDissentBreyer, joined by Kennedy, AlitoSouthern Union Co. v. United States, 567 U.S. 343 (2012), was a Supreme Court decision that applied the rule set out in Apprendi v. New Jersey\u2014that certain non-conviction elements of a crime must be proved to a jury\u2014to criminal penalties. The 6\u20133 decision was authored by Justice Sonia Sotomayor.[1]Table of ContentsBackground[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]Background[edit]Southern Union Company was convicted of storing hazardous liquid mercury without a permit, “on or about September 19, 2002 to October 19, 2004,” in violation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.[2] The jury was not asked to determine the exact duration of the violation. In sentencing, the probation office set a maximum fine of $38.1 million, calculated by assessing the $50,000 maximum daily fine for each of the 762 days between September 19, 2002, and October 19, 2004. Respondent appealed on the basis that the jury never determined the exact duration of the violation. The Court of Appeals for the First Circuit upheld the sentence, agreeing that the jury had not determined the duration of the violation, but holding that Apprendi did not apply to criminal fines.[3]The Supreme Court reversed, holding there is no principled distinction between criminal fines and imprisonment for the purpose of Apprendi because Apprendi requires that any fact other than a prior conviction that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the statutory maximum must be submitted to the jury and determined beyond a reasonable doubt. The rule preserves the historic fact-finding function of the jury, deciding that where a fine is sufficiently substantial to trigger the Sixth Amendment jury-trial guarantee, Apprendi applies.See also[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]Applebaum, Brynn (2015). “Criminal Asset Forfeiture and the Sixth Amendment after Southern Union and Alleyne: State-Level Ramifications”. Vand. L. Rev. 68 (2): 549\u2013574.External links[edit]Supreme CourtdecisionsMajorfederal legislation,treaties,and lower courtdecisionsRivers and Harbors Act (1899)Lacey Act (1900)Weeks Act (1911)North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 (1911)Weeks\u2013McLean Act (1913)Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918)Clarke\u2013McNary Act (1924)McSweeney-McNary Act (1928)Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1934)Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (1954)Air Pollution Control Act (1955)Clean Air Act (1963, 1970, 1977, 1990)Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission (2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)Solid Waste Disposal Act (1965)National Environmental Policy Act (1970)Clean Water Act (1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1972)Noise Control Act (1972)Endangered Species Act (1973)Safe Drinking Water Act (1974, 1986, 1996)Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)Toxic Substances Control Act (1976)Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977)Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (1978)CERCLA (Superfund) (1980)Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (1986)Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (1986)Global Change Research Act (1990)Food Quality Protection Act (1996)Energy Policy Act (2005)Energy Independence and Security Act (2007)Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA (D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act (2016)America’s Water Infrastructure Act (2018)Louisiana v. Biden (5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)Federal agenciesRegulationsand concepts  "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/2018\/08\/28\/southern-union-co-v-united-states\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Southern Union Co. v. United States"}}]}]