[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/gongsun-long-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/gongsun-long-wikipedia\/","headline":"Gongsun Long – Wikipedia","name":"Gongsun Long – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Chinese scholar Gongsun Long (simplified Chinese: \u516c\u5b59\u9f99; traditional Chinese: \u516c\u5b6b\u9f8d; pinyin: G\u014dngs\u016bn L\u00f3ng;","datePublished":"2014-10-15","dateModified":"2014-10-15","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/gongsun-long-wikipedia\/","wordCount":1905,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Chinese scholarGongsun Long (simplified Chinese: \u516c\u5b59\u9f99; traditional Chinese: \u516c\u5b6b\u9f8d; pinyin: G\u014dngs\u016bn L\u00f3ng; Wade\u2013Giles: Kung1-sun1 Lung2, c.\u2009320\u2013250 BC[1][2]), courtesy name Zibing (\u5b50\u79c9), was a Chinese philosopher and writer who was a member of the School of Names (Logicians) of ancient Chinese philosophy. He also ran a school and enjoyed the support of rulers, and advocated peaceful means of resolving disputes in contrast to the wars which were common in the Warring States period. However, little is known about the particulars of his life, and furthermore many of his writings have been lost.[3] All of his essays\u2014fourteen originally but only six extant\u2014are included in the anthology the Gongsun Longzi (Chinese: \u516c\u5b6b\u9f8d\u5b50; pinyin: G\u014dngs\u016bn l\u00f3ng zi; Wade\u2013Giles: Kung-sun Lung-tzu).       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4In Book 17 of the Zhuangzi anthology, Gongsun thus speaks of himself:When young, I studied the way of the former kings. When I grew up, I understood the practice of kindness and duty. I united the same and different, separated hard from white, made so the not-so and admissible the inadmissible. I confounded the wits of the hundred schools and exhausted the eloquence of countless speakers. I took myself to have reached the ultimate.He is best known for a series of paradoxes in the tradition of Hui Shi, including “White horses are not horses,” “When no thing is not the pointed-out, to point out is not to point out,” and “There is no 1 in 2.” These paradoxes seem to suggest a similarity to the discovery in Greek philosophy that pure logic may lead to apparently absurd conclusions.Table of Contents       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4White Horse Dialogue[edit]Other works[edit]Popular culture[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]White Horse Dialogue[edit]In the White Horse Dialogue (Chinese: \u767d\u99ac\u8ad6; pinyin: B\u00e1im\u01ce L\u00f9n), one interlocutor (sometimes called the “sophist”) defends the truth of the statement “White horses are not horses,” while the other interlocutor (sometimes called the “objector”) disputes the truth of this statement. This has been interpreted in a number of ways.Possibly the simplest interpretation is to see it as based on a confusion of class and identity. The argument, by this interpretation, plays upon an ambiguity in Chinese that does not exist in English. The expression “X is not Y” (X\u975eY) can mean either“X is not a member (or subset) of set Y”“X is not identical to Y”The sentence “White horses are not horses” would normally be taken to assert the obviously false claim that white horses are not part of the group of horses. However, the “sophist” in the dialogue defends the statement under the interpretation, “Not all horses are white horses”. The latter statement is actually true, since\u2014as the “sophist” explains\u2014”horses” includes horses that are white, yellow, brown, etc., while “white horses” includes only white horses, and excludes the others. A.C. Graham proposed this interpretation and illustrated it with an analogy.  The “Objector” assumes that “a white horse is not a horse” is parallel to “a sword is not a weapon,” but the “Sophist” is treating the statement as parallel to “a sword is not a blade.”[4]:\u200a89\u200a Other interpretations have been put forward by Fung Yu-lan and Chad Hansen, among others.[4]:\u200a82\u201383\u200aThis work has been viewed by some as a serious logical discourse, by others as a facetious work of sophistry, and finally by some as a combination of the two.[5]Other works[edit]He was also responsible for several other essays (\u8ad6; l\u00f9n; ‘discourses, dialogues’), as short as 300 characters.[6]“On Pointing at Things” (\u6307\u7269\u8ad6; Zh\u01d0w\u00f9 L\u00f9n): An enigmatic discussion on reference and the referent, or designation and the designated.“On Understanding Change”[7] (\u901a\u8b8a\u8ad6; T\u014dngbi\u00e0n L\u00f9n)“On Hardness and Whiteness”[7] (\u5805\u767d\u8ad6; Ji\u0101nb\u00e1i L\u00f9n): based on the example of a stone that is both hard and white.“On Name and Substance”[7] (\u540d\u5be6\u8ad6; M\u00edngsh\u00ed L\u00f9n)“Storehouse of Traces” (\u8de1\u5e9c; Jif\u01d4)Popular culture[edit]He appears in the manga and anime Kingdom as a Zhao general by the name “Kou Son Ryuu”.^ Zhou, Yunzhi, “Gongsun Long”. Encyclopedia of China (Philosophy Edition), 1st ed.^ Liu 2004, p. 336^ McGreal 1995, p. 31^ a b A.C. Graham, Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China (Chicago: Open Court, 2003) [1989]^ Harbsmeier, Christoph (1989). “Humor in Ancient Chinese Philosophy”. Philosophy East and West. University of Hawai\u02bbi Press. 39 (3): 289\u2013310. doi:10.2307\/1399450. JSTOR\u00a01399450.^ Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). “Pointing and Things”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy..^ a b c Translated titles are from Chang, Han-liang (1998). “Controversy over Language: Towards Pre-Qin Semiotics” (PDF). Tamkang Review. New Taipei: Tamkang University Press. 28 (3): 1\u201329.References[edit]Graham, Angus C. (1989). ‘The Sharpening of Rational Debate: The Sophists.’ Pp.\u00a075\u201395 in Graham, Disputers of the Tao. Chicago: Open Court Press.Liu, Jianguo (2004). Distinguishing and Correcting the pre-Qin Forged Classics. Xi’an: Shaanxi People’s Press. ISBN\u00a07-224-05725-8.Zhou, Yunzhi, “Gongsun Long”[permanent dead link]. Encyclopedia of China (Philosophy Edition), 1st ed.External links[edit]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/gongsun-long-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Gongsun Long – Wikipedia"}}]}]