[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/attic-numerals-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/attic-numerals-wikipedia\/","headline":"Attic numerals – Wikipedia","name":"Attic numerals – Wikipedia","description":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Symbolic number notation used by the ancient Greeks Detail of stela showing tributes paid by","datePublished":"2017-06-18","dateModified":"2017-06-18","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Semi-protection-shackle.svg\/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Semi-protection-shackle.svg\/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png","height":"20","width":"20"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/attic-numerals-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4173,"articleBody":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaSymbolic number notation used by the ancient Greeks  Detail of stela showing tributes paid by allies of Athens in the League of Delos. The amounts are in Attic numerals, using the drachma sign “\ud800\udd42” instead of the generic unit sign “\u0399”. Some amounts are “\ud800\udd44” = 50, “\u0397\u0397\u0397” = 300, “\ud800\udd45\u0397\u0397\u0397” = 800, “\u0394\u0394\u0394\ud800\udd42\ud800\udd42\ud800\udd42” = 33, “\u03a7” = 1000, and “\u03a7\ud800\udd45\ud800\udd44\u0394\ud800\udd42\ud800\udd42”? = 1562?.  Plaque above the main entrance to the orphanage, which later became a prison, on the Greek island of Aegina. The ancient Greek inscription translates as \u201cThe Governor erected this orphanage in the year 1828\u201d. The year is shown as \u03a7\ud800\udd45\u0397\u0397\u0397\u0394\u0394\u03a0\u0399\u0399\u0399.The Attic numerals are a symbolic number notation used by the ancient Greeks.  They were also known as Herodianic numerals because they were first described in a 2nd-century manuscript by Herodian; or as acrophonic numerals (from acrophony) because the basic symbols derive from the first letters of the (ancient) Greek words that the symbols represented.The Attic numerals were a decimal (base 10) system, like the older Egyptian and the later Etruscan, Roman, and Hindu-Arabic systems. Namely, the number to be represented was broken down into simple multiples (1 to 9) of powers of ten \u2014 units, tens, hundred, thousands, etc..  Then these parts were written down in sequence, in order of decreasing value. As in the basic Roman system, each part was written down using a combination of two symbols, representing one and five times that power of ten.Attic numerals were adopted possibly starting in the 7th century BCE and although presently called Attic, they or variations thereof were universally used by the Greeks. No other numeral system is known to have been used on Attic inscriptions before the Common Era.[1][2] Their replacement by the classic Greek numerals started in other parts of the Greek World around the 3rd century BCE. They are believed to have served as model for the Etruscan number system, although the two were nearly contemporary and the symbols are not obviously related.[citation needed]Table of ContentsThe systemSymbolsSpecial symbolsThe symbol for 100Simple multiples of powers of tenGeneral numbersUnicodeSee alsoNotes and referencesThe systemSymbolsThe Attic numerals used the following main symbols, with the given values:[1][2]ValueSymbolTalentsStatersNotesEtruscanRoman1\u0399Tally mark?\ud800\udf20I5\u03a0\ud800\udd48\ud800\udd4fOld Greek: \u03a0\u0395\u039d\u03a4\u0395 [p\u025bnt\u025b] Modern: \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\ud800\udf21V10\u0394\ud800\udd49\ud800\udd50Old Greek: \u0394\u0395\u039a\u0391 [deka] Modern: \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\ud800\udf22X50\ud800\udd4a\ud800\udd51“\u0394” in “\u03a0”: 10 \u00d7 5 = 50\ud800\udf23L100\u0397\ud800\udd4b\ud800\udd52Old Greek: \u0397\u0395\u039a\u0391\u03a4\u039f\u039d [h\u025bkaton] Modern: \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\ud800\udf1fC500\ud800\udd4c\ud800\udd53“\u0397” in “\u03a0”: 100 \u00d7 5 = 500?D1000\u03a7\ud800\udd4d\ud800\udd54Old Greek: \u03a7\u0399\u039b\u0399\u039f\u0399 [k\u02b0ilioi] Modern: \u03c7\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9?M5000\ud800\udd4e“\u03a7” in “\u03a0”: 1000 \u00d7 5 = 5000?V10000\u039c\ud800\udd55Old Greek: \u039c\u03a5\u03a1\u0399\u039f\u0399 [myrioi] Modern: \u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9?X50000\ud800\udd56“\u039c” in “\u03a0”: 10000 \u00d7 5 = 50000?LThe symbols representing 50, 500, 5000, and 50000 were composites of an old form of the capital letter pi (with a short right leg) and a tiny version of the applicable power of ten. For example, \ud800\udd46 was five times one thousand.Special symbolsThe fractions “one half” and “one quarter” were written “\ud800\udd41” and “\ud800\udd40”, respectively.The symbols were slightly modified when used to encode amounts in talents (with a small capital tau, “\u03a4”) or in staters (with a small capital sigma, “\u03a3”). Specific numeral symbols were used to represent one drachma (“\ud800\udd42”) and ten minas “\ud800\udd57”.The symbol for 100The use of “\u0397” (capital eta) for 100 reflects the early date of this numbering system.  In the Greek language of the time, the word for a hundred would be pronounced [h\u025bkaton] (with a “rough aspirated” sound \/h\/) and written “\u0397\u0395\u039a\u0391\u03a4\u039f\u039d”, because “\u0397” represented the sound \/h\/ in the Attic alphabet. In later, “classical” Greek, with the adoption of the Ionic alphabet throughout the majority of Greece, the letter eta had come to represent the long e sound while the rough aspiration was no longer marked.[3][4] It was not until Aristophanes of Byzantium introduced the various accent markings during the Hellenistic period that the spiritus asper began to represent \/h\/, resulting in the spelling \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd.[5]Simple multiples of powers of tenMultiples 1 to 9 of each power of ten were written by combining the two corresponding “1” and “5” digits, namely:Units\u0399IIIIIIIII\u03a0\u03a0I\u03a0II\u03a0III\u03a0IIII123456789Tens\u0394\u0394\u0394\u0394\u0394\u0394\u0394\u0394\u0394\u0394\ud800\udd44\ud800\udd44\u0394\ud800\udd44\u0394\u0394\ud800\udd44\u0394\u0394\u0394\ud800\udd44\u0394\u0394\u0394\u0394102030405060708090Hundreds\u0397\u0397\u0397\u0397\u0397\u0397\u0397\u0397\u0397\u0397\ud800\udd45\ud800\udd45\u0397\ud800\udd45\u0397\u0397\ud800\udd45\u0397\u0397\u0397\ud800\udd45\u0397\u0397\u0397\u0397100200300400500600700800900Thousands\u03a7\u03a7\u03a7\u03a7\u03a7\u03a7\u03a7\u03a7\u03a7\u03a7\ud800\udd46\ud800\udd46\u03a7\ud800\udd46\u03a7\u03a7\ud800\udd46\u03a7\u03a7\u03a7\ud800\udd46\u03a7\u03a7\u03a7\u03a7100020003000400050006000700080009000Tens of thousands\u039c\u039c\u039c\u039c\u039c\u039c\u039c\u039c\u039c\u039c\ud800\udd47\ud800\udd47\u039c\ud800\udd47\u039c\u039c\ud800\udd47\u039c\u039c\u039c\ud800\udd47\u039c\u039c\u039c\u039c100002000030000400005000060000700008000090000Unlike the more familiar Roman numeral system, the Attic system used only the so-called “additive” notation. Thus, the numbers 4 and 9 were written \u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399 and  \u03a0\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399, not \u0399\u03a0 and \u0399\u0394.General numbersIn general, the number to be represented was broken down into simple multiples (1 to 9) of powers of ten \u2014 units, tens, hundred, thousands, etc..  Then these parts would be written down in sequence, from largest to smallest value. For example:49 =  40 + 9 = \u0394\u0394\u0394\u0394 + \u03a0\u0399\u0399\u0399\u0399 = \u0394\u0394\u0394\u0394\u03a0\u0399\u0399\u0399\u03992001 = 2000 + 1 = \u03a7\u03a7 + I = \u03a7\u03a7\u03991982 = 1000 + 900 + 80 + 2 = \u03a7 + \ud800\udd45\u0397\u0397\u0397\u0397 + \ud800\udd44\u0394\u0394\u0394 + \u0399\u0399 = \u03a7\ud800\udd45\u0397\u0397\u0397\u0397\ud800\udd44\u0394\u0394\u0394\u0399\u039962708 = 60000 + 2000 + 700 + 8 = \ud800\udd47\u039c + \u03a7\u03a7 + \ud800\udd45\u0397\u0397 + \u03a0\u0399\u0399\u0399 = \ud800\udd47\u039c\u03a7\u03a7\ud800\udd45\u0397\u0397\u03a0\u0399\u0399\u0399.UnicodeAncient Greek Numbers[1][2]Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)\u00a00123456789ABCDEFU+1014x\ud800\udd40\ud800\udd41\ud800\udd42\ud800\udd43\ud800\udd44\ud800\udd45\ud800\udd46\ud800\udd47\ud800\udd48\ud800\udd49\ud800\udd4a\ud800\udd4b\ud800\udd4c\ud800\udd4d\ud800\udd4e\ud800\udd4fU+1015x\ud800\udd50\ud800\udd51\ud800\udd52\ud800\udd53\ud800\udd54\ud800\udd55\ud800\udd56\ud800\udd57\ud800\udd58\ud800\udd59\ud800\udd5a\ud800\udd5b\ud800\udd5c\ud800\udd5d\ud800\udd5e\ud800\udd5fU+1016x\ud800\udd60\ud800\udd61\ud800\udd62\ud800\udd63\ud800\udd64\ud800\udd65\ud800\udd66\ud800\udd67\ud800\udd68\ud800\udd69\ud800\udd6a\ud800\udd6b\ud800\udd6c\ud800\udd6d\ud800\udd6e\ud800\udd6fU+1017x\ud800\udd70\ud800\udd71\ud800\udd72\ud800\udd73\ud800\udd74\ud800\udd75\ud800\udd76\ud800\udd77\ud800\udd78\ud800\udd79\ud800\udd7a\ud800\udd7b\ud800\udd7c\ud800\udd7d\ud800\udd7e\ud800\udd7fU+1018x\ud800\udd80\ud800\udd81\ud800\udd82\ud800\udd83\ud800\udd84\ud800\udd85\ud800\udd86\ud800\udd87\ud800\udd88\ud800\udd89\ud800\udd8a\ud800\udd8b\ud800\udd8c\ud800\udd8d\ud800\udd8eNotes1.^ As of Unicode version 15.02.^ Grey area indicates non-assigned code pointSee alsoNotes and references^ a b Gow, James (1883). “The Greek numerical alphabet”. The Journal of Philology. Cambridge. XXII: 278\u20139.^ a b Smith, David Eugene (1958). “Reading and writing numbers: Greek numerals”. History of Mathematics. Vol.\u00a02. New York: Dover Publications. pp.\u00a049\u201351. ISBN\u00a09780486204307.^ Woodhead, Arthur Geoffrey (1981). The Study of Greek Inscriptions (Second\u00a0ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a018. ISBN\u00a00-521-23188-4.^ Smyth, Herbert Weir; Messing, Gordon M. (2002) [1920]. “\u00a714”. Greek Grammar (Revised\u00a0ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p.\u00a010. ISBN\u00a00-674-36250-0.^ As found in Katharevousa, polytonic Greek in general and Modern Greek in particular before the 1982 official adoption of the monotonic system; however, neither the \/h\/ phoneme nor the spiritus asper, or “rough breathing mark”, are present in monotonic Standard Modern Greek, resulting in the standard modern spelling \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc.  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