[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/ae-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/ae-wikipedia\/","headline":"\u00c6 – Wikipedia","name":"\u00c6 – Wikipedia","description":"Letter of the Latin alphabet This article is about the Latin-script ligature. For the Cyrillic letter, see \u04d4. For other","datePublished":"2019-05-07","dateModified":"2019-05-07","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3e\/Latin_alphabet_%C3%86%C3%A6.svg\/220px-Latin_alphabet_%C3%86%C3%A6.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3e\/Latin_alphabet_%C3%86%C3%A6.svg\/220px-Latin_alphabet_%C3%86%C3%A6.svg.png","height":"44","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/ae-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":6293,"articleBody":"Letter of the Latin alphabetThis article is about the Latin-script ligature. For the Cyrillic letter, see \u04d4. For other uses, see AE.    \u00c6 (lowercase: \u00e6) is a character formed from the letters a and e, originally a ligature representing the Latin diphthong ae. It has been promoted to the status of a letter in some languages, including Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and Faroese. It was also used in Old Swedish before being changed to \u00e4. The modern International Phonetic Alphabet uses it to represent the near-open front unrounded vowel (the sound represented by the ‘a’ in the English word cat). Diacritic variants include \u01e2\/\u01e3, \u01fc\/\u01fd, \u00c6\u0300\/\u00e6\u0300, \u00c6\u0302\/\u00e6\u0302 and \u00c6\u0303\/\u00e6\u0303.[a]As a letter of the Old English Latin alphabet, it was called \u00e6sc, “ash tree”,[1] after the Anglo-Saxon futhorc rune \u16ab which it transliterated; its traditional name in English is still ash, or \u00e6sh if the ligature is included.  Vanuatu’s domestic airline operated under the name Air Melanesi\u00e6 in the 1970s.  Table of ContentsLanguages[edit]Latin[edit]French[edit]English[edit]Other Germanic languages[edit]Ossetic[edit]South American languages[edit]International Phonetic Alphabet[edit]Cyrillic[edit]Typing the character[edit]Unicode[edit]See also[edit]Notes[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]Languages[edit]Latin[edit]In Classical Latin, the combination AE denotes the diphthong [ae\u032f], which had a value similar to the long i in fine as pronounced in most dialects of Modern English.[2] Both classical and present practice is to write the letters separately, but the ligature was used in medieval and early modern writings, in part because \u00e6 was reduced to the simple vowel [\u025b] during the Roman Empire. In some medieval scripts, the ligature was simplified to \u0119, an e with ogonek, called the e caudata (Latin for “tailed e”). That was further simplified into a plain e, which may have influenced or been influenced by the pronunciation change. However, the ligature is still relatively common in liturgical books and musical scores.French[edit]In the modern French alphabet, \u00e6 (called a “e-dans-l’a” (“e in the a”)) is used to spell Latin and Greek borrowings like curriculum vit\u00e6, et c\u00e6tera, ex \u00e6quo, t\u00e6nia, and the first name L\u00e6titia. It is mentioned in the name of Serge Gainsbourg’s song Elaeudanla T\u00e9\u00eft\u00e9\u00efa, a reading of the French spelling of the name L\u00e6titia: “L, A, E dans l’A, T, I, T, I, A.”[citation needed]English[edit]  In English, usage of the ligature varies between different places and contexts, but it is fairly rare. In modern typography, if technological limitations make the use of \u00e6 difficult (such as in use of typewriters, telegraphs, or ASCII), the digraph ae is often used instead.In the United States, the issue of the ligature is sidestepped in many cases by use of a simplified spelling with “e”, as happened with \u0153 as well. Usage, however, may vary; for example, medieval is now more common than mediaeval (and the now old-fashioned medi\u00e6val) even in the United Kingdom,[3] but archaeology is preferred over archeology, even in the US.[4]Given their long history, ligatures are sometimes used to show archaism or in literal quotations of historic sources; for instance, in those contexts, words such as d\u00e6mon and \u00e6ther are often so spelled.The ligature is seen on gravestones of the 19th century, short for \u00e6tate (“at the age (of)”): “\u00c6 xxYs, yyMs, zzDs.” It is also common[citation needed] in formal typography (invitations, resolutions, announcements, and some government documents); for example, the Court Circular has continued to use the spelling orthop\u00e6dic[5][better\u00a0source\u00a0needed] well into the 21st century.In numismatics, “\u00c6” is used as an abbreviation for “bronze”,[6] derived from the Latin aes (aere in the ablative, “from bronze”).In Old English, \u00e6 represented a sound between a and e (\/\u00e6\/), very much like the short a of cat in many dialects of Modern English. If long vowels are distinguished from short vowels, the long version \/\u00e6\u02d0\/ is marked with a macron (\u01e3) or, less commonly, an acute (\u01fd).Other Germanic languages[edit]In Old Norse, \u00e6 represents the long vowel \/\u025b\u02d0\/. The short version of the same vowel, \/\u025b\/, if it is distinguished from \/e\/, is written as \u0119.In most varieties of Faroese, \u00e6 is pronounced as follows:[\u025ba] when simultaneously stressed and occurring either word-finally, before a vowel letter, before a single consonant letter, or before the consonant-letter groups kl, kr, pl, pr, tr, kj, tj, sj, and those consisting of \u00f0 and one other consonant letter, except for \u00f0r when pronounced like gr (except as below)a rather open [e\u02d0] when directly followed by the sound [a], as in r\u00e6\u00f0ast (silent \u00f0) and fr\u00e6gari (silent g)[a] in all other casesOne of its etymological origins is Old Norse \u00e9 (the other is Old Norse \u00e6), which is particularly evident in the dialects of Su\u00f0uroy, where \u00c6 is [e\u02d0] or [\u025b]:In Icelandic, \u00e6 represents the diphthong [ai], which can be long or short.In Danish and Norwegian, \u00e6 is a separate letter of the alphabet that represents a monophthong. It follows z and precedes \u00f8 and \u00e5. In Norwegian, there are four ways of pronouncing the letter:\/\u00e6\u02d0\/ as in \u00e6 (the name of the letter), b\u00e6r, Solskj\u00e6r, l\u00e6ring, \u00e6ra, \u00c6nes, \u00e6rlig, t\u00e6rne, Kv\u00e6rner, D\u00e6hlie, s\u00e6rs, \u00e6rfugl, l\u00e6rt, tr\u00e6r (“trees”)\/\u00e6\/ as in f\u00e6rre, \u00e6sj, n\u00e6rmere, F\u00e6rder, Skj\u00e6rv\u00f8, \u00e6rverdig, v\u00e6rt, l\u00e6rd, Br\u00e6in (where \u00e6i is pronounced as a diphthong \/\u00e6i\/)\/e\u02d0\/ as in S\u00e6ther, N\u00e6ser, S\u00e6b\u00f8, g\u00e6lisk, sp\u00e6lsau, bev\u00e6pne, s\u00e6d, \u00e6ser, C\u00e6sar, v\u00e6te, tr\u00e6r (“thread(s)” [verb])\/e\/ as in S\u00e6th, N\u00e6ss, Br\u00e6nne, B\u00e6kkelund, Volleb\u00e6k, v\u00e6ske, tr\u00e6dd  West of the red line through Jutland, classic Danish dialects use \u00e6 as the definite article. Additionally, the northernmost and southernmost of that area use \u00c6 as the first person singular pronoun I. The two words are different vowels.In many northern, western, and southwestern Norwegian dialects and in the western Danish dialects of Thy and Southern Jutland, the word “I” (Norwegian: jeg, Danish: jeg) is pronounced \/\u00e6\u02d0\/.[citation needed] Thus, when this word is written as it is pronounced in these dialects (rather than the standard), it is often spelled with the letter “\u00e6”.In western and southern Jutish dialects of Danish, \u00e6 is also the proclitic definite article: \u00e6 hus (the house), as opposed to Standard Danish and all other Nordic varieties which have enclitic definite articles (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian: huset; Icelandic, Faroese: h\u00fasi\u00f0 [the house]).The equivalent letter in German, Swedish, and Finnish is \u00e4, but it is not located at the same place within the alphabet. In German, it is not a separate letter from “A” but in Swedish and Finnish, it is the second-to-last letter (between \u00e5 and \u00f6).In the normalized spelling of Middle High German, \u00e6 represents a long vowel [\u025b\u02d0]. The actual spelling in the manuscripts varies, however.Ossetic[edit]  Ossetic Latin script; part of a page from a book published in 1935Ossetic used the letter \u00e6 when it was written using the Latin script from 1923 to 1938. Since then, Ossetian has used a Cyrillic alphabet with an identical-looking letter (\u04d4 and \u04d5). It is pronounced as a mid-central vowel (schwa).South American languages[edit]The letter \u00e6 is used in the official orthography of Kaw\u00e9sqar spoken in Chile and also in that of the Fuegian language Yaghan.International Phonetic Alphabet[edit]The symbol [\u00e6] is also used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to denote a near-open front unrounded vowel like in the word cat in many dialects of Modern English, which is the sound that was most likely represented by the Old English letter. In the IPA, it is always in lowercase. U+10783 \ud801\udf83 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL AE is a superscript IPA letter[7]The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA) uses four additional \u00e6-related symbols, see Unicode table below.[8]Cyrillic[edit]The Latin letters are frequently used in place of the Cyrillic \u04d4 and \u04d5 in Cyrillic texts (such as on Ossetian sites on the Internet).Typing the character[edit]  Nordic+Danish keyboard with keys for \u00c6 and \u00d8. Danish layout uses the white and the Norwegian layout the green ones.  The HTML entities are Æ and æWindows: Alt+0198 or Alt+146 for uppercase, Alt+0230 or Alt+145 for lowercase.In the TeX typesetting system, \u04d5 is produced by ae.Microsoft Word: Ctrl+\u21e7 Shift+& followed by A or a.X: Composeae and ComposeAE can be used.In all versions of the Mac OS (Systems 1 through 7, Mac OS 8 and 9, OS X, macOS 11 and 12, and the current macOS 13): \u00e6: \u2325 Option+' (apostrophe key), \u00c6: \u2325 Option+\u21e7 Shift+'.On the iPhone, iPod touch and iPad, as well as phones running Google’s Android OS or Windows Mobile OS and on the Kindle Touch and Paperwhite: hold down “A” until a small menu is displayed.On US-International keyboards, \u00c6 is accessible with AltGr+z (X sometimes uses AltGr+a.The Icelandic keyboard layout has a separate key for \u00c6 (and \u00d0, \u00de and \u00d6).The Norwegian keyboard layout also has a separate key for \u00c6, rightmost of the letters, to the right of \u00d8 and below \u00c5.In Vim the digraph is ‘AE’ for \u00c6 and ‘ae’ for \u00e6. (Press Ctrl-K in Insert mode.)Unicode[edit]U+00C6 \u00c6 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AEU+00E6 \u00e6 LATIN SMALL LETTER AEU+01E2 \u01e2 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE WITH MACRONU+01E3 \u01e3 LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH MACRONU+01FC \u01fc LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE WITH ACUTEU+01FD \u01fd LATIN SMALL LETTER AE WITH ACUTEU+06D5 \u06d5 ARABIC LETTER AEU+0E41 \u0e41 THAI CHARACTER SARA AEU+1162 \u1162 HANGUL JUNGSEONG AEU+16C5 \u16c5 RUNIC LETTER LONG-BRANCH-AR AEU+17C2 \u17c2 KHMER VOWEL SIGN AEU+19B6 \u19b6 NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN AEU+1A1B \u1a1b BUGINESE VOWEL SIGN AEU+1A6F \u1a6f TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AEU+1B86 \u1b86 SUNDANESE LETTER AEU+1D01 \u1d01 LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL AE (UPA)U+1D02 \u1d02 LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED AE (UPA)U+1D2D \u1d2d MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL AE (UPA)U+1D46 \u1d46 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TURNED AE (UPA)U+1DD4 \u25cc\u1dd4 COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AEU+3150 \u3150 HANGUL LETTER AEU+318E \u318e HANGUL LETTER ARAEAEU+A4EF \ua4ef LISU LETTER AEU+A79A \ua79a LATIN CAPITAL LETTER VOLAPUK AEU+A79B \ua79b LATIN SMALL LETTER VOLAPUK AEU+FFC3 \uffc3 HALFWIDTH HANGUL LETTER AEU+10783 \ud801\udf83 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL AE (IPA)U+10B06 \ud802\udf06 AVESTAN LETTER AEU+10C02 \ud803\udc02 OLD TURKIC LETTER YENISEI AEU+16F73 \ud81b\udf73 MIAO VOWEL SIGN AEU+1E2AB \ud838\udeab TOTO LETTER AEU+1E2AC \ud838\udeac TOTO LETTER BREATHY AESee also[edit]Notes[edit]References[edit]^ Harrison, James A.; Baskervill, W. M., eds. (1885). “\u00e6sc”. A Handy Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on Groschopp’s Grein. A. S. Barnes. p.\u00a011.^ James Morwood (1999). Latin Grammar, Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-860199-9, p. 3^ The spelling medieval is given priority in both Oxford and Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Accessed September 22, 2014.^ Merriam-Webster Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Accessed September 22, 2014.^ Online search, February 2021[permanent dead link]^ David Sear. Greek Imperial Coins and Their Values. Spink Books, 1982. ISBN\u00a09781912667352 p. xxxv.^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). “L2\/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic” (PDF).^ Everson, Michael;  et\u00a0al. (2002-03-20). “L2\/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS” (PDF).Further reading[edit]External links[edit]"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/ae-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"\u00c6 – Wikipedia"}}]}]