Letter or Digraph [A]
Use & Pronunciation
Unicode
i’jam & other additions
Shape
Similar Arabic Letter(s)
U+
[B] [C] above
below
پ
پـ ـپـ ـپ
Pe , used to represent the phoneme /p/ in Persian, Pashto, Punjabi, Khowar, Sindhi, Urdu, Kurdish, Kashmiri; it can be used in Arabic to describe the phoneme /p/ otherwise it is normalized to /b/ ب e.g. پول Paul also written بول
U+067E
﮹
none
3 dots
ٮ
ب
ݐ
ݐـ ـݐـ ـݐ
used to represent the equivalent of the Latin letter Ƴ (palatalized glottal stop /ʔʲ/ ) in some African languages such as Fulfulde.
U+0750
﮳﮳﮳
none
3 dots (horizontal)
ٮ
ب
ٻ
ٻـ ـٻـ ـٻ
B̤ē , used to represent a voiced bilabial implosive /ɓ/ in Hausa, Sindhi and Saraiki.
U+067B
﮾
none
2 dots (vertically)
ٮ
ب
ڀ
ڀـ ـڀـ ـڀ
represents an aspirated voiced bilabial plosive /bʱ/ in Sindhi.
U+0680
﮻
none
4 dots
ٮ
ب
ٺ
ٺـ ـٺـ ـٺ
Ṭhē , represents the aspirated voiceless retroflex plosive /ʈʰ/ in Sindhi.
U+067A
﮽
2 dots (vertically)
none
ٮ
ت
ټ
ټـ ـټـ ـټ
Ṭē , used to represent the phoneme /ʈ/ in Pashto.
U+067C
﮿
﮴
2 dots
ring
ٮ
ت
ٽ
ٽـ ـٽـ ـٽ
Ṭe , used to represent the phoneme (a voiceless retroflex plosive /ʈ/ ) in Sindhi
U+067D
﮸
3 dots (inverted)
none
ٮ
ت
ﭦ
ٹـ ـٹـ ـٹ
Ṭe , used to represent Ṭ (a voiceless retroflex plosive /ʈ/ ) in Punjabi, Kashmiri, Urdu.
U+0679
◌ؕ
small ط
none
ٮ
ت
ٿ
ٿـ ـٿـ ـٿ
Teheh , used in Sindhi and Rajasthani (when written in Sindhi alphabet); used to represent the phoneme /t͡ɕʰ/ (pinyin q ) in Chinese Xiao’erjing.
U+067F
﮺
4 dots
none
ٮ
ت
ڄ
ڄـ ـڄـ ـڄ
represents the “c” voiceless dental affricate /t͡s/ phoneme in Bosnian.
U+0684
﮾
none
2 dots (vertically)
ح
ج
ڃ
ڃـ ـڃـ ـڃ
represents the “ć” voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/ phoneme in Bosnian.
U+0683
﮵
none
2 dots
ح
ح ج
چ
چـ ـچـ ـچ
Che , used to represent /t͡ʃ/ (“ch”). It is used in Persian, Pashto, Punjabi, Urdu, Kashmiri and Kurdish. /ʒ/ in Egypt.
U+0686
﮹
none
3 dots
ح
ج
څ
څـ ـڅـ ـڅ
Ce , used to represent the phoneme /t͡s/ in Pashto.
U+0685
﮶
3 dots
none
ح
ج خ ح
ݗ
ݗـ ـݗـ ـݗ
represents the “đ” voiced alveolo-palatal affricate /d͡ʑ/ phoneme in Bosnian.
U+0757
﮴
2 dots
none
ح
ح
ځ
ځـ ـځـ ـځ
Źim , used to represent the phoneme /d͡z/ in Pashto.
U+0681
◌ٔ
Hamza
none
ح
ج خ ح
ݙ
ݙ ـݙ
used in Saraiki to represent a Voiced alveolar implosive /ɗ̢/ .
U+0759
﯀
﮾
small ط
2 dots (vertically)
د
د
ڊ
ڊ ـڊ
used in Saraiki to represent a voiced retroflex implosive /ᶑ/ .
U+068A
﮳
none
1 dot
د
د
ڈ
ڈ ـڈ
Ḍal , used to represent a Ḍ (a voiced retroflex plosive /ɖ/ ) in Punjabi, Kashmiri and Urdu.
U+0688
◌ؕ
small ط
none
د
د
ڌ
ڌ ـڌ
Dhal , used to represent the phoneme /d̪ʱ/ in Sindhi
U+068C
﮴
2 dots
none
د
د
ډ
ډ ـډ
Ḍal , used to represent the phoneme /ɖ/ in Pashto.
U+0689
﮿
none
ring
د
د
ڑ
ڑ ـڑ
Ṛe , represents a retroflex flap /ɽ/ in Punjabi and Urdu.
U+0691
◌ؕ
small ط
none
ر
ر
ړ
ړ ـړ
Ṛe , used to represent a retroflex lateral flap in Pashto.
U+0693
﮿
none
ring
ر
ر
ݫ
ݫ ـݫ
used in Ormuri to represent a voiced alveolo-palatal fricative /ʑ/ , as well as in Torwali.
U+076B
﮽
2 dots (vertically)
none
ر
ر
ژ
ژ ـژ
Že / zhe , used to represent the voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ in, Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, Urdu, Punjabi and Uyghur.
U+0698
﮶
3 dots
none
ر
ز
ږ
ږ ـږ
Ǵe / ẓ̌e , used to represent the phoneme /ʐ/ /ɡ/ /ʝ/ in Pashto.
U+0696
﮲
﮳
1 dot
1 dot
ر
ز
ڕ
ڕ ـڕ
used in Kurdish to represent rr /r/ in Soranî dialect.
U+0695
ٚ
none
V pointing down
ر
ر
ݭ
ݭـ ـݭـ ـݭ
used in Kalami to represent a voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/ , and in Ormuri to represent a voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative /ɕ/.
U+076D
﮽
2 dots vertically
none
س
س
ݜ
ݜـ ـݜـ ـݜ
used in Shina to represent a voiceless retroflex fricative /ʂ/ .
U+075C
﮺
4 dots
none
س
ش س
ښ
ښـ ـښـ ـښ
X̌īn / ṣ̌īn , used to represent the phoneme /x/ /ʂ/ /ç/ in Pashto.
U+069A
﮲
﮳
1 dot
1 dot
س
ش س
ڜ
ڜـ ـڜـ ـڜ
Unofficially used to represent Spanish words with /t͡ʃ/ in Morocco.
U+069C
﮶
﮹
3 dots
3 dots
س
ش س
ڨ
ڨـ ـڨـ ـڨ
Ga , used to represent the voiced velar plosive /ɡ/ in Algerian and Tunisian.
U+06A8
﮶
3 dots
none
ٯ
ق
گ
گـ ـگـ ـگ
Gaf , represents a voiced velar plosive /ɡ/ in Persian, Pashto, Punjabi, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Kurdish, Uyghur, Mesopotamian, Urdu and Ottoman Turkish.
U+06AF
line
horizontal line
none
گ
ك
ګ
ګـ ـګـ ـګ
Gaf , used to represent the phoneme /ɡ/ in Pashto.
U+06AB
﮿
ring
none
ک
ك
ݢ
ݢـ ـݢـ ـݢ
Gaf , represents a voiced velar plosive /ɡ/ in the Jawi script of Malay.
U+0762
﮲
1 dot
none
ک
ك
ڬ
ڬـ ـڬـ ـڬ
U+06AC
﮲
1 dot
none
ك
ك
ؼ
ؼـ ـؼـ ـؼ
Gaf , represents a voiced velar plosive /ɡ/ in the Pegon script of Indonesian.
U+08B4
﮳
none
1 dot
ك
ك
ڭ
ڭـ ـڭـ ـڭ
Ng , used to represent the /ŋ/ phone in Ottoman Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uyghur, and to unofficially represent the /ɡ/ in Morocco and in many dialects of Algerian.
U+06AD
﮶
3 dots
none
ك
ك
أي
أيـ ـأيـ ـأي
Ee , used to represent the phoneme /eː/ in Somali.
U+0623 U+064A
◌ٔ
﮵
Hamza
2 dots
اى
أ ي
ئ
ئـ ـئـ ـئ
E , used to represent the phoneme /e/ in Somali.
U+0626
◌ٔ
Hamza
none
ى
ي ی
ىٓ
ىٓـ ـىٓـ ـىٓ
Ii , used to represent the phoneme /iː/ in Somali and Saraiki.
U+0649 U+0653
◌ٓ
Madda
none
ى
ي
ؤ
ؤ ـؤ
O , used to represent the phoneme /o/ in Somali.
U+0624
◌ٔ
Hamza
none
و
ؤ
ۅ
ۅ ـۅ
Ö , used to represent the phoneme /ø/ in Kyrgyz.
U+0624
◌̵
Strikethrough[D]
none
و
و
ې
ېـ ـېـ ـې
Pasta Ye , used to represent the phoneme /e/ in Pashto and Uyghur.
U+06D0
﮾
none
2 dots vertical
ى
ي
ی
یـ ـیـ ـی
Nārīna Ye , used to represent the phoneme [ɑj] and phoneme /j/ in Pashto.
U+06CC
﮵
2 dots
none
ى
ي
ۍ
ـۍ
end
X̌əźīna ye Ye , used to represent the phoneme [əi] in Pashto.
U+06CD
line
horizontal
none
ى
ي
ئ
ئـ ـئـ ـئ
Fāiliya Ye , used to represent the phoneme [əi] and /j/ in Pashto, Punjabi, Saraiki and Urdu
U+0626
◌ٔ
Hamza
none
ى
ي ى
أو
أو ـأو
Oo , used to represent the phoneme /oː/ in Somali.
U+0623 U+0648
◌ٔ
Hamza
none
او
أ و
ﻭٓ
ﻭٓ ـﻭٓ
Uu , used to represent the phoneme /uː/ in Somali.
ﻭ + ◌ٓ U+0648 U+0653
◌ٓ
Madda
none
و
ﻭ ◌ٓ
ڳ
ڳـ ـڳـ ـڳ
represents a voiced velar implosive /ɠ/ in Sindhi and Saraiki
U+06B1
﮾
horizontal
2 dots
گ
ك
ڱ
ڱـ ـڱـ ـڱ
represents the Velar nasal /ŋ/ phoneme in Sindhi.
U+06B1
﮴
2 dots + horizontal
none
گ
ك
ک
کـ ـکـ ـک
Khē , represents /kʰ/ in Sindhi.
U+06A9
none
none
none
ک
ك
ڪ
ڪـ ـڪـ ـڪ
“Swash kāf” is a stylistic variant of ك in Arabic, but represents un- aspirated /k/ in Sindhi.
U+06AA
none
none
none
ڪ
ك ڪ
ݣ
ݣـ ـݣـ ـݣ
used to represent the phoneme /ŋ/ (pinyin ng ) in Chinese.
U+0763
﮹
none
3 dots
ک
ك
ڼ
ڼـ ـڼـ ـڼ
represents the retroflex nasal /ɳ/ phoneme in Pashto.
U+06BC
ں
﮿
﮲
1 dot
ring
ن
ڻ
ڻـ ـڻـ ـڻ
represents the retroflex nasal /ɳ/ phoneme in Sindhi.
U+06BB
◌ؕ
small ط
none
ں
ن
ݨ
ݨـ ـݨـ ـݨ
used in Punjabi to represent /ɳ/ and Saraiki to represent /ɲ/ .
U+0768
﮲
﯀
1 dot + small ط
none
ں
ن
ڽ
ڽـ ـڽـ ـڽ
Nya /ɲ/ in the Jawi script.
U+06BD
﮶
3 dots
none
ں
ن
ۑ
ۑـ ـۑـ ـۑ
Nya /ɲ/ in the Pegon script.
U+06D1
﮹
none
3 dots
ى
ى
ڠ
ڠـ ـڠـ ـڠ
Nga /ŋ/ in the Jawi script and Pegon script.
U+06A0
﮶
3 dots
none
ع
غ
ݪ
ݪـ ـݪـ ـݪ
used in Marwari to represent a retroflex lateral flap /ɺ̢/ , and in Kalami to represent a voiceless lateral fricative /ɬ/ .
U+076A
line
horizontal
none
ل
ل
ࣇ
ࣇ ࣇ ࣇ ࣇ لؕ – is used in Punjabi to represent voiced retroflex lateral approximant /ɭ/[40] U+08C7
◌ؕ
small ط
none
ل
ل
لؕ
لؕـ ـلؕـ ـلؕ
U+0644 U+0615
ڥ
ڥـ ـڥـ ـڥ
Vi , used in Algerian Arabic and Tunisian Arabic when written in Arabic script to represent the sound /v/ (unofficial).
U+06A5
﮹
none
3 dots
ڡ
ف
ڤ
ڤـ ـڤـ ـڤ
Ve , used in by some Arabic speakers to represent the phoneme /v/ in loanwords, and in the Kurdish language when written in Arabic script to represent the sound /v/ . Also used as pa /p/ in the Jawi script and Pegon script.
U+06A4
﮶
3 dots
none
ڡ
ف
ۏ
ۏ ـۏ
Va in the Jawi script.
U+06CF
﮲
1 dot
none
و
و
ۋ
ۋ ـۋ
represents a voiced labiodental fricative /v/ in Kyrgyz, Uyghur, and Old Tatar; and /w, ʊw, ʉw/ in Kazakh; also formerly used in Nogai.
U+06CB
﮶
3 dots
none
و
و
ۆ
ۆ ـۆ
represents “O” /o/ in Kurdish, and in Uyghur it represents the sound similar to the French eu and œu /ø/ sound. It represents the “у” close back rounded vowel /u/ phoneme in Bosnian.
U+06C6
◌ٚ
V pointing down
none
و
و
ۇ
ۇ ـۇ
U , used to represents the Close back rounded vowel /u/ phoneme in Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Uyghur.
U+06C7
◌ُ
Damma [E] none
و
و
ێ
ێـ ـێـ ـێ
represents Ê or É /e/ in Kurdish.
U+06CE
◌ٚ
V pointing down
2 dots
ى
ي
ھ ھ
ھـ ـھـ ـھ ھھھ
Do-chashmi he (two-eyed hāʼ), used in digraphs for aspiration /ʰ/ and breathy voice /ʱ/ in Punjabi and Urdu. Also used to represent /h/ in Kazakh, Sorani and Uyghur.[F] U+06BE
none
none
none
ھ
ه
ە
ە ـە
Ae , used represent /æ/ and /ɛ/ in Kazakh, Sorani and Uyghur.
U+06D5
none
none
none
ھ
إ
ے
ـے
end
Baṛī ye (‘big yāʼ’ ), is a stylistic variant of ي in Arabic, but represents “ai” or “e” /ɛː/ , /eː/ in Urdu and Punjabi.
U+06D2
none
none
none
ے
ي
ڞ ڞـ ـڞـ ـڞ
used to represent the phoneme /tsʰ/ (pinyin c ) in Chinese.
U+069E
﮶
3 dots
none
ص
ص ض
ط
طـ ـطـ ـط
used to represent the phoneme /t͡s/ (pinyin z ) in Chinese.
U+0637
ط
ط
ۉ
ۉ ـۉ
represents the “o” open-mid back rounded vowel /ɔ/ phoneme in Bosnian.
U+06C9
◌ٛ
V pointing up
none
و
و
ݩ
ݩـ ـݩـ ـݩ
represents the “nj” palatal nasal /ɲ/ phoneme in Bosnian.
U+0769
﮲
◌ٚ
1 dot V pointing down
none
ں
ن
ڵ
ڵـ ـڵـ ـڵ
used in Kurdish to represent ll /ɫ/ in Soranî dialect.
U+06B5
◌ٚ
V pointing down
none
ل
ل
ڵ
ڵـ ـڵـ ـڵ
represents the “lj” palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/ phoneme in Bosnian.
U+06B5
◌ٚ
V pointing down
none
ل
ل
اٖى
اٖىـ ـاٖىـ ـاٖى
represents the “i” close front unrounded vowel /i/ phoneme in Bosnian.
U+0627 U+0656 U+0649
◌ٖ
Alef
none
اى
اٖ ى
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