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For the eponymous Bengali goddess, see Bishnupriya.","datePublished":"2019-04-09","dateModified":"2019-04-09","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c1\/Indo-Aryan_language_map.svg\/300px-Indo-Aryan_language_map.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c1\/Indo-Aryan_language_map.svg\/300px-Indo-Aryan_language_map.svg.png","height":"302","width":"300"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/bishnupriya-manipuri-language-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":7926,"articleBody":"Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and BangladeshThis article is about a lect. For the eponymous Bengali goddess, see Bishnupriya.Bishnupriya Manipuri, also known as Bishnupriya Meitei[8] or simply as Bishnupriya[a], is an Indo-Aryan language[10] belonging to the Bengali\u2013Assamese linguistic sub-branch. It is a creole[11] of Bengali language and Meitei language (also called Manipuri language) and it still retains its pre-Bengali features.[12][13][14] It is spoken in parts of the Indian states of Assam, Tripura and Manipur as well as in the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh. It uses the Bengali-Assamese script as its  writing system. Bishnupriya Manipuri, being a member of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, was evolved from Magadhi Prakrit. So, its origin is associated with Magadha realm.[15][16][17] The Government of Tripura categorized Bishnnupriya Manipuri under the “Tribal Language Cell” of the State Council of Educational Research and Training. Its speakers are also given the “Other Backward Classes” status by the Assam Government and notably, there is no legal status of the Bishnupriyas in Manipur.[18]In the 2020s, the Bishnupriya speaking people started demanding  that the Assam Government should give them the status of \u201cindigenous people\u201d of Assam and treat the same like other indigenous communities of the state.[19]According to Sahitya Akademi honorary fellow British linguist Ronald E. Asher and Christopher Moseley, Bishnupriya is a mixed language spoken by former Bengali immigrants, with substantial Meithei lexicon but basically Bengali structure and reduced morphology.[20]According to English linguist and historian Andrew Dalby, Bishnupriya (also known as “Mayang”) is historically a form of Bengali language once current in Manipur.[21]According to American linguist David Bradley’s research works published by the Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies in the Australian National University, Bishnupriya is spoken by former Bengali subjects, with some Manipuri lexicon and reduced morphology.[22][23]Table of ContentsHistory and development[edit]Conflict of classification as a dialect of Bengali and Assamese[edit]Bishnupriya as a dialect of Bengali[edit]Suniti Kumar Chatterjee’s opinion[edit]Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra’s opinion[edit]Bishnupriya as a Bengali-Meitei creole[edit]Opinions of William Frawley and Colin Masica[edit]Chelliah’s opinion[edit]Bishnupriya as a dialect of Assamese[edit]Linguistic survey of India[edit]Meitei elements in Bishnupriya[edit]Vocabulary[edit]Notes and references[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]History and development[edit]  Bishnupriya is a member of the M\u0101gadhan languages (Eastern Indo-Aryan languages), having origin associated with Magadha.[15][16][17]Bishnupriya is one of the Bengali\u2013Assamese languages[24]KP Sinha, who has done considerable research on Bishnupriya Manipuri, disagrees with the theory of Bishnupriya being associated with the Manipur (Mahabharata) and is of the opinion that the language was originated through Magadhi Prakrit. It is found from his observations that the language has retained dominant characteristics of Magadhi. According to Sinha, pronouns and declensional and conjugational endings seem to be same as or closely related to those of Maithili, Oriya and Bengali. These forms of Oriya, Bengali, etc. are on their parts, derived from Magadhi Apabhramsa coming from the Magadhi Prakrita.[25]However, the Bishnupriya Manipuri language is certainly not one of the Tibeto-Burman languages, but is closer to the Indo-Aryan group of languages with remarkable influence from Meitei both grammatically and phonetically. At a different stage of development of the language the Sauraseni, Maharashtri and Magadhi languages and the Tibeto-Burman languages exerted influence on it as well. So it was probably developed from Sanskrit, Sauraseni-Maharashtri Prakrit and Magadhi Prakrita. The Sauraseni-Maharastri relation can be traced by observing some characteristics of pronouns. The Magadhi element is also remarkable, as the language retains many characteristics of Magadhi.Conflict of classification as a dialect of Bengali and Assamese[edit]Several scholars and linguists opine Bishnupriya as a dialect of Bengali language while many opine it as a dialect of Assamese language. At the same time, closer to the observations of the status of being a Bengali dialect, many renowned scholars opine Bishnupriya as a creole language (mixed  language) of Bengali language and Meitei language, by retaining its pre-Bengali features in present times.After all, it is obvious that Bishnupriya is greatly influenced by Meitei (a Tibeto-Burman language) and other Indo-Aryan languages, including Assamese and Bengali to a great extent.[26]Bishnupriya as a dialect of Bengali[edit]Suniti Kumar Chatterjee’s opinion[edit]Renowned Padma Vibhushan awardee Indian linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji who is also a recognised Bengali phonetician, listed the Bishnupriya to be a dialect of Bengali language.[27]Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra’s opinion[edit]According to renowned Padma Shri awardee Indian scholar Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra, “Bishnupriya” is a fragmented Bengali Hindu community, originally native to Assam-Bengal trans border areas. When they migrated and lived in Bishnupur, Manipur (formerly known as “Lamangdong”), they were known as “Bishnupuriyas”, and later corrupted as “Bishnupriyas”. Ethnolinguistically, they are Bengalis. Unlike the large number of Bengali-Assamese immigrants in Manipur being assimilated into Meitei ethnicity until the 18th century, they remain un-assimilated.[28]Bishnupriya as a Bengali-Meitei creole[edit]  Opinions of William Frawley and Colin Masica[edit]According to scholar William Frawley, Bishnupriya was once a creole language of Bengali and Meitei and still now, it retains its pre Bengali features.[29]American linguist and professor Masica also has the same opinion like that of William.[30]Chelliah’s opinion[edit]According to Chelliah, Bishnupriya Manipuri is a mixed language spoken by former Bengali immigrants, having significant amount of Meitei lexicons. Bishnupriya still retains its basic Bengali structural and morphological features.[31]Bishnupriya as a dialect of Assamese[edit]Several Irish and Indian linguists and scholars including George Abraham Grierson, Maheswar Neog and Banikanta Kakati opine Bishnupriya as a dialect of Assamese language.[32][33]Linguistic survey of India[edit]According to the Linguistic Survey of India led by Grierson, “Bishnupriya” alias “Mayang” (Code no. 555) is a dialect of Assamese language (Code no. 552).[34]Meitei elements in Bishnupriya[edit]Bishnupriya has 4000 borrowed root words from Meitei language.[35]Bishnupriya Manipuri retains the old eighteen sounds of Meitei. Of them, there were three vowels, such as \u0251, i and u, thirteen consonants such as p, t, k, p\u02b0, t\u02b0, k\u02b0, c\u0361\u0283, m, n, \u014b, l, \u0283, h and two semi-vowels, such as w and j. In later stage nine more sounds added to Meitei but Bishnupriya is not concerned with them, because the Bishnupriyas left Manipur during the first part of 19th century. That is why Bishnupriya Manipuri retains the older sounds of Meitei, whereas in Meitei itself the sound system has under-gone various changes.[36]Vocabulary[edit]Like other Indic languages, the core vocabulary of Bishnupriya Manipuri is made up of tadbhava words (i.e. words inherited over time from older Indic languages, including Sanskrit, including many historical changes in grammar and pronunciation), although thousands of tatsama words (i.e. words that were re-borrowed directly from Sanskrit with little phonetic or grammatical change) augment the vocabulary greatly. In addition, many other words were borrowed from languages spoken in the region either natively or as a colonial language, including Meitei, English, and Perso-Arabic.Inherited\/native Indic words (tadbhava): 10,000 (Of these, 2,000 are only found in Bishnupriya Manipuri, and have not been inherited by other Indic languages)Words re-borrowed from Sanskrit (tatsama): 10,000Words re-borrowed from Sanskrit, partially modified (ardhatatsama): 1,500Words borrowed from Meitei: 4000[37]Words borrowed from other indigenous non-Indic languages (desi): 1,500Words borrowed from Perso-Arabic: 2,000Words borrowed from English: 700Hybrid words: 1,000Words of obscure origin: 1,300Notes and references[edit]^ The census data as well as the Ethnologue record the name as “Bishnupriya” and not “Bishnupriya Manipuri”.[9]^ a b “Abstract of Speakers’ Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues – 2011” (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2022.^ “C-16: Population by mother tongue – Assam”. censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 12 June 2022.^ “C-16: Population by mother tongue – Tripura”. censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 12 June 2022.^ “C-16: Population by mother tongue – Manipur”. censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 12 June 2022.^ “Census of India – Language tools”. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021.^ a b c “Bishnupuriya”. Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 June 2022.^ Kim, Amy; Kim, Seung. Bishnupriya (Manipuri) speakers in Bangladesh: a sociolinguistic survey (PDF). SIL INTERNATIONAL. p.\u00a011. Retrieved 4 October 2020.^ Sahoo, Ajaya K. (30 March 2021). Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development. Taylor & Francis. p.\u00a0109. ISBN\u00a0978-1-000-36686-0. The Bishnupriya Meiteis from Bangladesh, Myanmar, Tripura and Assam used the Bengali script and speak their own language, which is influenced by Meiteilon (Mani- puri).^ “FAMILY-WISE GROUPING OF THE 122 SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED LANGUAGES \u2013 2001”. censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2022.^ “FAMILY-WISE GROUPING OF THE 122 SCHEDULED AND NON-SCHEDULED LANGUAGES \u2013 2001”. censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2022.^ Moseley, Christopher (1 January 2010). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. UNESCO. p.\u00a0139. ISBN\u00a0978-92-3-104096-2.^ Frawley, William (2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set. Oxford University Press, USA. p.\u00a0481. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-513977-8.^ Haokip, Pauthang (2011). Socio-linguistic Situation in North-East India. Concept Publishing Company. p.\u00a08. ISBN\u00a0978-81-8069-760-9.^ Asher, R. E.; Moseley, Christopher (19 April 2018). Atlas of the World’s Languages. Routledge. p.\u00a097. ISBN\u00a0978-1-317-85108-0.^ a b Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, eds. (2003), “The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan”, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge language family series, London: Routledge, pp.\u00a046\u201366, ISBN\u00a00-7007-1130-9^ a b South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia\u00a0: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203^ a b Ray, Tapas S. (2007). “Chapter Eleven: “Oriya”. In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 445. ISBN\u00a0978-1-135-79711-9.^ “Bishnupriya Manipuris demand satellite autonomous council – Sentinelassam”. www.sentinelassam.com. 24 November 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2022. The Tripura government has categorized and placed the Bishnupriya Manipuri language under the Tribal Language Cell of the State Council of Educational Research and Training, while in Assam they are considered among Other Backward Classes (OBC), whereas in Manipur from where these people originated remains status-less^ “Plea for indigenous status”. The Telegraph. India. Retrieved 3 November 2022.^ Asher, R. E.; Moseley, Christopher (19 April 2018). Atlas of the World’s Languages. Routledge. p.\u00a097. ISBN\u00a0978-1-317-85108-0.^ Dalby, Andrew (28 October 2015). Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages. Bloomsbury Publishing. p.\u00a086. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4081-0214-5.^ Bradley, David (1997). Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas. Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. p.\u00a029. ISBN\u00a0978-0-85883-456-9.^ Pacific Linguistics. Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. 1997. p.\u00a029.^ Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0446\u2013462.^ Dr. KP Sinha, An Etymological Dictionary of Bishnupriya Manipuri, Silchar, 1982^ Sarmah, Thaneswar (2006). New Trends in the Interpretation of the Vedas. Sundeep Prakashan. p.\u00a0217. ISBN\u00a0978-81-7574-162-1.^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. p.\u00a0152. ISBN\u00a0978-81-7099-853-2.^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. p.\u00a0152. ISBN\u00a0978-81-7099-853-2.^ Frawley, William (2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set. Oxford University Press, USA. p.\u00a0481. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-513977-8.^ Haokip, Pauthang (2011). Socio-linguistic Situation in North-East India. Concept Publishing Company. p.\u00a08. ISBN\u00a0978-81-8069-760-9.^ Asher, R. E.; Moseley, Christopher (19 April 2018). Atlas of the World’s Languages. Routledge. p.\u00a097. ISBN\u00a0978-1-317-85108-0.^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. p.\u00a0152. ISBN\u00a0978-81-7099-853-2.^ Singh, Nagendra Kr; Samiuddin, Abida (2003). Encyclopaedic Historiography of the Muslim World. Global Vision Publishing House. ISBN\u00a0978-81-87746-54-6.^ Sanajaoba, Naorem (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. p.\u00a0152. ISBN\u00a0978-81-7099-853-2.^ Gelbukh, Alexander (18 April 2014). Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: 15th International Conference, CICLing 2014, Kathmandu, Nepal, April 6-12, 2014, Proceedings, Part I. Springer. p.\u00a0207. ISBN\u00a0978-3-642-54906-9.^ Sinha, Kali Prasad (1981). The Bishnupriya Manipuri Language. Calcutta: Firma KLM. p.\u00a051. OCLC\u00a09819673.^ Gelbukh, Alexander (18 April 2014). Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing: 15th International Conference, CICLing 2014, Kathmandu, Nepal, April 6-12, 2014, Proceedings, Part I. Springer. p.\u00a0207. ISBN\u00a0978-3-642-54906-9.Further reading[edit]Vasatatvar Ruprekha\/ Dr. K. P. Sinha, Silchar, 1977Manipuri jaatisotta bitorko: ekti niropekkho paath \/Ashim Kumar Singha, Sylhet, 2001G. K. Ghose \/ Tribals and Their Culture in Manipur and Nagaland, 1982Raj Mohan Nath \/ The Background of Assamese Culture, 2nd edn, 1978Sir G. A. Grierson \/ Linguistic Survey of India, Vol-5, 1903Dr. K. P. Sinha \/ An Etymological Dictionary of Bishnupriya Manipuri, 1982Dr. M. Kirti Singh \/ Religious developments in Manipur in the 18th and 19th centuuy, Imphal, 1980Singha, Jagat Mohan & Singha, Birendra \/ The Bishnupriya Manipuris & Their Language, silchar, 1976Parimal Sinha and Anup Sinha \/ Bishnupuriya language Development, 2017.External links[edit]"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/bishnupriya-manipuri-language-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Bishnupriya Manipuri language – Wikipedia"}}]}]