[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/english-based-creole-languages-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/english-based-creole-languages-wikipedia\/","headline":"English-based creole languages – Wikipedia","name":"English-based creole languages – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Creole language derived from the English language An English-based creole language (often shortened","datePublished":"2017-09-07","dateModified":"2017-09-07","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/93\/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg\/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/93\/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg\/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png","height":"12","width":"23"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/english-based-creole-languages-wikipedia\/","wordCount":7719,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Creole language derived from the English languageAn English-based creole language (often shortened to English creole) is a creole language for which English was the lexifier, meaning that at the time of its formation the vocabulary of English served as the basis for the majority of the creole’s lexicon.[1] Most English creoles were formed in British colonies, following the great expansion of British naval military power and trade in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The main categories of English-based creoles are Atlantic (the Americas and Africa) and Pacific (Asia and Oceania).       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Over 76.5 million people estimated globally speak some form of English-based creole. Sierra Leone, Malaysia, Nigeria, Ghana, Jamaica, and Singapore have the largest concentrations of creole speakers.It is disputed to what extent the various English-based creoles of the world share a common origin. The monogenesis hypothesis[2][3] posits that a single language, commonly called proto\u2013Pidgin English, spoken along the West African coast in the early sixteenth century, was ancestral to most or all of the Atlantic creoles (the English creoles of both West Africa and the Americas).Table of Contents       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of creole languages[edit]Atlantic[edit]Western Caribbean[edit]Eastern Caribbean[edit]North America[edit]West Africa[edit]Pacific[edit]Marginal[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]Table of creole languages[edit]NameCountryNumber of speakers[4]NotesAtlantic[edit]Western Caribbean[edit]Bahamian Creole\u00a0Bahamas330,000 (2018)Turks and Caicos Creole English\u00a0Turks and Caicos34,000 (2019)Jamaican Patois\u00a0Jamaica3,000,000 (2001)Belizean Creole\u00a0Belize170,000 (2014)Miskito Coast Creole\u00a0Nicaragua18,000 (2009)Dialect: Rama Cay CreoleLimonese Creole\u00a0Costa Rica55,000 (2013)Dialect of Jamaican PatoisBocas del Toro Creole\u00a0Panama270,000 (2000)Dialect of Jamaican PatoisSan Andr\u00e9s\u2013Providencia Creole\u00a0Colombia12,000 (1981)Eastern Caribbean[edit]Virgin Islands Creole\u00a0US Virgin Islands\u00a0British Virgin Islands\u00a0Sint Maarten\u00a0Puerto Rico[5][6][7][8][9]\u00a0Saint-Martin\u00a0Sint Eustatius\u00a0Saba90,000 (2019)Anguillan Creole\u00a0Anguilla12,000 (2001)Dialect of Leeward Caribbean English CreoleAntiguan Creole\u00a0Antigua and Barbuda83,000 (2019)Dialect of Leeward Caribbean English CreoleSaint Kitts Creole\u00a0Saint Kitts and Nevis51,000 (2015)Dialect of Leeward Caribbean English CreoleMontserrat Creole\u00a0Montserrat5,100 (2020)Dialect of Leeward Caribbean English CreoleVincentian Creole\u00a0Saint Vincent and the Grenadines110,000 (2016)Grenadian Creole\u00a0Grenada110,000 (2020)Tobagonian Creole\u00a0Trinidad and Tobago300,000 (2011)Trinidadian Creole\u00a0Trinidad and Tobago1,000,000 (2011)Bajan Creole\u00a0Barbados260,000 (2018)Guyanese Creole\u00a0Guyana720,000 (2021)Sranan Tongo\u00a0Suriname670,000 (2016\u20132018)Including 150,000 L2 usersSaramaccan\u00a0Suriname35,000 (2018)Ndyuka\u00a0Suriname68,000 (2018)Dialects: Aluku, ParamaccanKwinti\u00a0Suriname250 (2018)North America[edit]Gullah\u00a0United States390 (2015)Ethnic population: 250,000Afro-Seminole Creole\u00a0United States\u00a0Mexico200 (1990)[10][11][a]Dialect of the Gullah languageWest Africa[edit]Krio\u00a0Sierra Leone8,200,000 (2019)Including 7,400,000 L2 speakersKreyol\u00a0Liberia5,100,000 (2015)Including 5,000,000 L2 speakersGhanaian Pidgin\u00a0Ghana5,000,000 (2011)Nigerian Pidgin\u00a0Nigeria120,000,000Including 120,000,000 L2 usersCameroonian Pidgin\u00a0Cameroon12,000,000 (2017)Equatorial Guinean Pidgin\u00a0Equatorial Guinea200,000 (2020)Including 190,000 L2 users (2020)Pacific[edit]Hawaiian Pidgin[b]\u00a0Hawaii1,000,000 (2012)Including 400,000 L2 usersNgatikese Creole\u00a0Micronesia700 (1983)Tok Pisin\u00a0Papua New Guinea4,100,000Including 4,000,000 L2 users (2001)Pijin\u00a0Solomon Islands560,000 (2012\u20132019)530,000 L2 users (1999)Bislama\u00a0Vanuatu13,000 (2011)Pitcairn-Norfolk\u00a0Pitcairn\u00a0Norfolk Island1,800Almost no L2 users. Has been classified as an Atlantic Creole based on internal structure.[14]Australian Kriol\u00a0Australia17,000Including 10,000 L2 users (1991)Torres Strait Creole\u00a0Australia6,200 (2016)Bonin English\u00a0JapanPossibly 1,000\u20132,000 (2004)[citation needed]Singlish\u00a0Singapore2,100,000[citation needed]Manglish\u00a0Malaysia10,000,000[citation needed]Marginal[edit]Not strictly creoles, but sometimes called thus:See also[edit]^ According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Black Seminoles have also been known as Seminole Maroons or Seminole Freedmen and were a group of free blacks and runaway slaves who joined with a group of Native Americans in Florida after the Spanish abolished slavery there in 1793.[12]^ Although Hawaii is a U.S. State, John Holm’s “An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles” enlists Hawaiian Pidgin in its subsection as a Pacific creole rather than an Atlantic creole. Therefore, it doesn’t have to follow its political boundaries on being part of the U.S.[13]References[edit]^ Velupillai, Viveka (2015). Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p.\u00a0519. ISBN\u00a0978-90-272-5272-2.^ Hancock, I. F. (1969). “A provisional comparison of the English-based Atlantic creoles”. African Language Review. 8: 7\u201372.^ Gilman, Charles (1978). “A Comparison of Jamaican Creole and Cameroon Pidgin English”. English Studies. 59: 57\u201365. doi:10.1080\/00138387808597871.^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (25th\u00a0ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.^ “Virgin Islands English Creole”. Ethnologue. Retrieved 27 March 2023.^ Villanueva Feliciano, Orville Omar.\u20092009. A Contrastive analysis of English Influences on the Lexicon of Puerto Rican Spanish in Puerto Rico and St. Croix^ “Virgin Islands Creole English”. Find a Bible. Retrieved 11 February 2023.^ Staff Consortium. “What Does the USVI and Puerto Rico Have in Common? A Summary of a Stimulating Discussion on Self-Determination in the Virgin Islands”. The Virgin Islands Consortium. Retrieved 10 July 2022.^ Sprawe, Gilbert A. “About Man Betta Man, Fission and Fusion, and Creole, Calypso and Cultural Survival in the Virgin Islands” (PDF). Retrieved 6 April 2023.^ “Afro-Seminole Creole”. Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 February 2023.^ “Creoles in Texas \u2013 ‘The Afro-Seminoles’.\u201d Kreol Magazine. March 28, 2014. Accessed April 11, 2018.^ Kuiper, Kathleen. “Black Seminoles.” In: Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed April 13, 2018.^ Holm, John A. (2000). An introduction to pidgin and creoles. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a095. ISBN\u00a09780521584609.^ Avram, Andrei (2003). “Pitkern and Norfolk revisited”. English Today. 19 (1): 44\u201349. doi:10.1017\/S0266078403003092. S2CID\u00a0144835575.Further reading[edit]Holm, John A., ed. (1983). Central American English. Heidelberg: Julius Groos Verlag. ISBN\u00a03-87276-295-8.Holm, John A. (1989). “English-based varieties”. Pidgins and Creoles. Vol.\u00a02, Reference Survey. Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0405\u2013551. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-35940-5.Holm, John A. (2000). An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-58581-1.Schreier, Daniel; Trudgill, Peter; Schneider, Edgar W.; Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. (2010). The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-1-139-48741-2.Arends, Jacques; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (1995). Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN\u00a090-272-5236-X.External links[edit]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/english-based-creole-languages-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"English-based creole languages – Wikipedia"}}]}]