[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/2019\/08\/02\/sinhala-script-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/2019\/08\/02\/sinhala-script-wikipedia\/","headline":"Sinhala script – Wikipedia","name":"Sinhala script – Wikipedia","description":"Abugida writing system used for the Sinhala language The Sinhala script (Sinhala: \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d82\u0dc4\u0dbd \u0d85\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dbb \u0db8\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0dcf\u0dc0, romanized:\u00a0Si\u1e41hala Ak\u1e63ara M\u0101l\u0101va), also known","datePublished":"2019-08-02","dateModified":"2019-08-02","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/48\/Sinhala_letter_%22%E0%B6%9A%22_%28ka%29_combinations_example.svg\/220px-Sinhala_letter_%22%E0%B6%9A%22_%28ka%29_combinations_example.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/48\/Sinhala_letter_%22%E0%B6%9A%22_%28ka%29_combinations_example.svg\/220px-Sinhala_letter_%22%E0%B6%9A%22_%28ka%29_combinations_example.svg.png","height":"97","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/2019\/08\/02\/sinhala-script-wikipedia\/","wordCount":15583,"articleBody":"Abugida writing system used for the Sinhala languageThe Sinhala script (Sinhala: \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d82\u0dc4\u0dbd \u0d85\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dbb \u0db8\u0dcf\u0dbd\u0dcf\u0dc0, romanized:\u00a0Si\u1e41hala Ak\u1e63ara M\u0101l\u0101va), also known as Sinhalese script, is a writing system used by the Sinhalese people and most Sri Lankans in Sri Lanka and elsewhere to write the Sinhala language as well as the liturgical languages Pali and Sanskrit.[2] The Sinhalese Ak\u1e63ara M\u0101l\u0101va, one of the Brahmic scripts, is a descendant of the Ancient Indian Brahmi script. It is also related to the Grantha script.[3]The Sinhala script is an abugida written from left to right. Sinhala letters are classified in two sets. The core set of letters forms the \u015buddha si\u1e43hala alphabet (Pure Sinhala, \u0dc1\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dca\u0db0 \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d82\u0dc4\u0dbd), which is a subset of the mi\u015bra si\u1e43hala alphabet (Mixed Sinhala, \u0db8\u0dd2\u0dc1\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d82\u0dc4\u0dbd).Table of ContentsHistory[edit]Structure[edit]Diacritics[edit]Non-vocalic diacritics[edit]Letters[edit]\u015auddha set[edit]Vowels[edit]Consonants[edit]Prenasalized consonants[edit]Mi\u015bra set[edit]Vowels[edit]Consonants[edit]Consonant conjuncts[edit]Letter names[edit]Numerals[edit]Transliteration[edit]Use for the Pali language[edit]Relation to other scripts[edit]Computer encoding[edit]Unicode[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]History[edit]The Sinhala script is a Brahmi derivate and was imported from Northern India around the 3rd century BCE.[4] It developed in a complex manner, partly independently but also strongly influenced by South Indian scripts at various stages,[5] manifestly influenced by the early Grantha script.[2] Pottery from the 6th century BCE has been found in Anuradhapura with lithic inscriptions dating from the 2nd century BCE written in Prakrit.[6]Medieval Sinhalese, which emerged around 750 AD, is marked by very strong influence from the Grantha script.[1] Subsequently, Medieval (and modern) Sinhalese resemble the South Indian scripts.[5] By the 9th century CE, literature written in the Sinhala script had emerged and the script began to be used in other contexts. For instance, the Buddhist literature of the Theravada-Buddhists of Sri Lanka, written in Pali, used Sinhala script.Modern Sinhalese emerged in the 13th century and is marked by the composition of the grammar book Sidat Sangara.[1] In 1736, the Dutch were the first to print with Sinhala type on the island. The resulting type followed the features of the native Sinhala script used on palm leaves. The Dutch created type was monolinear and geometric in fashion, with no separation between words in early documents. During the second half of the 19th century, during the colonial period, a new style of Sinhala letterforms emerged in opposition to the monolinear and geometric form that used high contrast and had varied thicknesses. This high contrast type gradually replaced the monolinear type as the preferred style and continues to be used in the present day. The high contrast style is still preferred for text typesetting in printed newspapers, books, and magazines in Sri Lanka.[7]Today, the alphabet is used by over 16 million people to write Sinhala in very diverse contexts, such as newspapers, TV commercials, government announcements, graffiti, and schoolbooks.Sinhala is the main language written in this script, but rare instances of its use for writing Sri Lanka Malay have been recorded.[8]Structure[edit]  The basic form of the letter k is \u0d9a “ka”. For “ki”, a small arch called ispilla is placed over the \u0d9a: \u0d9a\u0dd2. This replaces the inherent \/a\/ by \/i\/. It is also possible to have no vowel following a consonant. In order to produce such a pure consonant, a special marker, the hal kir\u012bma has to be added: \u0d9a\u0dca. This marker suppresses the inherent vowel.Sinhala script is an abugida written from left to right. It uses consonants as the basic unit for word construction as each consonant has an inherent vowel (\/a\/), which can be changed with a different vowel stroke. To represent different sounds it is necessary to add vowel strokes, or diacritics called \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dd2 (Pili), that can be used before, after, above or below the base-consonant. Most of the Sinhala letters are curlicues; straight lines are almost completely absent from the alphabet, and it does not have joining characters. This is because Sinhala used to be written on dried palm leaves, which would split along the veins on writing straight lines. This was undesirable, and therefore, the round shapes were preferred. Upper and lower cases do not exist in Sinhala.[7]Sinhala letters are ordered into two sets. The core set of letters forms the \u015buddha si\u1e43hala alphabet (Pure Sinhala, \u0dc1\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dca\u0db0 \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d82\u0dc4\u0dbd), which is a subset of the mi\u015bra si\u1e43hala alphabet (Mixed Sinhala, \u0db8\u0dd2\u0dc1\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0d82\u0dc4\u0dbd). This “pure” alphabet contains all the graphemes necessary to write E\u1e37u (classical Sinhala) as described in the classical grammar Sidatsan\u0306gar\u0101 (1300 AD).[9] This is the reason why this set is also called E\u1e37u h\u014ddiya (“E\u1e37u alphabet” \u0d91\u0dc5\u0dd4 \u0dc4\u0ddd\u0da9\u0dd2\u0dba). The definition of the two sets is thus a historic one. Out of pure coincidence, the phoneme inventory of present-day colloquial Sinhala is such that yet again the \u015buddha alphabet suffices as a good representation of the sounds.[9] All native phonemes of the Sinhala spoken today can be represented in \u015buddha, while in order to render special Sanskrit and Pali sounds, one can fall back on mi\u015bra si\u1e43hala. This is most notably necessary for the graphemes for the Middle Indic phonemes that the Sinhala language lost during its history, such as aspirates.[9]Most phonemes of Sinhala can be represented by a \u015buddha letter or by a mi\u015bra letter, but normally only one of them is considered correct. This one-to-many mapping of phonemes onto graphemes is a frequent source of misspellings.[10]While a phoneme can be represented by more than one grapheme, each grapheme can be pronounced in only one way, with the exceptions of the inherent vowel sound, which can be either [a] (stressed) or [\u0259] (unstressed), and “\u0dc0” where the consonant is either [v] or [w] depending on the word. This means that the actual pronunciation of a word is almost always clear from its orthographic form. Stress is almost always predictable; only words with [v] or [w] (which are both allophones of “\u0dc0”), and a very few other words need to be learnt individually.Some pronunciation exceptions in Sinhala:\u0d9a\u0dbb\u0db1\u0dc0\u0dcf \u2013 to do \u2013 [k\u0259r\u0259n\u0259\u02c8wa\u02d0] (not [\u02c8kar\u0259n\u0259\u02c8wa\u02d0])\u0dc4\u0dad\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dc4 \u2013 forty \u2013 [\u02c8hat\u032a\u0259lih\u0259] (not [\u02c8hat\u032a\u0259li\u02c8ha])Diacritics[edit]  The two shapes of the hal kir\u012bma for p (left) and b (right).In Sinhala the diacritics are called \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dd2 pili (vowel strokes). \u0daf\u0dd2\u0d9c diga means “long” because the vowel is sounded for longer and \u0daf\u0dd9\u0d9a deka means “two” because the stroke is doubled when written.Using the consonant ‘k’ + ‘vowel’ as an example:\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbd pillaNameTransliterationFormationCompound formISO 15919IPA\u25cc\u0dca\u0dc4\u0dbd\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0db8Hal kir\u012bma\u0d9a\u0dca\u0d9a\u0dcak[k]\u25ccInherent \/a\/ (without any pili)\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0d85\u0d9aka[k\u028c]\u25cc\u0dcf\u0d87\u0dbd\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbd\u00c6lapilla\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0d86\u0d9a\u0dcfk\u0101[k\u0251\u02d0]\u25cc\u0dd0\u0d87\u0daf\u0dba\u00c6daya\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0d87\u0d9a\u0dd0k\u00e6[k\u00e6]\u25cc\u0dd1\u0daf\u0dd2\u0d9c \u0d87\u0daf\u0dbaDiga \u00e6daya\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0d88\u0d9a\u0dd1k\u01e3[k\u00e6\u02d0]\u25cc\u0dd2\u0d89\u0dc3\u0dca\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbdIspilla\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0d89\u0d9a\u0dd2ki[ki]\u25cc\u0dd3\u0daf\u0dd2\u0d9c \u0d89\u0dc3\u0dca\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbdDiga ispilla\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0d8a\u0d9a\u0dd3k\u012b[ki\u02d0]\u25cc\u0dd4\u0db4\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbdP\u0101pilla\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0d8b\u0d9a\u0dd4ku[ku], [k\u026f]\u25cc\u0dd6\u0daf\u0dd2\u0d9c \u0db4\u0dcf\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbdDiga p\u0101pilla\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0d8c\u0d9a\u0dd6k\u016b[ku\u02d0]\u25cc\u0dd8\u0d9c\u0dd0\u0da7\u0dba \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dad \u0d87\u0dbd\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbdG\u00e6\u1e6da sahita \u00e6lapilla\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0dbb\u0dca + \u0d8b\u0d9a\u0dd8kru[kru]\u25cc\u0df2\u0d9c\u0dd0\u0da7\u0dba \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dad \u0d87\u0dbd\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dd2 \u0daf\u0dd9\u0d9aG\u00e6\u1e6da sahita \u00e6lapili deka\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0dbb\u0dca + \u0d8c\u0d9a\u0df2kr\u016b[kru\u02d0]\u25cc\u0ddf\u0d9c\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd4\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dad\u0dca\u0dadGayanukittaUsed in conjunction with kombuva for consonants.\u25cc\u0df3\u0daf\u0dd2\u0d9c \u0d9c\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd4\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dad\u0dca\u0dadDiga gayanukittaNot in contemporary use\u0dd9\u25cc\u0d9a\u0ddc\u0db8\u0dca\u0db6\u0dd4\u0dc0Kombuva\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0d91\u0d9a\u0dd9ke[ke]\u0dd9\u25cc\u0dca\u0d9a\u0ddc\u0db8\u0dca\u0db6\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0dc3\u0dc4 \u0dc4\u0dbd\u0dca\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0db8Kombuva saha halkir\u012bma\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0d92\u0d9a\u0ddak\u0113[ke\u02d0]\u0ddb\u25cc\u0d9a\u0ddc\u0db8\u0dca\u0db6\u0dd4 \u0daf\u0dd9\u0d9aKombu deka\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0d93\u0d9a\u0ddbkai[k\u028cj]\u0dd9\u25cc\u0dcf\u0d9a\u0ddc\u0db8\u0dca\u0db6\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0dc3\u0dc4 \u0d87\u0dbd\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbdKombuva saha \u00e6lapilla\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0d94\u0d9a\u0ddcko[ko]\u0dd9\u25cc\u0dcf\u0dca\u0d9a\u0ddc\u0db8\u0dca\u0db6\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0dc3\u0dc4 \u0dc4\u0dbd\u0dca\u0d87\u0dbd\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbdKombuva saha hal\u00e6lapilla\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0d95\u0d9a\u0dddk\u014d[ko\u02d0]\u0dd9\u25cc\u0df3\u0d9a\u0ddc\u0db8\u0dca\u0db6\u0dd4\u0dc0 \u0dc3\u0dc4 \u0d9c\u0dba\u0db1\u0dd4\u0d9a\u0dd2\u0dad\u0dca\u0dadKombuva saha gayanukitta\u0d9a\u0dca + \u0d96\u0d9a\u0ddekau[k\u028c\u028b]Non-vocalic diacritics[edit]The anusvara (often called binduva ‘zero’ ) is represented by one small circle \u25cc\u0d82 (Unicode 0D82),[11] and the visarga (technically part of the mi\u015bra alphabet) by two \u25cc\u0d83 (Unicode 0D83). The inherent vowel can be removed by a special virama diacritic, the hal kir\u012bma (\u25cc\u0dca), which has two shapes depending on which consonant it attaches to. Both are represented in the image on the right side. The first one is the most common one, while the second one is used for letters ending at the top left corner.Letters[edit]\u015auddha set[edit]The \u015buddha graphemes are the mainstay of Sinhala script and are used on an everyday basis. Every sequence of sounds of Sinhala of today can be represented by these graphemes. Additionally, the \u015buddha set comprises graphemes for retroflex \u27e8\u1e37\u27e9 and \u27e8\u1e47\u27e9, which are no longer phonemic in modern Sinhala. These two letters were needed for the representation of E\u1e37u, but are now obsolete from a purely phonemic view. However, words which historically contain these two phonemes are still often written with the graphemes representing the retroflex sounds.Vowels[edit]Vowelsshortlongindependentdiacritic independentdiacritic \u0d850D85a[a]inherenta[a, \u0259]\u0d860D86\u0101[a\u02d0]\u0dcf0DCF\u0101[a\u02d0]\u0d870D87\u00e6\/\u00e4[\u00e6]\u0dd00DD0\u00e6[\u00e6]\u0d880D88\u01e3[\u00e6\u02d0]\u0dd10DD1\u01e3[\u00e6\u02d0]\u0d890D89i[i]\u0dd20DD2i[i]\u0d8a0D8A\u012b[i\u02d0]\u0dd30DD3\u012b[i\u02d0]\u0d8b0D8Bu[u]\u0dd40DD4u[u]\u0d8c0D8C\u016b[u\u02d0]\u0dd60DD6\u016b[u\u02d0]\u0d910D91e[e]\u0dd90DD9e[e]\u0d920D92\u0113[e\u02d0]\u0dda0DDA\u0113[e\u02d0]\u0d940D94o[o]\u0ddc0DDCo[o]\u0d950D95\u014d[o\u02d0]\u0ddd0DDD\u014d[o\u02d0]Display this table as an imageVowels come in two shapes: independent and diacritic. The independent shape is used when a vowel does not follow a consonant, e.g. at the beginning of a word. The diacritic shape is used when a vowel follows a consonant. Depending on the vowel, the diacritic can attach at several places (see diacritics section above)While most diacritics are regular, the diacritic for \u27e8u\u27e9 takes a different shape according to the consonant it attaches to. The most common one is the one used for the consonant \u0db4 (p): \u0db4\u0dd4 (pu) and \u0db4\u0dd6 (p\u016b). Some consonants ending at the lower right corner (\u0d9a (k),\u0d9c (g), \u0dad(t), but not \u0db1(n) or \u0dc4(h)) use this diacritic: \u0d9a\u0dd4 (ku) and \u0d9a\u0dd6 (kuu). Combinations of \u0dbb(r) or  \u0dc5(\u1e37) with \u27e8u\u27e9 have idiosyncratic shapes, viz \u0dbb\u0dd4 (ru) \u0dbb\u0dd6 (r\u016b) \u0dc5\u0dd4 (\u1e37u) \u0dc5\u0dd6 (\u1e37\u016b).[12]Note that the diacritic used for \u0dbb\u0dd4 (ru) and \u0dbb\u0dd6 (r\u016b) is what is normally used for the \u27e8\u00e6\u27e9, and therefore there are idiosyncratic forms for r\u00e6 and r\u01e3, viz \u0dbb\u0dd0 and \u0dbb\u0dd1 [difference may not be visible depending on how unicode is rendered in your browser]Consonants[edit]The \u015buddha alphabet comprises 8 plosives, 2 fricatives, 2 affricates, 2 nasals, 2 liquids and 2 glides. Additionally, there are the two graphemes for the retroflex sounds \/\u026d\/ and \/\u0273\/, which are not phonemic in modern Sinhala, but which still form part of the set. These are shaded in the table.The voiceless affricate (\u0da0 [t\u0361\u0283a]) is not included in the \u015buddha set by purists since it does not occur in the main text of the Sidatsan\u0306gar\u0101. The Sidatsan\u0306gar\u0101 does use it in examples though, so this sound did exist in E\u1e37u. In any case, it is needed for the representation of modern Sinhala.[9]The basic shapes of these consonants carry an inherent \/a\/ unless this is replaced by another vowel or removed by the hal kir\u012bma.Prenasalized consonants[edit]Prenasalized consonantsnasalobstruentprenasalized consonantUnicodetranslit.IPAvelar\u0d9e\u0d9c\u0d9f0D9Fn\u0306ga[\u207f\u0261a]retroflex\u0dab\u0da9\u0dac0DACn\u0306\u1e0da[\u207f\u0256a]dental\u0db1\u0daf\u0db30DB3n\u0306da[\u207fd\u032aa]labial\u0db8\u0db6\u0db90DB9m\u0306ba[\u1d50ba]Display this table as an imageThe prenasalized consonants resemble their plain counterparts. \u27e8m\u0306b\u27e9 is made up  by the left half of \u27e8m\u27e9 and the right half of \u27e8b\u27e9, while the other three are just like the grapheme for the plosive with a little stroke attached to their left.[13] Vowel diacritics attach in the same way as they would to the corresponding plain plosive.Mi\u015bra set[edit]“\u0d9e” redirects here. For the memetic symbol of the 2018 video game, see Among Us.The mi\u015bra alphabet is a superset of \u015buddha. It adds letters for aspirates, retroflexes and sibilants, which are not phonemic in today’s Sinhala, but which are necessary to represent non-native words, like loanwords from Sanskrit, Pali or English. The use of the extra letters is mainly a question of prestige. From a purely phonemic point of view, there is no benefit in using them, and they can be replaced by a (sequence of) \u015buddha letters as follows: For the mi\u015bra aspirates, the replacement is the plain \u015buddha counterpart, for the mi\u015bra retroflex liquids the corresponding \u015buddha coronal liquid,[14] for the sibilants, \u27e8s\u27e9.[15]  \u0da4 (\u00f1) and  \u0da5 (gn) cannot be represented by \u015buddha graphemes but are found only in fewer than 10 words each. \u0dc6 fa can be represented by \u0db4 pa with a Latin \u27e8f\u27e9 inscribed in the cup.Vowels[edit](Click on [show] on the right if you see only boxes below)  Vocalic diacriticsindependentdiacritic independentdiacritic diphthongs\u0d930D93ai[ai]\u0ddb0DDBai[ai]\u0d960D96au[au]\u0dde0DDEau[au]diphthongssyllabic r\u0d8d0D8D\u1e5b[ur]\u0dd80DD8\u1e5b[ru, ur]\u0d8e0D8E\u1e5d[ru\u02d0]\u0df20DF2\u1e5d[ru\u02d0, u\u02d0r]syllabic rsyllabic l\u0d8f0D8F\u1e37[li]\u0ddf0DDF\u1e37[li]\u0d900D90\u1e39[li\u02d0]\u0df30DF3\u1e39[li\u02d0]syllabic lDisplay this table as an imageThere are six additional vocalic diacritics in the mi\u015bra alphabet. The two diphthongs are quite common, while the “syllabic” \u1e5b is much rarer, and the “syllabic” \u1e37 is all but obsolete. The latter are almost exclusively found in loanwords from Sanskrit.[16]The mi\u015bra \u27e8\u1e5b\u27e9 can also be written with \u015buddha \u27e8r\u27e9+\u27e8u\u27e9 or \u27e8u\u27e9+\u27e8r\u27e9, which corresponds to the actual pronunciation. The mi\u015bra syllabic \u27e8\u1e37\u27e9 is obsolete, but can be rendered by \u015buddha \u27e8l\u27e9+\u27e8i\u27e9.[17] Mi\u015bra \u27e8au\u27e9 is rendered as  \u015buddha \u27e8awu\u27e9, mi\u015bra \u27e8ai\u27e9  as \u015buddha \u27e8ayi\u27e9.Note that the transliteration of both \u0dc5\u0dca and \u0ddf is \u27e8\u1e37\u27e9. This is not very problematic as the second one is extremely scarce.Consonants[edit]   (Click on [show] on the right if you see only boxes below)Extra mi\u015bra plosivesvoicelessvoicedUnicodetranslit.IPAUnicodetranslit.IPAvelar\u0d9b0D9Bkha[ka]\u0d9d0D9Dgha[\u0261a]velarretroflex\u0da80DA8\u1e6dha[\u0288a]\u0daa0DAA\u1e0dha[\u0256a]retroflexdental\u0dae0DAEtha[t\u032aa]\u0db00DB0dha[d\u032aa]dentallabial\u0db50DB5pha[pa]\u0db70DB7bha[ba]labialOther additional mi\u015bra graphemes  Unicodetranslit.IPAUnicodetranslit.IPAsibilants\u0dc10DC1\u015ba[sa]\u0dc20DC2\u1e63a[sa]sibilantsaspirate affricates\u0da10DA1cha[t\u0361\u0283a]\u0da30DA3jha[d\u0361\u0292a]aspirate affricatesnasals\u0da40DA4\u00f1a[\u0272a]\u0da50DA5j\u00f1a[d\u0361\u0292\u0272a]nasalsother\u0d9e0D9E\u1e45a[\u014ba]\u0dc60DC6fa[fa, \u0278a, pa]otherother\u0da60DA6n\u0306ja[18][nd\u0361\u0292a]f\u0db4n\/afa[fa, \u0278a, pa]otherDisplay this table as an imageConsonant conjuncts[edit]  Certain combinations of graphemes trigger special ligatures. Special signs exist for an \u0dbb (r) following a consonant (inverted arch underneath), a \u0dbb (r) preceding a consonant (loop above) and a  \u0dba (y) following a consonant (half a \u0dba on the right).[14][19][20]Furthermore, very frequent combinations are often written in one stroke, like ddh, kv or k\u015b. If this is the case, the first consonant is not marked with a hal kir\u012bma.[14][16][20]The image on the right shows the glyph for \u015br\u012b, which is composed of the letter \u015b with a ligature indicating the r below and the vowel  \u012b marked above. Most other conjunct consonants are made with an explicit virama, called al-lakuna or hal kir\u012bma, and the zero-width joiner as shown in the following table, some of which may not display correctly due to limitations of your system. Some of the more common are displayed in the following table. Note that although modern Sinhala sounds are not aspirated, aspiration is marked in the sound where it was historically present to highlight the differences in modern spelling. Also note that all of the combinations are encoded with the al-lakuna (Unicode U+0DCA) first, followed by the zero-width joiner (Unicode U+200D) except for touching letters which have the zero-width joiner (Unicode U+200D) first followed by the al-lakuna (Unicode U+0DCA). Touching letters were used in ancient scriptures but are not used in modern Sinhala. Vowels may be attached to any of the ligatures formed, attaching to the rightmost part of the glyph except for vowels that use the kombuva, where the kombuva is written before the ligature or cluster and the remainder of the vowel, if any, is attached to the rightmost part. In the table below, appending “o” (kombuva saha \u00e6lepilla \u2013 kombuva with \u00e6lepilla) to the cluster “ky” \/kja\/ only adds a single code point, but adds two vowel strokes, one each to the left and right of the consonant cluster.IPALettersUnicodeCombinedUnicodeType\/kja\/\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dbaU+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBA\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbaU+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBAyansaya\/kjo\/\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dba\u0ddcU+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBA U+0DCC\u0d9a\u200d\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0ddcU+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA U+0DCCyansaya\/\u0261ja\/\u0d9c\u0dca\u0dbaU+0D9C U+0DCA U+0DBA\u0d9c\u0dca\u200d\u0dbaU+0D9C U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBAyansaya\/kra\/\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dbbU+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBB\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbbU+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBBrak\u0101ransaya\/\u0261ra\/\u0d9c\u0dca\u0dbbU+0D9C U+0DCA U+0DBB\u0d9c\u0dca\u200d\u0dbbU+0D9C U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBBrak\u0101ransaya\/rka\/\u0dbb\u0dca\u0d9aU+0DBB U+0DCA U+0D9A\u0dbb\u0dca\u200d\u0d9aU+0DBB U+0DCA U+200D U+0D9Ar\u0113paya\/r\u0261a\/\u0dbb\u0dca\u0d9cU+0DBB U+0DCA U+0D9C\u0dbb\u0dca\u200d\u0d9cU+0DBB U+0DCA U+200D U+0D9Cr\u0113paya\/kjra\/\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dba\u0dca\u0dbbU+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBA U+0DCA U+0DBB\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dca\u200d\u0dbbU+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBByansaya + rak\u0101ransaya\/\u0261jra\/\u0d9c\u0dca\u0dba\u0dca\u0dbbU+0D9C U+0DCA U+0DBA U+0DCA U+0DBB\u0d9c\u0dca\u200d\u0dba\u0dca\u200d\u0dbbU+0D9C U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBByansaya + rak\u0101ransaya\/rkja\/\u0dbb\u0dca\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dbaU+0DBB U+0DCA U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBA\u0dbb\u0dca\u200d\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dbaU+0DBB U+0DCA U+200D U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBAr\u0113paya + yansaya\/r\u0261ja\/\u0dbb\u0dca\u0d9c\u0dca\u0dbaU+0DBB U+0DCA U+0D9C U+0DCA U+0DBA\u0dbb\u0dca\u200d\u0d9c\u0dca\u200d\u0dbaU+0DBB U+0DCA U+200D U+0D9C U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBAr\u0113paya + yansaya\/kva\/\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc0U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DC0\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dc0U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DC0conjunct\/k\u0283a\/\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DC2\u0d9a\u0dca\u200d\u0dc2U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DC2conjunct\/\u0261d\u02b0a\/\u0d9c\u0dca\u0db0U+0D9C U+0DCA U+0DB0\u0d9c\u0dca\u200d\u0db0U+0D9C U+0DCA U+200D U+0DB0conjunct\/\u0288\u0288\u02b0a\/\u0da7\u0dca\u0da8U+0DA7 U+0DCA U+0DA8\u0da7\u0dca\u200d\u0da8U+0DA7 U+0DCA U+200D U+0DA8conjunct\/t\u032at\u032a\u02b0a\/\u0dad\u0dca\u0daeU+0DAD U+0DCA U+0DAE\u0dad\u0dca\u200d\u0daeU+0DAD U+0DCA U+200D U+0DAEconjunct\/t\u032ava\/\u0dad\u0dca\u0dc0U+0DAD U+0DCA U+0DC0\u0dad\u0dca\u200d\u0dc0U+0DAD U+0DCA U+200D U+0DC0conjunct\/d\u032ad\u032a\u02b0a\/\u0daf\u0dca\u0db0U+0DAF U+0DCA U+0DB0\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0db0U+0DAF U+0DCA U+200D U+0DB0conjunct\/d\u032ava\/\u0daf\u0dca\u0dc0U+0DAF U+0DCA U+0DC0\u0daf\u0dca\u200d\u0dc0U+0DAF U+0DCA U+200D U+0DC0conjunct\/nd\u032aa\/\u0db1\u0dca\u0dafU+0DB1 U+0DCA U+0DAF\u0db1\u0dca\u200d\u0dafU+0DB1 U+0DCA U+200D U+0DAFconjunct\/nd\u032a\u02b0a\/\u0db1\u0dca\u0db0U+0DB1 U+0DCA U+0DB0\u0db1\u0dca\u200d\u0db0U+0DB1 U+0DCA U+200D U+0DB0conjunct\/mma\/\u0db8\u0dca\u0db8U+0DB8 U+0DCA U+0DB8\u0db8\u200d\u0dca\u0db8U+0DB8 U+200D U+0DCA U+0DB8touchingLetter names[edit]The Sinhala \u015buddha graphemes are named in a uniform way adding -yanna to the sound produced by the letter, including vocalic diacritics.[11][21] The name for the letter \u0d85 is thus ayanna, for the letter \u0d86 \u0101yanna, for the letter \u0d9a kayanna, for the letter \u0d9a\u0dcf k\u0101yanna, for the letter \u0d9a\u0dd9 keyanna and so forth. For letters with hal kir\u012bma, an epenthetic a is added for easier pronunciation: the name for the letter  \u0d9a\u0dca is akyanna. Another naming convention is to use al- before a letter with suppressed vowel, thus alkayanna.Since the extra mi\u015bra letters are phonetically not distinguishable from the \u015buddha letters, proceeding in the same way would lead to confusion. Names of mi\u015bra letters are normally made up of the names of two \u015buddha letters pronounced as one word. The first one indicates the sound, the second one the shape. For example, the aspirated  \u0d9b  (kh) is called bayanu kayanna. kayanna indicates the sound, while bayanu indicates the shape: \u0d9b  (kh) is similar in shape to  \u0db6 (b) (bayunu = like bayanna). Another method is to qualify the mi\u015bra aspirates by mah\u0101pr\u0101na (\u0d9b: mah\u0101pr\u0101na kayanna) and the mi\u015bra retroflexes by m\u016brdhaja (\u0dc5: m\u016brdhaja layanna).Numerals[edit]Sinhala had special symbols to represent numerals, which were in use until the beginning of the 19th century.This system is now superseded by Hindu\u2013Arabic numeral system.[22][23]Sinhala Illakkam (Sinhala Archaic Numbers)Sinhala Illakkam were used for writing numbers prior to the fall of Kandyan Kingdom in 1815. These digits did not have a zero instead the numbers had signs for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 1000. These digits and numbers can be seen primarily in Royal documents and artefacts.1234567891020304050607080901001000\ud804\udde1\ud804\udde2\ud804\udde3\ud804\udde4\ud804\udde5\ud804\udde6\ud804\udde7\ud804\udde8\ud804\udde9\ud804\uddea\ud804\uddeb\ud804\uddec\ud804\udded\ud804\uddee\ud804\uddef\ud804\uddf0\ud804\uddf1\ud804\uddf2\ud804\uddf3\ud804\uddf4Sinhala Lith Illakkam  (Sinhala Astrological Numbers)Prior to the fall of Kandyan Kingdom all calculations were carried out using Lith digits. After the fall of the Kandyan Kingdom, Sinhala Lith Illakkam were primarily used for writing horoscopes. However, there is evidence that they were used for other purposes such as writing page numbers etc. The tradition of writing degrees and minutes of zodiac signs in horoscopes continued into the 20th century using different versions of Lith Digits. Unlike the Sinhala Illakkam, Sinhala Lith Illakkam included a 0.0123456789\u0de6\u0de7\u0de8\u0de9\u0dea\u0deb\u0dec\u0ded\u0dee\u0defNeither the Sinhala numerals nor U+0DF4 \u0df4  Sinhala punctuation kunddaliya is in general use today, but some use it in social media, Internet messaging and blogs. The kunddaliya was formerly used as a full stop.[24]Transliteration[edit]Sinhala transliteration (Sinhala: \u0dbb\u0ddd\u0db8 \u0d85\u0d9a\u0dd4\u0dbb\u0dd2\u0db1\u0dca \u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dc0\u0dd3\u0db8 r\u014dma akurin liv\u012bma, literally “Roman letter writing”) can be done in analogy to Devan\u0101gar\u012b transliteration.Layman’s transliterations in Sri Lanka normally follow neither of these. Vowels are transliterated according to English spelling equivalences, which can yield a variety of spellings for a number of phonemes. \/i\u02d0\/ for instance can be \u27e8ee\u27e9, \u27e8e\u27e9, \u27e8ea\u27e9, \u27e8i\u27e9, etc.A transliteration pattern peculiar to Sinhala, and facilitated by the absence of phonemic aspirates, is the use of \u27e8th\u27e9 for the voiceless dental plosive, and the use of \u27e8t\u27e9 for the voiceless retroflex plosive.This is presumably because the retroflex plosive \/\u0288\/ is perceived the same as the English alveolar plosive \/t\/, and the Sinhala dental plosive \/t\u032a\/ is equated with the English  voiceless dental fricative \/\u03b8\/.[25] Dental and retroflex voiced plosives are always rendered as \u27e8d\u27e9, though, presumably because \u27e8dh\u27e9 is not found as a representation of \/\u00f0\/ in English orthography.Use for the Pali language[edit]Many of the oldest manuscripts in the Pali language are written in the Sinhala script. Mi\u015bra consonants are used to represent Pali phonemes that have no Sinhala counterpart. The following table lays out the Sinhala representations of Pali consonants with their standard academic Romanizations:classunaspiratedunvoicedaspiratedvoicedaspiratedvoicednasalvelar\u0d9a (ka)\u0d9b (kha)\u0d9c (ga)\u0d9d (gha)\u0d9e (\u1e45a)palatal\u0da0 (ca)\u0da1 (cha)\u0da2 (ja)\u0da3 (jha)\u0da4 (\u00f1a)retroflex\u0da7 (\u1e6da)\u0da8 (\u1e6dha)\u0da9 (\u1e0da)\u0daa (\u1e0dha)\u0dab (\u1e47a)dental\u0dad (ta)\u0dae (tha)\u0daf (da)\u0db0 (dha)\u0db1 (na)labial\u0db4 (pa)\u0db5 (pha)\u0db6 (ba)\u0db7 (bha)\u0db8 (ma)unordered\u0dba (ya)\u0dbb (ra)\u0dbd (la)\u0dc0 (va)\u0dc3 (sa)\u0dc4 (ha)\u0dc5 (\u1e37a)The vowels are a subset of those for writing Sinhala:IndependentRomanizationDependent(on \u0d9a ka)Romanization\u0d85a\u0d9aka\u0d86\u0101\u0d9a\u0dcfk\u0101\u0d89i\u0d9a\u0dd2ki\u0d8a\u012b\u0d9a\u0dd3k\u012b\u0d8bu\u0d9a\u0dd4ku\u0d8c\u016b\u0d9a\u0dd6k\u016b\u0d91e\u0d9a\u0dd9ke\u0d94o\u0d9a\u0ddckoThe niggah\u012bta is represented with the sign \u0d82. Consonant sequences may be combined in ligatures in a manner identical to that described above for Sinhala.As an example, below is the first verse from the Dhammapada in Pali in Sinhala script, followed by Romanization:\u0db8\u0db1\u0ddc\u0db4\u0dd4\u0db6\u0dca\u200c\u0db6\u0d9e\u0dca\u200c\u0d9c\u0db8\u0dcf \u0db0\u0db8\u0dca\u200c\u0db8\u0dcf, \u0db8\u0db1\u0ddc\u0dc3\u0dd9\u0da7\u0dca\u200c\u0da8\u0dcf \u0db8\u0db1\u0ddc\u0db8\u0dba\u0dcf;\u0db8\u0db1\u0dc3\u0dcf \u0da0\u0dd9 \u0db4\u0daf\u0dd4\u0da7\u0dca\u200c\u0da8\u0dd9\u0db1, \u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc3\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dcf \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0ddc\u0dad\u0dd2 \u0dc0\u0dcf;\u0dad\u0dad\u0ddc \u0db1\u0d82 \u0daf\u0dd4\u0d9a\u0dca\u200c\u0d9b\u0db8\u0db1\u0dca\u200c\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0dad\u0dd2, \u0da0\u0d9a\u0dca\u200c\u0d9a\u0d82\u0dc0 \u0dc0\u0dc4\u0dad\u0ddc \u0db4\u0daf\u0d82.Manopubba\u1e45gam\u0101 dhamm\u0101, manose\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101 manomay\u0101;manas\u0101 ce padu\u1e6d\u1e6dhena bh\u0101sati v\u0101 karoti v\u0101;tato na\u1e41 dukkhamanveti cakka\u1e41va vahato pada\u1e41.\u2014\u2009Yamaka-vaggo 1Relation to other scripts[edit]SimilaritiesSinhala is one of the Brahmic scripts, and thus shares many similarities with other members of the family, such as the Kannada, Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil script and Devan\u0101gar\u012b. As a general example, \/a\/ is the inherent vowel in all these scripts.[2] Other similarities include the diacritic for \u27e8ai\u27e9, which resembles a doubled \u27e8e\u27e9 in all scripts and the diacritic for \u27e8au\u27e9 which is composed of preceding \u27e8e\u27e9 and following \u27e8\u1e37\u27e9.Likewise, the combination of the diacritics for \u27e8e\u27e9 and \u27e8\u0101\u27e9 yields \u27e8o\u27e9 in all these scripts.DifferencesSinhala alphabet differs from other Indo-Aryan alphabets in that it contains a pair of vowel sounds (U+0DD0 and U+0DD1 in the proposed Unicode Standard) that are unique to it. These are the two vowel sounds that are similar to the two vowel sounds that occur at the beginning of the English words at (\u0d87) and ant (\u0d88).[26]Another feature that distinguishes Sinhala from its sister Indo-Aryan languages is the presence of a set of five nasal sounds known as half-nasal or prenasalized stops.\u0d9f\u0da6\u0dac\u0db3\u0db9n\u0306gan\u0306jan\u0306\u1e0dan\u0306dan\u0306baComputer encoding[edit]  Sinhala language support in Linux. Firefox is shown in the background, with mlterm in the foreground with text having been entered into it by ibus-m17n.Generally speaking, Sinhala support is less developed than support for Devan\u0101gar\u012b, for instance. A recurring problem is the rendering of diacritics which precede the consonant and diacritic signs which come in different shapes, like the one for \u27e8u\u27e9.Sinhala support did not come built in with Microsoft Windows XP, unlike Tamil and Hindi, but was supported by third-party means such as Keyman by SIL International. Thereafter, all versions of Windows Vista and above, including Windows 10 come with Sinhala support by default, and do not require external fonts to be installed to read Sinhala script. Nirmala UI is the default Sinhala font in Windows 10. The latest versions of Windows 10 have added support for Sinhala Archaic Numbers that were not supported by default in previous versions.For macOS, Apple Inc. has provided Sinhala font support for versions of macOS that are Catalina and above through Unicode integration. Keyboard support is available by third-party means such as Helakuru and Keyman. In Mac OS X, Sinhala font and keyboard support were provided by Nickshanks and Xenotypetech.For Linux, the IBus, and SCIM input methods allow the use Sinhala script in applications with support for a number of key maps and techniques such as traditional, phonetic and assisted techniques.[27] In addition, newer versions of the Android mobile operating system also support both rendering and input of Sinhala script by default and applications like Helakuru serve as dedicated keyboard integrators.Unicode[edit]Sinhala script was added to the Unicode Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0.This character allocation has been adopted in Sri Lanka as the Standard SLS1134.The main Unicode block for Sinhala is U+0D80\u2013U+0DFF. Another block, Sinhala Archaic Numbers, was added to Unicode in version 7.0.0 in June 2014. Its range is U+111E0\u2013U+111FF.Sinhala[1][2]Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)\u00a00123456789ABCDEFU+0D8x\u0d81\u0d82\u0d83\u0d85\u0d86\u0d87\u0d88\u0d89\u0d8a\u0d8b\u0d8c\u0d8d\u0d8e\u0d8fU+0D9x\u0d90\u0d91\u0d92\u0d93\u0d94\u0d95\u0d96\u0d9a\u0d9b\u0d9c\u0d9d\u0d9e\u0d9fU+0DAx\u0da0\u0da1\u0da2\u0da3\u0da4\u0da5\u0da6\u0da7\u0da8\u0da9\u0daa\u0dab\u0dac\u0dad\u0dae\u0dafU+0DBx\u0db0\u0db1\u0db3\u0db4\u0db5\u0db6\u0db7\u0db8\u0db9\u0dba\u0dbb\u0dbdU+0DCx\u0dc0\u0dc1\u0dc2\u0dc3\u0dc4\u0dc5\u0dc6\u0dca\u0dcfU+0DDx\u0dd0\u0dd1\u0dd2\u0dd3\u0dd4\u0dd6\u0dd8\u0dd9\u0dda\u0ddb\u0ddc\u0ddd\u0dde\u0ddfU+0DEx\u0de6\u0de7\u0de8\u0de9\u0dea\u0deb\u0dec\u0ded\u0dee\u0defU+0DFx\u0df2\u0df3\u0df4Notes1.^ As of Unicode version 15.02.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code pointsSee also[edit]References[edit]^ a b c Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p.\u00a0389.^ a b c Daniels (1996), p. 408.^ Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. p.\u00a0143.^ Daniels (1996), p. 379.^ a b Cardona, George; Dhanesh, Jain (2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. p.\u00a0109.^ Ray, Himanshu Prabha (14 August 2003). The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN\u00a09780521011099.^ a b “The Sinhala Script”. Dalton Maag. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.^ Nordhoff S (2009). A grammar of Upcountry Sri Lanka Malay. Utrecht: LOT Publications. p.\u00a035. ISBN\u00a0978-94-6093-011-9.^ a b c d Gair and Paolillo 1997.^ Matzel (1983) p. 15, 17, 18^ a b Karunatillake (2004), p. xxxii^ Jayawardena-Moser (2004) p. 11^ Fairbanks et al. (1968), p. 126^ a b c Karunatillake (2004), p. xxxi^ Daniels (1996), p. 410.^ a b Matzel (1983), p. 8^ Matzel (1983), p. 14^ This letter is not used anywhere, neither in modern nor ancient Sinhala. Its usefulness is unclear, but it forms part of the standard alphabet .^ Fairbanks et al. (1968), p. 109^ a b Jayawardena-Moser  (2004), p. 12^ Fairbanks et al. (1968), p. 366^ Brigadier (Retd) B. Munasinghe (19 September 2004). “How ancient Sinhala Brahmi numerals were invented”. Sunday Observer. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2008.^ “Unicode Mail List Archive: Re: Sinhala numerals”. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 21 September 2008.^ Roland Russwurm. “Old Sinhala Numbers and Digits”. Sinhala Online. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2008.^ Matzel (1983), p. 16^ “Trilingual Sinhala-Tamil-English National Web Site of Sri Lanka”. 3 January 2016.^ A screenshot showing some of the optionsFurther reading[edit]Coperahewa, Sandagomi. Sinhala Akuru Puranaya [Chronicle of Sinhala Letters] Nugegoda: Sarasavi, 2018.Daniels, Peter T. (1996). “Sinhala alphabet”. The World’s Writing Systems. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a00-19-507993-0.Fairbanks, G. W.; J. W. Gair; M. W. S. D. Silva (1968). Colloquial Sinhalese (Sinhala). Ithaca, NY: South Asia Programm, Cornell University.Gair, J. W.; John C. Paolillo (1997). Sinhala. M\u00fcnchen, Newcastle: South Asia Programm, Cornell University.Geiger, Wilhelm (1995). A Grammar of the Sinhalese Language. New Delhi: AES Reprint.Jayawardena-Moser, Premalatha (2004). Grundwortschatz Singhalesisch \u2013 Deutsch (3\u00a0ed.). Wiesbaden: Harassowitz.Karunatillake, W. S. (1992). An Introduction to Spoken Sinhala ([several new editions]\u00a0ed.). Colombo.Matzel, Klaus (1983). Einf\u00fchrung in die singhalesische Sprache. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.External links[edit]Online resources"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/2019\/08\/02\/sinhala-script-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Sinhala script – Wikipedia"}}]}]