[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/dai-viet-su-ky-toan-thu\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/dai-viet-su-ky-toan-thu\/","headline":"\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0","name":"\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0","description":"before-content-x4 Official historical text of the Vietnamese L\u00ea dynasty after-content-x4 The \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 (H\u00e1n t\u1ef1: \u5927\u8d8a\u53f2\u8a18\u5168\u66f8;","datePublished":"2015-03-07","dateModified":"2015-03-07","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/timeline\/ebc0q1ne14wc20xmlrl1a2muvym90go.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/timeline\/ebc0q1ne14wc20xmlrl1a2muvym90go.png","height":"","width":""},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/dai-viet-su-ky-toan-thu\/","wordCount":10193,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Official historical text of the Vietnamese L\u00ea dynasty       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 (H\u00e1n t\u1ef1: \u5927\u8d8a\u53f2\u8a18\u5168\u66f8; Vietnamese:\u00a0[\u0257\u00e2\u02d0j\u02c0 v\u00ec\u0259t \u0282\u0268\u1dc9 k\u01d0 tw\u00e2\u02d0n t\u02b0\u0268]; Complete Annals of \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t) is the official national chronicle of the \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t, that was originally compiled by the royal historian Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean under the order of the Emperor L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng and was finished in 1479 during the L\u00ea period. The 15-volume book covered the period from H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng dynasty to the coronation of L\u00ea Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5, the first emperor of the L\u00ea dynasty in 1428. In compiling his work, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean based on two principal historical sources which were \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd by L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u and \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd t\u1ee5c bi\u00ean by Phan Phu Ti\u00ean. After its publication, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 was continually supplemented by other historians of the royal court such as V\u0169 Qu\u1ef3nh and Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9. Today the most popular version of \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 is the N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c quan b\u1ea3n edition which was completed in 1697 with the additional information up to 1656 during the reign of the Emperor L\u00ea Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng and the Lord Tr\u1ecbnh Tr\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 is considered the most important and comprehensive historical book. The chronicle, which was modeled after Sima Qian\u2019s Records of the Grand Historian, provides a chronological history beginning with the legendary H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng dynasty (2888 BCE?) and continuing to the founding of the house of L\u00ea in 1428.Table of Contents       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4History of compilation[edit]Edition[edit]Contents[edit]Historical perspectives[edit]Comparison with L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u[edit]Other arguments[edit]References[edit]Citations[edit]Sources[edit]History of compilation[edit]During the Fourth Chinese domination, many valuable books of \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t were taken away by the Ming dynasty including L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u’s \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd (\u5927\u8d8a\u53f2\u8a18, Annals of \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t), the official history of the Tr\u1ea7n dynasty and the most comprehensive source of the history of Vietnam up to that era.[2][3] However, the contents of the \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd and L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u’s comments about various historical events was fully collected by the historian Phan Phu Ti\u00ean in writing the first official annals of the L\u00ea dynasty after the order of the Emperor L\u00ea Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng in 1455.[6] The new \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd of Phan Phu Ti\u00ean was supplemented the period from 1223 with the coronation of Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng to 1427 with the retreat of the Ming dynasty after the victory of L\u00ea L\u1ee3i. Phan Phu Ti\u00ean’s ten-volume work had other names such as \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd t\u1ee5c bi\u00ean (\u5927\u8d8a\u53f2\u8a18\u7e8c\u7de8\u5e8f, Supplementary Edition of the Annals of \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t) or Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed bi\u00ean l\u1ee5c.[6]During the reign of L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, who was an emperor famous for his interest in learning and knowledge, the scholar and historian Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean was appointed to the Bureau of History in 1473. Under the order of Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, he based on the works of L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u and Phan Phu Ti\u00ean to write the \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 which was compiled in 15 volumes (quy\u1ec3n) and finished in 1479.[6][8] In compiling the \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean also drew elements from other books such as Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n u linh t\u1eadp (Compilation of the potent spirits in the Realm of Vi\u1ec7t) or L\u0129nh Nam ch\u00edch qu\u00e1i (Extraordinary stories of L\u0129nh Nam) which were collections of folk legend and myth but still considered by Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean good sources for history because of their reliable system of citation.[9] This was the first time such sources were used in historiography by a Vietnamese historian.\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 was finally completed in 1479 with the accounts that stopped by the coronation of L\u00ea Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 in 1428. According to L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean also compiled an historical text about the reigns of Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5, Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng and Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng named Tam tri\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n k\u00fd (Records of the Three Reigns).In 1511, the royal historian V\u0169 Qu\u1ef3nh reorganized Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean’s work in his Vi\u1ec7t gi\u00e1m th\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3o by adding the account about Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, Hi\u1ec3n T\u00f4ng, T\u00fac T\u00f4ng and Uy M\u1ee5c, which was called T\u1ee9 tri\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n k\u00fd (Records of the Four Reigns). Other historians continued to revise \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 and also add the supplemental information about the reign of the L\u00ea dynasty, notably the 23-volume \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 t\u1ee5c bi\u00ean (Continued Compilation of the Complete Annals of \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t) was published under the supervision of Ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng Tr\u1ee9 in 1665 while the “N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c quan b\u1ea3n” edition, the most comprehensive and popular version of \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0, was printed in 1697 during the Ch\u00ednh H\u00f2a era by efforts of the historian L\u00ea Hi.[11][12]Edition[edit]The original 15-volume version of \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 or the H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c edition (1479), that was named after the era name of L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, only existed in form of handwritten manuscript and hence is only partially preserved to this day. The \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd t\u1ee5c bi\u00ean or the C\u1ea3nh Tr\u1ecb edition (1665), that was the era name of L\u00ea Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng has a better status of conservation but the most popular and fully preserved version of \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 until now is the Ch\u00ednh H\u00f2a edition (1697) which was the only woodblock printed version of this work.[12] Therefore, the Ch\u00ednh H\u00f2a version is considered the most important historical text about the history of Vietnam from its beginning to the period of the L\u00ea dynasty and has been often reduced, revised and corrected by later historians for contemporary needs.[12][13] Today, a complete set of the “N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c quan b\u1ea3n” edition is kept in the archives of the \u00c9cole fran\u00e7aise d’Extr\u00eame-Orient in Paris, France. This edition was translated into Vietnamese in 1993 by the Institute of H\u00e1n N\u00f4m in Hanoi.[14]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Contents[edit]The format of \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 was modeled after the famous Zizhi Tongjian (\u8cc7\u6cbb\u901a\u9451\/T\u01b0 tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m, Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government) of the Song scholar Sima Guang, which means historical events were redacted in chronological order like annals. Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean separated his book and the history of Vietnam into Ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ef7 (Peripheral Records) and B\u1ea3n k\u1ef7 (Basic Records) by the 938 victory of Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n in the Battle of B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng River. This chronological method of compilation is different from the official historical texts of Chinese dynasties which had the layout divided in biographies of each historical figures, an approach which was initiated by Sima Qian in the Records of the Grand Historian.[15] In record of each Vietnamese emperor, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean always started with a brief introduction of the emperor which provided an overview about the reigning ruler of the record. In listing the events, the historian sometimes noted an additional story about the historical figure who was mentioned in the event, some had extensive and detailed stories, notably Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c Tu\u1ea5n or Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9. Some important texts were also included in the original form by Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean such as H\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u0129 or B\u00ecnh Ng\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1o.[15]Contents of the \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 (Ch\u00ednh H\u00f2a edition)Peripheral Records (Ngo\u1ea1i k\u1ef7)Volume(Quy\u1ec3n)Records(K\u1ef7)RulersPeriodNote1H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng dynastyKinh D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, L\u1ea1c Long Qu\u00e2n, H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng[16]Th\u1ee5c dynastyAn D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng257\u2013208 BCE[17]2Tri\u1ec7u dynastyTri\u1ec7u V\u0169 \u0110\u1ebf, Tri\u1ec7u V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tri\u1ec7u Minh V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tri\u1ec7u Ai V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Tri\u1ec7u Thu\u1eadt D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng207\u2013111 BCE[18]3Western Han’s domination111 BCE\u201340[19]Queen Tr\u01b0ngTr\u01b0ng Sisters40\u201343[20]Eastern Han’s domination43\u2013186[21]King ShiShi Xie186\u2013226[22]4Domination of the Eastern Wu, Jin, Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang dynasties226\u2013540[23]Early L\u00fd dynastyL\u00fd Nam \u0110\u1ebf544\u2013548[24]Tri\u1ec7u Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ngTri\u1ec7u Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng548\u2013571[25]Later L\u00fd dynastyH\u1eadu L\u00fd Nam \u0110\u1ebf571\u2013602[26]5Domination of the Sui and Tang dynasties602\u2013906[27]North\u2013South separation906\u2013938[28]Ng\u00f4 dynasty and 12 Lords RebellionNg\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Tam Kha, Ng\u00f4 X\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n, Ng\u00f4 X\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00ed938\u2013968[29]Basic Records (B\u1ea3n k\u1ef7)Volume(Quy\u1ec3n)Records(K\u1ef7)RulersPeriodNote1\u0110inh dynasty\u0110inh Ti\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng, \u0110inh Ph\u1ebf \u0110\u1ebf968\u2013980[30]Early L\u00ea dynastyL\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh, L\u00ea Trung T\u00f4ng, L\u00ea Ng\u1ecda Tri\u1ec1u980\u20131009[31]2L\u00fd dynastyL\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5, L\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng1009\u20131054[32]3L\u00fd dynasty (cont.)L\u00fd Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, L\u00fd Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng1054\u20131138[33]4L\u00fd dynasty (cont.)L\u00fd Anh T\u00f4ng, L\u00fd Cao T\u00f4ng, L\u00fd Hu\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng, L\u00fd Chi\u00eau Ho\u00e0ng1138\u20131225[34]5Tr\u1ea7n dynastyTr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng, Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng, Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng1225\u20131293[35]6Tr\u1ea7n dynasty (cont.)Tr\u1ea7n Anh T\u00f4ng, Tr\u1ea7n Minh T\u00f4ng1293\u20131329[36]7Tr\u1ea7n dynasty (cont.)Tr\u1ea7n Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng, Tr\u1ea7n D\u1ee5 T\u00f4ng, Tr\u1ea7n Ngh\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng, Tr\u1ea7n Du\u1ec7 T\u00f4ng1329\u20131377[37]8Tr\u1ea7n dynasty (cont.)Tr\u1ea7n Ph\u1ebf \u0110\u1ebf, Tr\u1ea7n Thu\u1eadn T\u00f4ng, Tr\u1ea7n Thi\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ebf, H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly, H\u1ed3 H\u00e1n Th\u01b0\u01a1ng1377\u20131407[38]9Later Tr\u1ea7n dynastyGi\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ebf, Tr\u00f9ng Quang \u0110\u1ebf1407\u20131413[39]Ming’s domination1413\u20131428[40]10Later L\u00ea dynastyL\u00ea Th\u00e1i T\u1ed51428\u20131433[41]Basic Records, recent compilation (B\u1ea3n k\u1ef7 th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c)Volume(Quy\u1ec3n)Records(K\u1ef7)RulersPeriodNote11Later L\u00ea dynasty (cont.)L\u00ea Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng, L\u00ea Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4ng1433\u20131459[42]12Later L\u00ea dynasty (cont.)L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng (first record)1459\u20131472[43]13Later L\u00ea dynasty (cont.)L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng (second record)1472\u20131497[44]14Later L\u00ea dynasty (cont.)L\u00ea Hi\u1ebfn T\u00f4ng, L\u00ea T\u00fac T\u00f4ng, L\u00ea Uy M\u1ee5c1497\u20131509[45]15Later L\u00ea dynasty (cont.)L\u00ea T\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u1ef1c, L\u00ea Chi\u00eau T\u00f4ng, L\u00ea Cung Ho\u00e0ng, M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0103ng Dung, M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0103ng Doanh1509\u20131533[46]Basic Records, continued compilation (B\u1ea3n k\u1ef7 t\u1ee5c bi\u00ean)Volume(Quy\u1ec3n)Records(K\u1ef7)RulersPeriodNote16Later L\u00ea dynasty (cont.)L\u00ea Trang T\u00f4ng, L\u00ea Trung T\u00f4ng, L\u00ea Anh T\u00f4ng1533\u20131573[47]M\u1ea1c clan (supplement)M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0103ng Doanh, M\u1ea1c Ph\u00fac H\u1ea3i, M\u1ea1c Ph\u00fac Nguy\u00ean, M\u1ea1c M\u1eadu H\u1ee3p17Later L\u00ea dynasty (cont.)L\u00ea Th\u1ebf T\u00f4ng1573\u20131599[48]M\u1ea1c clan (supplement)M\u1ea1c M\u1eadu H\u1ee3p18Later L\u00ea dynasty (cont.)L\u00ea K\u00ednh T\u00f4ng, L\u00ea Ch\u00e2n T\u00f4ng, L\u00ea Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng1599\u20131662[49]19Later L\u00ea dynasty (cont.)L\u00ea Huy\u1ec1n T\u00f4ng, L\u00ea Gia T\u00f4ng1662\u20131675[50]Historical perspectives[edit]Comparison with L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u[edit]While L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u set the starting point for the history of Vietnam by the foundation of the Kingdom of Nam Vi\u1ec7t,[6] Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean took a further step by identifying the mythical and historical figures Kinh D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng and his son L\u1ea1c Long Qu\u00e2n as the progenitor of the Vietnamese people.[51] Because of the lack of historical resources about Kinh D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng and L\u1ea1c Long Qu\u00e2n, some suggests that Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean’s explanation of the Vietnamese people’s origin was a measure to extend the longevity of the Vietnamese civilization rather than a literal point of departure.[8][52] From the very beginning of his work, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean had another difference to Tr\u1ea7n scholars in regard to the H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng dynasty, that was while the Tr\u1ea7n dynasty scholars only mentioned the H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng dynasty as a symbol of excellence in the history of Vietnam, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean defined it the first Vietnamese dynasty which reigned the country from 2879 BC to 258 BC and thus predated the Xia dynasty, the first dynasty of China, for more than 600 years.[8] However, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean’s account for that long period was so brief[53] that several modern historians challenged the authenticity of his chronology for the H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, kings of the H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng dynasty, and speculated that Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean created this specific chronology mainly for the political purpose of the L\u00ea dynasty.[54]Like L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean treated the Kingdom of Nam Vi\u1ec7t as a Vietnamese entity, an opinion which was challenged by several Vietnamese historians from Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129[55] in eighteenth century to modern historians because the kings of Nam Vi\u1ec7t were of Chinese origin.[56][57][58]In their comments on the defeat of L\u00fd Nam \u0110\u1ebf by Chen Baxian which led to the Third Chinese domination in Vietnam, L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u criticized L\u00fd Nam \u0110\u1ebf for his lack of ability while Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean remarked that the Will of Heaven was not yet favour with the Vietnamese independence.Other arguments[edit]Different than L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u who saved his prior concern for the identity of the country from China,[60] Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean, according to O.W. Wolters, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean took the Chinese historiography as the standard in assessing historical events of the history of Vietnam. In commenting one event, the historian often cited a passage from Confucianist classics or other Chinese writings such as the Book of Song in order to rhetorically support his own statements.From his Confucianist point of view, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean often made negative comments on historical figures who acted against the rule of Confucianism. For example, despite his obvious successful reign, the Emperor L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh was heavily criticized in \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 for his marriage with D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u00e2n Nga who was the empress consort of his predecessor. One researcher even speculated that since Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean had a bias against this emperor, he decided to attribute the famous poem Nam qu\u1ed1c s\u01a1n h\u00e0 to L\u00fd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t instead of L\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0nh who was considered by several sources the proper author of the Nam qu\u1ed1c s\u01a1n h\u00e0.[63][64] Other decisions of the rulers which did not follow the moral and political code of Confucianism were also criticized by Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean such as the coronation of six empresses by \u0110inh Ti\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng, the marriage of L\u00ea Long \u0110\u0129nh with four empresses or L\u00fd Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5’s lack of interest in Confucianist classics study.[65] Especially in the case of the Tr\u1ea7n dynasty, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean always made unfavourable remarks on the marriages between closely related members of the Tr\u1ea7n clan. The only short period during the reign of the Tr\u1ea7n dynasty that Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean praised was from the death of Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng in 1277 to the death of Tr\u1ea7n Anh T\u00f4ng in 1320 while the historian denounced many actions of the Tr\u1ea7n rulers such as the ruthless purge of Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ed9 against L\u00fd clan or the controversial marriage between Tr\u1ea7n Th\u00e1i T\u00f4ng and the Princess Thu\u1eadn Thi\u00ean.Beside its historical value, \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 is also considered an important work of the literature of Vietnam because Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean often provided more information about the mentioned historical figures by the additional stories which were well written like a literary work.[15] From various comments of Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean, it seems that the historian also tried to define and teach moral principles based on the concept of Confucianism. For example, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean mentioned for several times the definition of a Gentleman (Qu\u00e2n t\u1eed) who, according to the historian, had to possess both good qualities and righteous manners, Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean also emphasized the importance of the Gentleman in the dynastic era by pointing out the difference between a Gentleman and a Mean man (Ti\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n) or determining what would be the effectiveness of the example of such Gentlemen.References[edit]Citations[edit]^ Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim 1971, p.\u00a082^ National Bureau for Historical Record 1998, p.\u00a0356^ a b c d “\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd”. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2009-12-18.^ a b c Pelley 2002, p.\u00a0151^ Taylor 1983, pp.\u00a0353\u2013355^ Taylor 1983, p.\u00a0359^ a b c Go Zhen Feng (2002). “B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd t\u1ee5c bi\u00ean”. H\u00e1n N\u00f4m Magazine (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Institute of H\u00e1n N\u00f4m (90).^ Boyd, Kelly (1999). Encyclopedia of historians and historical writing, Partie 14,\u00a0Volume 2. Taylor & Francis. p.\u00a01265. ISBN\u00a01-884964-33-8.^ Phan V\u0103n C\u00e1c (1994). “H\u00e1n N\u00f4m h\u1ecdc trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 “\u0110\u1ed5i M\u1edbi” c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc”. H\u00e1n N\u00f4m Magazine (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Institute of H\u00e1n N\u00f4m (94).^ a b c Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n L\u00e2u (2003). “L\u1ed1i vi\u1ebft “truy\u1ec7n” trong b\u1ed9 s\u1eed bi\u00ean ni\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0”. H\u00e1n N\u00f4m Magazine (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Institute of H\u00e1n N\u00f4m (99).^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a03\u20136^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a06\u20139^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a010\u201319^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, p.\u00a020^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, p.\u00a021^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a021\u201324^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a025\u201327^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a028\u201336^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a036\u201338^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a038\u201339^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a039\u201341^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a042\u201351^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a051\u201353^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a053\u201357^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a058\u201365^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a065\u201379^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a080\u2013104^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0105\u2013134^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0135\u2013158^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0159\u2013204^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0205\u2013239^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0240\u2013271^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0272\u2013308^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0309\u2013322^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0322\u2013324^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0325\u2013372^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0373\u2013428^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0428\u2013477^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0478\u2013522^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0523\u2013552^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0553\u2013596^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0597\u2013618^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0619\u2013655^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0656\u2013687^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a0688\u2013738^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a03\u20134^ Pelley 2002, p.\u00a065^ Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean 1993, pp.\u00a04\u20136^ Pelley 2002, pp.\u00a0151\u2013152^ Ng\u00f4 Th\u00ec S\u0129 (1991). Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed ti\u00eau \u00e1n (in Vietnamese). History & Literature Publishing House. p.\u00a08.^ “Nam Vi\u1ec7t”. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2009-12-18.^ “Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0”. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n B\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2009-12-18.^ Phan Huy L\u00ea; D\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ecb The; Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Thoa (2001). “V\u00e0i n\u00e9t v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 s\u1eed c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y S\u01a1n”. H\u00e1n N\u00f4m Magazine (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Institute of H\u00e1n N\u00f4m (85).^ Womack, Brantly (2006). China and Vietnam: the politics of asymmetry. Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0119. ISBN\u00a00-521-61834-7.^ B\u00f9i Duy T\u00e2n (2005). “Nam qu\u1ed1c s\u01a1n h\u00e0 v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed9 – Hai ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n ngang qua tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n”. H\u00e1n N\u00f4m Magazine (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Institute of H\u00e1n N\u00f4m (5).^ Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb Oanh (2001). “V\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i th\u01a1 Nam qu\u1ed1c s\u01a1n h\u00e0”. H\u00e1n N\u00f4m Magazine (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Institute of H\u00e1n N\u00f4m (2).^ Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Kho\u00e1i; T\u1ea1 Do\u00e3n Quy\u1ebft (2001). “H\u00e1n v\u0103n L\u00fd-Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 H\u00e1n v\u0103n th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi trung \u0111\u1ea1i”. H\u00e1n N\u00f4m Magazine (in Vietnamese). Hanoi: Institute of H\u00e1n N\u00f4m (3).Sources[edit]National Bureau for Historical Record (1998), Kh\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed Th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ee5c (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing HouseChapuis, Oscar (1995), A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN\u00a00-313-29622-7Yi, Insun (2006), “L\u00ea V\u0103n H\u01b0u and Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean: A Comparison of Their Perception of Vietnamese History”,  in Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.), Viet Nam: Borderless Histories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.\u00a045\u201371Ng\u00f4 S\u0129 Li\u00ean (1993), \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t s\u1eed k\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u01b0 (in Vietnamese) (N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c quan b\u1ea3n\u00a0ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing HousePelley, Patricia M. (2002), Postcolonial Vietnam: new histories of the national past, Duke University Press, ISBN\u00a00-8223-2966-2Taylor, Keith Weller (1983), The Birth of Vietnam, University of California Press, ISBN\u00a0978-0-520-07417-0Taylor, Keith Weller; Whitmore, John K. (1995), Essays into Vietnamese pasts, Volume 19, SEAP Publications, ISBN\u00a00-87727-718-4Tr\u1ea7n Tr\u1ecdng Kim (1971), Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School MaterialsTuyet Nhung Tran; Anthony J. S. Reid (2006), Vi\u1ec7t Nam Borderless Histories, Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN\u00a0978-0-299-21770-9Wolters, O.W. (2001), “What else may Ngo Si Lien mean? A matter of distinctions in the fifteenth century”,  in Anthony Reid; Kristine Alilunas-Rodgers (eds.), Sojourners and settlers: histories of Southeast Asia and the Chinese, University of Hawaii Press, pp.\u00a094\u2013114, ISBN\u00a00-8248-2446-6Woodside, Alexander (1988), Vietnam and the Chinese model: a comparative study of Vietnamese and Chinese government in the first half of the nineteenth century, Harvard Univ Asia Center, ISBN\u00a00-674-93721-XOur servers are currently under maintenance or experiencing a technical problem.Please try again in a few\u00a0minutes.See the error message at the bottom of this page for more\u00a0information.     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