[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/chu-han-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/chu-han-wikipedia\/","headline":"Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n – Wikipedia","name":"Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n – Wikipedia","description":"Chinese characters used in the Vietnamese traditional writing system Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n Script type Time period 3rd Century BC \u2013 20th","datePublished":"2016-08-05","dateModified":"2016-08-05","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/48\/Chuhantransparent.png\/200px-Chuhantransparent.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/48\/Chuhantransparent.png\/200px-Chuhantransparent.png","height":"107","width":"200"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/chu-han-wikipedia\/","wordCount":7560,"articleBody":"Chinese characters used in the Vietnamese traditional writing systemCh\u1eef H\u00e1nScript typeTime period3rd Century BC \u2013 20th Century ADDirectionTop-to-bottom, columns from right to left (traditional)Left-to-right (modern)LanguagesOld Vietnamese, V\u0103n ng\u00f4n, VietnameseParent systemsChild systemsCh\u1eef N\u00f4mSister systemsKanji, Hanja, Zhuyin, traditional Chinese, simplified Chinese, Khitan script, Jurchen script, Tangut script, Yi script\u00a0This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [\u00a0], \/\u00a0\/ and \u27e8\u00a0\u27e9, see IPA \u00a7\u00a0Brackets and transcription delimiters.Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n[1] (\ud846\ude38\u6f22, literally “Han characters”, Vietnamese pronunciation:\u00a0[t\u0361\u0255\u0268\u02e6\u02c0\u02e5 ha\u02d0n\u02e7\u02e6]), ch\u1eef Nho (\ud846\ude38\u5112, literally “Confucian characters”, Vietnamese pronunciation:\u00a0[t\u0361\u0255\u0268\u02e6\u02c0\u02e5 \u0272\u0254\u02e7\u02e7]) or H\u00e1n t\u1ef1 (\u6f22\u5b57, Vietnamese pronunciation:\u00a0[ha\u02d0n\u02e7\u02e6 t\u0268\u02e7\u02e8\u0294]), is the Vietnamese term for Chinese characters, used to write V\u0103n ng\u00f4n (which is a form of Classical Chinese used in Vietnam during the feudal period) and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in Vietnamese language, was officially used in Vietnam after the Red River Delta region was incorporated into the Han dynasty and continued to be used until the early 20th century (111 BC \u2013 1919 AD).Table of ContentsTerminology[edit]History[edit]Pronunciations for characters[edit]Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations (C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ki\u1ec3u H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t)[edit]Non-Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations (C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ki\u1ec3u Phi H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t)[edit]N\u00f4m pronunciations (C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ki\u1ec3u N\u00f4m)[edit]Types of characters[edit]Simplification[edit]Symbols[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Terminology[edit]History[edit]  L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i (\u5dba\u5357\u646d\u602a) is a 14th-century Vietnamese semi-fictional work written in ch\u1eef H\u00e1n by Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p.  In the late 3rd century BC, the newly established Qin dynasty made a number of military raids to the south, establishing control over the Baiyue peoples. Three military commanderies were established far to the south in 214. Xiang commandery covered parts of present-day North Vietnam. However, Qin control of the area was short-lived, as the Qin dynasty collapsed in the last decade of the century. Zhao Tuo (Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0), one of the generals commissioned by the Qin dynasty, gained control of the area in 207 BC and founded a kingdom called Nanyue (Southern Yue) in 204 BC. A few decades later, during the Han dynasty (206 BCE \u2013 220 CE), Nanyue became a vassal state, and it operated independently of the Han dynasty. Administered by the Chinese aristocracy, the state introduced Chinese administrative and cultural practices to the area. The bureaucracy is complex and pervasive, dependent on written transfers and record keeping. It can be safely assumed that a substantial number of speakers of the Yue languages \u200b\u200bhave become familiar, if not completely proficient, with the Chinese script.[citation needed] For the government to function, it must rely on Yue speakers who can speak and write Chinese. The identities of the various Yue languages are not known, but almost certainly include members of the Tai-Kadai and Mon-Khmer language families. Among the languages spoken in the Lingnan region that are similar to present-day Northern Vietnam is the ancestral language of present-day Vietnamese, Proto-Viet-Muong.In BCE, the Han dynasty conquered Nanyue, incorporating its territory directly into the imperial administrative system. And after quelling a Vietnamese uprising in 42 AD, an exodus of Han soldiers into the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam created a community of Chinese-speaking families. For the next millennium, northern Vietnam was under continuous direct control of successive Chinese dynasties, with only brief interruptions, until the early 10th century AD. This area of Vietnam, centered on the Red River Delta, is known to the Chinese as Jiaozhi. Chinese writing was widespread throughout northern Vietnam during this intermediate period, as well as throughout the Chinese Empire.[2] After independence in 938 AD, ch\u1eef H\u00e1n continued to be the main script of Vietnam (along with the ch\u1eef N\u00f4m later) until the late 19th and early 20th centuries after the successful French invasion of Vietnam, the ch\u1eef H\u00e1n (along with the ch\u1eef N\u00f4m) after being under the rule of the French, the two scripts gradually lost its position as the main writing of the Vietnamese people.Pronunciations for characters[edit]  A comparison between Sino-Vietnamese (left) vocabulary with Mandarin and Cantonese pronunciations below and native Vietnamese vocabulary (right).Owing to historical contact with Chinese characters before the adoption of Chinese characters and how they were adapted into Vietnamese, multiple pronunciations can exist for a single character. While most characters usually have one or two pronunciations, some characters can have up to as many as four pronunciations and more. An example of this would be the character \u884c h\u00e0ng \u2013 which could have the readings h\u00e0ng, h\u00e0nh, h\u00e3ng, h\u1ea1ng, and h\u1ea1nh.[3] The readings typically depend on the context and definition of the word. If talking about a store or goods, the reading h\u00e0ng would be used, but if talking about virtue, the reading h\u1ea1nh would be used. But typically, knowing what pronunciations was not a large problem due to context. Pronunciations for ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, often classified into Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations and Non-Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Non-Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations are derived from Old Chinese and recent Chinese contact during the 17th\u201320th centuries when Chinese people migrated to Vietnam.[4] Most of these pronunciations were food related as Cantonese Chinese had introduced their food into Vietnam. Borrowings from Old Chinese are referred to as Old-Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations.Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations (C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ki\u1ec3u H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t)[edit]Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations are usually referred to as phi\u00ean \u00e2m H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t (\u7ffb\u97f3\u6f22\u8d8a), which are Vietnamese systematic pronunciations of Middle Chinese characters.[5] These readings were largely borrowed into Vietnamese during the late Tang dynasty (618-907). Vietnamese scholars used Chinese rime dictionaries to derive consistent pronunciations for Chinese characters.[6] After Vietnam had regained independence, its rulers sought to build the country on the Chinese model, during this time, Literary Chinese, or v\u0103n ng\u00f4n (\u6587\u8a00), or H\u00e1n v\u0103n (\u6f22\u6587) was used for formal government documents.[7] Around this, the Japanese and Koreans also borrowed large amount of characters into their languages and derived consistent pronunciations, these pronunciations are collectively known as the Sino-Xenic pronunciations.[5]Examples of multiple-borrowed Chinese wordsChinese(Old > Middle)Old Sino-VietnameseSino-Vietnamese\u5473 *mj\u0259ts > mj\u0268jHm\u00f9i ‘smell, odor’v\u1ecb ‘flavor, taste’\u5a66 *bj\u0259\u0294 > bjuwXv\u1ee3 ‘wife’ph\u1ee5 ‘woman’\u6cd5 *pjap > pjopph\u00e9p ‘rule, law’ph\u00e1p ‘rule, law’\u528d *kams > k\u0268\u0250mHg\u01b0\u01a1m ‘sword’ki\u1ebfm ‘sword’\u93e1 *kra\u014bs > k\u02e0i\u00e6\u014bHg\u01b0\u01a1ng ‘mirror’k\u00ednh ‘glass for windows, etc; eyeglasses’\u8336 *rla\u02d0 > \u0256\u02e0ach\u00e8 ‘tea or a dessert soup’tr\u00e0 ‘tea’\u8eca *k\u02b0lja > t\u0361\u0255\u02b0iaxe ‘wheeled vehicle’xa ‘rare form of xe’\u590f *\u0261ra\u02d0\u0294 > \u0266\u02e0aXh\u00e8 ‘summer’h\u1ea1 ‘(literary) summer’Examples of Sino-Vietnamese pronunciationsChinese charactersStandard ChineseCantoneseSino-VietnameseSino-JapaneseSino-Korean\u6e96\u5099 ‘to prepare’zh\u01d4nb\u00e8izeon2bei6chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecbjunbijunbi\u96fb\u8a71 ‘telephone’di\u00e0nhu\u00e0din6waa6-2\u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1idenwajeonhwa\u56db ‘four’s\u00ecsei3, si3t\u1ee9, t\u01b0shisa\u4eba\u6c11 ‘ people’r\u00e9nm\u00ednjan4man4nh\u00e2n d\u00e2njinmininmin\u5730\u540d ‘place name’d\u00ecm\u00edngdei6meng4-2\u0111\u1ecba danhchimeijimyeong\u8a00\u8a9e ‘language’y\u00e1ny\u01d4jin4jyu5ng\u00f4n ng\u1eefgengoeoneo\u4e2d\u570b ‘China’Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3Zung1gwok3Trung Qu\u1ed1cCh\u016bgokuJungguk\u65e5\u672c ‘Japan’R\u00ecb\u011bnJat6bun2Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3nNihonIlbonNon-Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations (C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ki\u1ec3u Phi H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t)[edit]Non-Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations are pronunciations that were not consistently derived from Middle Chinese. Typically these readings came from Old Chinese, Cantonese, and other Chinese dialects. A lot of these pronunciations came from recent Cantonese migration to Vietnam during the 17th\u201320th centuries.[4] Most of the Cantonese eventually settled down in Ch\u1ee3 L\u1edbn,[8] and they introduced their cuisine to Vietnam. Thus, many Cantonese borrowings in Vietnamese are food-related.Chinese charactersCantoneseTeochewVietnamese borrowingSino-Vietnamese\u8c49\u6cb9 ‘soy sauce’si6 jau4x\u00ec d\u1ea7uth\u1ecb du\u9ede\u5fc3 ‘dim sum, Cantonese food’dim2 sam1\u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ea5m\u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e2m\u96f2\u541e, \u991b\u98e9 ‘wonton’wan4 tan1, wan4 tan4-1v\u1eb1n th\u1eafn, ho\u00e0nh th\u00e1nhv\u00e2n th\u00f4n, h\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ed3n\u71d2\u8ce3 ‘shumai’siu1 maai6-2x\u00edu m\u1ea1ithi\u00eau m\u1ea1i\u81d8\u8178 ‘Chinese sausage; lap cheong’laap6 coeng4-2l\u1ea1p x\u01b0\u1edfngl\u1ea1p tr\u00e0ng\/tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u8766\u9903 ‘har gow’haa1 gaau2h\u00e1 c\u1ea3oh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3o\u6c34\u5713 ‘tangyuan’seoi2 jyun4s\u1ee7i d\u00ecnthu\u1ef7 vi\u00ean\u53c9\u71d2 ‘char siu’caa1 siu1x\u00e1 x\u00eduxoa thi\u00eau\u9178\u6885 ‘smoked plum’syun1 mui4x\u00ed mu\u1ed9itoan mai\u9999\u6e2f ‘Hong Kong’hoeng1 gong2H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ngH\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ea3ng ‘dated name’\u6211\u611b\u4f60 ‘I love you’ngo5 oi3 nei5ng\u1ed9 \u00e1i n\u1ecb ‘humorous, is rarely used’ng\u00e3 \u00e1i nh\u0129\u8584\u9905 ‘popiah’boh8 bian2b\u00f2 b\u00edab\u1ea1c b\u00e1nh\u7cbf\u689d ‘kuyteav’gu\u00ea2 diou5h\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfuqu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u\u7210 ‘hotpot’lou5l\u1ea9ul\u00f4\u4ed9\u8349 ‘grass jelly’si\u00eang1 cao2s\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1oti\u00ean th\u1ea3oN\u00f4m pronunciations (C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ki\u1ec3u N\u00f4m)[edit]Sometimes, characters that were phonetically close to a native Vietnamese word would be used as a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m character.[9] Most ch\u1eef H\u00e1n characters that were used for Vietnamese words were often used for their Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations rather than their meaning which could be completely different from the actual word being used. These characters were called ch\u1eef gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1, due to them being borrowed phonetically. This was one reason why it was preferred to create a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m character rather than using a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n character causing confusion between pronunciations.Chinese character and Standard Chinese pronunciationsSino-Vietnamese pronunciationsSino-Vietnamese meaningN\u00f4m pronunciationsN\u00f4m meaning\u4e9b ‘xi\u0113’ta, t\u00e1some; a few; a little; a bitta[10]I, me, we\u6731 ‘zh\u016b’chu, ch\u00e2ucinnabar; vermilioncho[11]to give, to let, to put; for\u5225 ‘bi\u00e9’bi\u1ec7tto divide; to separatebi\u1ebft[12]to know\u788e ‘su\u00ec’to\u00e1ishattered; fragmented; shreddedt\u00f4i[13]I, me\u7f85 ‘lu\u00f3’lanet for catching birdsl\u00e0[14]to be, is\u5632 ‘ch\u00e1o’tr\u00e0oto ridicule; to deride; to scorn; to jeer atch\u00e0o[15]hello, byeTypes of characters[edit]Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n can be classified into the traditional classification for Chinese characters, this is called l\u1ee5c th\u01b0 (\u516d\u66f8, Chinese: li\u00f9sh\u016b), meaning six types of Chinese characters.Ch\u1eef ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 (\ud846\ude38\u6307\u4e8b) \u2013 Ideogram, an example would be \u4e0a (th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u201cabove\u201d) and \u4e0b (h\u1ea1, \u201cbelow\u201d).Ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh (\ud846\ude38\u8c61\u5f62) \u2013 Pictogram, an example would be \u65e5 (nh\u1eadt, “sun”) and \u6728 (m\u1ed9c, “tree”).Ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh thanh (\ud846\ude38\u5f62\u8072) \u2013 Phono-semantic compound, an example would be \u5730 (\u0111\u1ecba, “earth”) which is made up of phonetic \u4e5f (d\u00e3) and semantic \u571f (th\u1ed5, “land”).Ch\u1eef h\u1ed9i \u00fd (\ud846\ude38\u6703\u610f) \u2013 Compound ideographs, an example would be \u660e (minh, “bright”) which is made up of \u65e5 (nh\u1eadt, “sun”) and \u6708 (nguy\u1ec7t, \u201cmoon\u201d).Ch\u1eef chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00fa (\ud846\ude38\u8f49\u6ce8) \u2013 Derivative cognates, least understood classification (vague classification), an example would that \u8001 (l\u00e3o, “old”) is a cognate of \u8003 (kh\u1ea3o, “to examine”).Ch\u1eef gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1 (\ud846\ude38\u5047\u501f) \u2013 Phonetic loan, an example would be \u6cd5 (Ph\u00e1p, “France”) is used for the name of France. Other European countries are also referred by a ch\u1eef gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1 like \u5fb7 (\u0110\u1ee9c, “Germany”) and \u610f (\u00dd, “Italy”).Simplification[edit]  This flag used by the Indochinese Communist Party, uses the simplified character, \u515a (top right), instead of the traditional character \u0111\u1ea3ng (\u9ee8) . The photo says \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u515a\u5171\u7523\u6771\u6d0b (Indochinese Communist Party).Some ch\u1eef H\u00e1n characters were simplified into variants of characters that were easier to write, but they are not the same simplified characters used by current-day Chinese. This means that Vietnamese simplified characters may differ from Chinese simplified characters, for example, the word \u7f85 is simplified into \u7f57 in Chinese, but it is different in Vietnamese, \ud887\udeb5 (\u2ff1\u7f52\ud869\udf00).[16]Another example would be the character \u6c92 which is simplified into \u6ca1 in Chinese and \ud842\udf20 (\u2ff1\u4e37\u53c8) in Vietnamese.[17]  L\u00e0 (\ud887\udeb5) is the simplified character of l\u00e0 (\u7f85)  L\u00e0 (\ud887\udeb5) used here in the Tale of Kieu, 6th character from the top in the line to the right.Some characters matching Simplified Chinese do exist, but these characters are rare in Vietnamese literature.Symbols[edit]  In top of the page, the iteration mark \u5315 is used, the sentence reads Ai ai l\u1eb3ng l\u1eb7ng m\u00e0 nghe (\u57c3\u5315\ud843\udcfa\u5315\u9ebb\ud859\udd91).The character \u5315 chu\u1ef7 is often used as a iteration mark to indicate the current ch\u1eef H\u00e1n character is to be repeated. This is used in words that use reduplication. Such as in the poem L\u1ee5c V\u00e2n Ti\u00ean,[18] the character \u57c3 (ai) is repeated twice in third line of the poem. It is written as \u57c3\u5315 to represent \u57c3\u57c3 (ai ai).Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef“Who who quietly listens?”Aiail\u1eb3ngl\u1eb7ngm\u00e0nghe\u57c3\u5315\ud843\udcfa\u5315\u9ebb\ud859\udd91The way the marker is used, is very similar to how Chinese and Japanese use the iteration marker \u3005. Japanese uses \u3005 as an iteration marker, like for example, \u4eba\u4eba (hitobito) would be written as \u4eba\u3005 (hitobito).See also[edit]References[edit]^ The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Politics. Routledge. April 26, 2018. p.\u00a0511. ISBN\u00a0978-1138657564. Discussing the history of translation in Vietnam without mentioning the history of the Vietnamese written languages would be a mistake because the systems of written language in Vietnam passed through three stages: Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n (Chinese characters), N\u00f4m (ideograms specific to Vietnam) and Ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef (modern Vietnamese, written using adapted Latinate scrpit.^ Handel, Zev (2019). Sinography: The Borrowing and Adaptation of the Chinese Script. BRILL. pp.\u00a0124\u2013125. ISBN\u00a0978-9004386327.^ “Tra t\u1eeb: \u884c \u2013 T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n H\u00e1n N\u00f4m”. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n H\u00e1n N\u00f4m.^ a b Tr\u1ea7n, Kh\u00e1nh (1993). The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN\u00a09789813016675.^ a b Norman, Jerry (1988). Chinese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-29653-3.^ Alves, Mark (2009). Loanwords in Vietnamese. De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN\u00a0978-3-11-021843-5.^ DeFrancis, John (1977). Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam. Mouton. ISBN\u00a0978-90-279-7643-7.^ Shodhganga. Socio-Economic Background of the Hoa People. p.\u00a034.^ Li, Yu. The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Routledge. ISBN\u00a0978-1-00-069906-7.^ “\u5f4c\u52d2\u771f\u7d93\u6f14\u97f3 \u2022 Di L\u1eb7c ch\u00e2n kinh di\u1ec5n \u00e2m”. 1944.^ “\u5f4c\u52d2\u771f\u7d93\u6f14\u97f3 \u2022 Di L\u1eb7c ch\u00e2n kinh di\u1ec5n \u00e2m”. 1944.^ “\u5f4c\u52d2\u771f\u7d93\u6f14\u97f3 \u2022 Di L\u1eb7c ch\u00e2n kinh di\u1ec5n \u00e2m”. 1944.^ “\u96c6\u6848\u7fc1\u6f58\u4f69\u73e0 \u2022 T\u1eadp \u00e1n \u00f4ng Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u”. 1920.^ “\u5f4c\u52d2\u771f\u7d93\u6f14\u97f3 \u2022 Di L\u1eb7c ch\u00e2n kinh di\u1ec5n \u00e2m”. 1944.^ “TRUY\u1ec6N KI\u1ec0U B\u1ea2N 1870”. 1870.^ Nguy\u1ec5n, Du. “TRUY\u1ec6N KI\u1ec0U B\u1ea2N 1872”. N\u00f4m Foundation.^ Nguy\u1ec5n, Du. “TRUY\u1ec6N KI\u1ec0U B\u1ea2N 1902”. N\u00f4m Foundation.^ Nguy\u1ec5n, \u0110\u00ecnh Chi\u1ec3u. “V\u00e2n Ti\u00ean C\u1ed5 T\u00edch T\u00e2n Truy\u1ec7n \u2013 \u96f2\u50ca\u53e4\u8de1\u65b0\u50b3”. N\u00f4m Foundation.{{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: url-status (link)"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/chu-han-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Ch\u1eef H\u00e1n – Wikipedia"}}]}]