[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/eumycetoma-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/eumycetoma-wikipedia\/","headline":"Eumycetoma – Wikipedia","name":"Eumycetoma – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Human and animal fungal infection For the bacterial disease formerly known as “actinomycetomabulus”, see Actinomycosis. after-content-x4 Medical condition Eumycetoma","datePublished":"2019-09-19","dateModified":"2019-09-19","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/59\/Madura_foot..JPG\/300px-Madura_foot..JPG","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/59\/Madura_foot..JPG\/300px-Madura_foot..JPG","height":"225","width":"300"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/eumycetoma-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":8124,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Human and animal fungal infectionFor the bacterial disease formerly known as “actinomycetomabulus”, see Actinomycosis.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Medical conditionEumycetomaOther namesMadura foot[1]An infected FootSpecialtyInfectious disease[2]SymptomsSwelling, weeping pus filled sinuses, deformity.[3]ComplicationsamputationCausesMadurella spp., Leptosphaeria senegalensis, Curvularia lunata, Pseudallescheria spp., Neotestudina rosatii, Acremonium spp. and Fusarium spp.[2]Diagnostic methodMicroscopy, biopsy, culture,[3]medical imaging, ELISA, immunodiffusion, DNA sequencing[4]Differential diagnosisActinomycosis (Actinomycetoma)[3]TreatmentSurgical debridement, antifungal medicines[3]MedicationItraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole[4]PrognosisRecurrence is common[5]FrequencyEndemic in Africa, India and South America[3]Eumycetoma, also known as Madura foot,[1][6] is a persistent fungal infection of the skin and the tissues just under the skin, affecting most commonly the feet, although it can occur in hands and other body parts.[5]  It starts as a painless wet nodule, which may be present for years before ulceration, swelling, grainy discharge and weeping from sinuses and fistulae, followed by bone deformity.[3]Several fungi can cause eumycetoma,[5] including: Madurella mycetomatis, Madurella grisea, Leptosphaeria senegalensis, Curvularia lunata, Scedosporium apiospermum, Neotestudina rosatii, and Acremonium and Fusarium species.[2] Diagnosis is by biopsy, visualising the fungi under the microscope and culture.[5]Medical imaging may reveal extent of bone involvement.[4] Other tests include ELISA, immunodiffusion, and DNA Barcoding.[4]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Treatment includes surgical removal of affected tissue and antifungal medicines.[3] After treatment, recurrence is common.[5] Sometimes, amputation is required.[5]The infection occurs generally in the tropics,[7] and is endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially Sudan, India, parts of South America and Mexico.[3] Few cases have been reported across North Africa.[8][9] Mycetoma is probably low-endemic to Egypt with predilection for eumycetoma.[10] In 2016, the World Health Organization recognised eumycetoma as a neglected tropical disease.[7]Table of Contents       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Signs and symptoms[edit]Mechanism[edit]Diagnosis[edit]Differential diagnosis[edit]Prevention[edit]Treatment[edit]Epidemiology[edit]History[edit]Society and culture[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]Signs and symptoms[edit]  The initial lesion is a small swelling under the skin following minor trauma.[11][12] It appears as a painless wet nodule, which may be present for years before ulceration, swelling and weeping from sinuses, followed by bone deformity.[3][7] The sinuses discharge a grainy liquid of fungal colonies.[11] These grains are usually black or white.[13] Destruction of deeper tissues, and deformity and loss of function in the affected limbs may occur in later stages.[14] It tends to occur in one foot.[13]  Mycetoma due to bacteria has similar clinical features.[15]Eumycetoma is a type of mycetoma caused by fungi. Mycetoma caused by bacteria from the phylum Actinomycetes is different.[11][12]  Both have similar clinical features.[15]The most common fungi causing white discharge is Pseudallescheria boydii.[13][16] Other causative agents of non-black grain eumycetoma include Acremonium and Fusarium species.[13]Black discharge tends to be caused by species from the genera Madurella, Pyrenochaeta, Exophiala, Leptosphaeria and Curvularia.[13] The most common species are Madurella mycetomatis[13][17] and Trematospheria grisea (previously called Madurella grisea).[13][18]Mechanism[edit]  The disease is acquired by entry of the fungal spores from the soil through a breach in the skin produced by minor trauma like a thorn prick.[19] The disease then spreads to deeper tissues and also forms sinus tracts leading to skin surface.[12] Mature lesions are characterised by a grainy discharge from these sinuses. These discharges contain fungal colonies and are infective. Spread of infection internally through blood or lymph is uncommon.[citation needed]Infections that produce a black discharge mainly spread subcutaneously. In the red and yellow varieties deep spread occurs early, infiltrating muscles and bones but sparing nerves and tendons, which are highly resistant to the invasion.[20]Botryomycosis, also known as bacterial pseudomycosis, produces a similar clinical picture and is caused usually by Staphylococcus aureus.[21] Other bacteria may also cause botryomycosis.[22]Diagnosis[edit]Diagnosis is by biopsy, visualising the fungi under the microscope and culture, which show characteristic fungal filaments and vesicles characteristic of the fungi.[5] Other tests include ELISA, immunodiffusion, and PCR with DNA sequencing (so-called DNA barcoding).[4]X rays and ultrasonography may be carried out to assess the extent of the disease. X rays findings are extremely variable. The disease is most often observed at an advanced stage that exhibits extensive destruction of all bones of the foot. Rarely, a single lesion may be seen in the tibia where the picture is identical with chronic osteomyelitis. Cytology of fine needle aspirate or pus from the lesion, and tissue biopsy may be undertaken sometimes.[11] Some publications have claimed a “dot in a circle sign” as a characteristic MRI feature for this condition (this feature has also been described on ultrasound).[14]  Differential diagnosis[edit]The following clinical conditions may be considered before diagnosing a patient with mycetoma:[citation needed]Tuberculous ulcerKaposi’s sarcoma, a vascular tumour of skin usually seen in AIDS.LeprosySyphilisMalignant neoplasmTropical ulcer[20]Botryomycosis,[12] a skin infection usually caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus.Prevention[edit]No vaccine is available. Simple hygienic precautions like wearing shoes or sandals while working in fields, and washing hands and feet at regular intervals may help prevent the disease.[citation needed]Treatment[edit]Surgery combined with itraconazole may be given for up to year when the grains are black.[4]Posaconazole is another option.[4]Voriconazole can be used for infections caused by Fusarium species.[4]Ketoconazole has been used to treat eumycetoma but has many side effects.[23]Actinomycetes usually respond well to medical treatment, but eukaryotic infections are generally resistant and may require surgical interventions including salvage procedures as bone resection or even the more radical amputation.[24][12][14]Epidemiology[edit]The disease is more common in males aged 20\u201340 years who work as labourers, farmers and herders, and in travellers to tropical regions, where the condition is endemic.[4]History[edit]Madura foot or maduromycosis or maduramycosis[25] is described in ancient writings of India as Padavalmika, which, translated means Foot anthill.[12] The first modern description of Madura foot was made in 1842 from Madurai (the city after which the disease was named Madura-mycosis) in India, by Gill.[12] The fungal cause of the disease was established in 1860 by Carter.[12]Society and culture[edit]In 2016, the World Health Organization recognised eumycetoma as a neglected tropical disease.[7] Traditionally occurring in regions where resources are scarce, medicines may be expensive and diagnosis is frequently made late, when more invasive treatment may be required.[7]References[edit]^ a b Kutzner, Heinz; Kempf, Werner; Feit, Josef; Sangueza, Omar (2021). “2. Fungal infections”. Atlas of Clinical Dermatopathology: Infectious and Parasitic Dermatoses. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell. pp.\u00a077\u2013108. ISBN\u00a0978-1-119-64706-5. Archived from the original on 2021-06-10. Retrieved 2021-06-09.^ a b c “ICD-11 – ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics”. icd.who.int. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2021.^ a b c d e f g h i Johnstone, Ronald B. (2017). “25. Mycoses and Algal infections”. Weedon’s Skin Pathology Essentials (2nd\u00a0ed.). Elsevier. p.\u00a0457. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7020-6830-0. Archived from the original on 2021-05-25. Retrieved 2021-06-13.^ a b c d e f g h i Queiroz-Telles, Flavio; Fahal, Ahmed Hassan; Falci, Diego R.; Caceres, Diego H.; Chiller, Tom; Pasqualotto, Alessandro C. (November 2017). “Neglected endemic mycoses”. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 17 (11): e367\u2013e377. doi:10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30306-7. ISSN\u00a01474-4457. PMID\u00a028774696. Archived from the original on 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2021-08-30.^ a b c d e f g Estrada, Roberto; Ch\u00e1vez-L\u00f3pez, Guadalupe; Estrada-Ch\u00e1vez, Guadalupe; L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00ednez, Rub\u00e9n; Welsh, Oliverio (July 2012). “Eumycetoma”. Clinics in Dermatology. 30 (4): 389\u2013396. doi:10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2011.09.009. ISSN\u00a01879-1131. PMID\u00a022682186. Archived from the original on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2021-06-13.^ Barlow, Gavin; Irving, Irving; moss, Peter J. (2020). “20. Infectious diseases”.  In Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (eds.). Kumar and Clark’s Clinical Medicine (10th\u00a0ed.). Elsevier. p.\u00a0561. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7020-7870-5. Archived from the original on 2021-06-13. Retrieved 2021-06-13.^ a b c d e Emery, Darcy; Denning, David W. (2020). “The global distribution of actinomycetoma and eumycetoma”. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 14 (9): e0008397. doi:10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008397. ISSN\u00a01935-2735. PMC\u00a07514014. PMID\u00a032970667.^ Elgallali, N; El Euch, D; Cheikhrouhou, R; Belhadj, S; Chelly, I; Chaker, E; Ben Osman, A (June 2010). “[Mycetoma in Tunisia: a 15-case series]”. M\u00e9decine Tropicale. 70 (3): 269\u201373. PMID\u00a020734597.^ Karrakchou, B; Boubnane, I; Senouci, K; Hassam, B (10 January 2020). “Madurella mycetomatis infection of the foot: a case report of a neglected tropical disease in a non-endemic region”. BMC Dermatology. 20 (1): 1. doi:10.1186\/s12895-019-0097-1. PMC\u00a06953183. PMID\u00a031918687.^ Ahmed, SA; El-Sobky, TA; de Hoog, S; Zaki, SM; Taha, M (9 September 2022). “A scoping review of mycetoma profile in Egypt: revisiting the global endemicity map”. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 117: 1\u201311. doi:10.1093\/trstmh\/trac085. PMID\u00a036084235.^ a b c d Davidson’s principles and practice of medicine (20th\u00a0ed.). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. 2006. p.\u00a0373. ISBN\u00a09780443101335.^ a b c d e f g h Ananthanarayan BA, Jayaram CK, Paniker MD (2006). Textbook of Microbiology (7th\u00a0ed.). Orient Longman Private Ltd. p.\u00a0618. ISBN\u00a0978-8125028086.^ a b c d e f g Bravo, Francisco G. (2020). “14. Fungal, viral and rickettsial infections”.  In Hoang, Mai P.; Selim, Maria Angelica (eds.). Hospital-Based Dermatopathology: An Illustrated Diagnostic Guide. Switzerland: Springer. pp.\u00a0638\u2013664. ISBN\u00a0978-3-030-35819-8. Archived from the original on 2021-06-11. Retrieved 2021-06-11.^ a b c El-Sobky, TA; Haleem, JF; Samir, S (2015). “Eumycetoma Osteomyelitis of the Calcaneus in a Child: A Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation following Total Calcanectomy”. Case Reports in Pathology. 2015: 129020. doi:10.1155\/2015\/129020. PMC\u00a04592886. PMID\u00a026483983.^ a b “Mycetoma | DermNet NZ”. dermnetnz.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.^ “Filamentous Fungi”. Archived from the original on 2012-06-18. Retrieved 2008-07-23.^ Ahmed AO, Desplaces N, Leonard P,  et\u00a0al. (December 2003). “Molecular detection and identification of agents of eumycetoma: detailed report of two cases”. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (12): 5813\u20136. doi:10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5813-5816.2003. PMC\u00a0309011. PMID\u00a014662990.^ Vilela R, Duarte OM, Rosa CA,  et\u00a0al. (November 2004). “A case of eumycetoma due to Madurella grisea in northern Brazil” (PDF). Mycopathologia. 158 (4): 415\u20138. doi:10.1007\/s11046-004-2844-y. PMID\u00a015630550. S2CID\u00a035337823.[permanent dead link]^ Zijlstra, Eduard E.; Sande, Wendy W. J. van de; Welsh, Oliverio; Mahgoub, El Sheikh; Goodfellow, Michael; Fahal, Ahmed H. (1 January 2016). “Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease”. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 16 (1): 100\u2013112. doi:10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00359-X. ISSN\u00a01473-3099. PMID\u00a026738840. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2021.^ a b Hamilton Bailey’s Demonstrations of Physical Signs in Clinical Surgery ISBN\u00a00-7506-0625-8^ “Dorlands Medical Dictionary:botryomycosis”. 5 September 2008. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2018.^ “Skin-nontumor Infectious disorders Botryomycosis”. PathologyOutlines.com, Inc. Archived from the original on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2013-07-31.^ Capoor MR, Khanna G, Nair D,  et\u00a0al. (April 2007). “Eumycetoma pedis due to Exophiala jeanselmei”. Indian J Med Microbiol. 25 (2): 155\u20137. doi:10.4103\/0255-0857.32726. PMID\u00a017582190.^ Efared, B; Tahiri, L; Boubacar, MS; Atsam-Ebang, G; Hammas, N; Hinde, EF; Chbani, L (2017). “Mycetoma in a non-endemic area: a diagnostic challenge”. BMC Clinical Pathology. 17: 1. doi:10.1186\/s12907-017-0040-5. PMC\u00a05288886. PMID\u00a028167862.^ “Infectious Disorders (Specific Agent) Madura foot\/Mycetoma\/Maduramycosis”. MedTech USA, Inc. Archived from the original on 2014-03-22. Retrieved 2013-08-01.External links[edit]     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/eumycetoma-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Eumycetoma – Wikipedia"}}]}]