[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/gulf-languages-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/gulf-languages-wikipedia\/","headline":"Gulf languages – Wikipedia","name":"Gulf languages – Wikipedia","description":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Proposed language family The Gulf languages are a proposed family of native North American languages","datePublished":"2017-07-15","dateModified":"2017-07-15","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/gulf-languages-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":3663,"articleBody":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaProposed language familyThe Gulf languages are a proposed family of native North American languages composed of the Muskogean languages, along with four language isolates: Natchez, Tunica, Atakapa, and (possibly) Chitimacha.Table of ContentsHistory of proposal[edit]Lexical comparisons[edit]Comparisons with Algonquian[edit]Pronoun comparisons[edit]References[edit]History of proposal[edit]Gulf was proposed as a language family by Mary Haas (Haas 1951,[1] 1952[2]), but the family has not been rigorously established by the comparative method. Historical linguists such as Lyle Campbell (Campbell and Mithun 1979,[3] Campbell 1997[4]) list the relationship as unproven, though a number of Muskogean scholars believe that Muskogean is at least related to Natchez (Campbell 1997:305).However, the Gulf hypothesis is considered by a number of specialists on Muskogean languages, including Mary Haas and Pamela Munro. Munro (1995) has regarded the hypothesis of a Gulf family of languages as promising; Haas thought the closest language to Muskogean would be Natchez, followed by Tunica, Atakapa, and, rather dubiously, Chitimacha.[5] A difficulty in evaluating the hypothesis is the lack of available data. Most of the data on Chitimacha and Natchez is still unpublished and held in archives.Additionally, Haas (1958) proposed that the Gulf languages are related to the Algonquian languages.[6]Lexical comparisons[edit]Lexical comparisons by Kimball (1994) showing areal similarities among the “Gulf” languages:[7]:\u200a35\u201338\u200aglossProto-MuskogeanTunicasibling of opposite sex*xaya-\u00e1haya ‘sister-in-law’to want*k\u02b7anna-w\u00e1nabig gray heron*watolaw\u00e1toru-hki ‘whooping crane’fruit; to bear fruit*a\u03b8i\u0294\u00e9luwillowos\u00ed (Koasati)\u0294x\u030c\u0161aglossTunicaNatchezto stick in\u010d\u00e1hkacak-to drip\u010d\u00f3lucol-cornh\u00e1hkahakuto gulpk\u0254\u0301rakolkol-to put in the mouthk\u00e1hpuhi-kap-chickenk\u00e1pa\u0161ikapa\ua78fht(i)wild goosel\u00e1lahkil\u00e1\ua78flakto fartp\u00edh\u010dupic-to shiner\u00e9maleM-to snorer\u00f3hkulo\ua78fk-sassafrasr\u0254\u0301wasiwa\ua78fto blow the nose\u0161\u00edmu\u0161i\ua78fM-to blow (of wind)w\u00edhu*wi\ua78fW-wild potato\u0294\u0254\u0301\u0161ka-\u0294acto cough\u0294\u00fahu\u0294oho\ua78f-like, resembling-nahku-nekeintestines-y\u00f3ni\u0294u\ua78fnuhglossTunicaChitimachaman \/ men\u0161\u00ed\u0294asi \/ \u0294ay\u0161ear-\u00e1la-w\u025b\u0301\u010dawa\u0294a\u0161kingfisher\u010d\u00e1rina\u010danacypressh\u00e1hku\u0294ak-\u0161u\u0161to diel\u00fapinu\ua78fp-warn\u00e1kanak\u0161glossTunicaAtakapablackm\u00e9lime\u02d0lto callw\u00e1liwanglossNatchezProto-Muskogeanto buyci\ua78fp-haki\u0294i\u0161*\u010do\u0294papine treecol*\u010dolyisquashco\ua78fY*tahayofox \/ bark or yelp like a foxkaWkup*kax\u02b7-kasixlahanaW*xana-liperch \/ fish\u0161a\ua78f\u0161(i)*\u03b8a\u03b8i-xowife\u0294a\ua78fL*xalkitooth\u0294eNt*innotiten\u0294o\ua78fko*poko-linothing but-a\ua78fnah(Koasati) -n\u00e1nnaergative \/ nominative-c-*tabsolutive \/ accusative-n-*nglossNatchezChitimachawater \/ liquidkuNku\ua78fhundredpu\ua78fppu\ua78fpcowwa\u0161ta\ua78fNwa\u0161tikspider webweykoLway\u2019to hear\u0294e\ua78fp-le-hal\u0294i\u0161wopi-vulture\u0294o\ua78f\u0161i\u0294o\ua78f\u0161twenty \/ two\u0294o\ua78fk-ahp\u0294upaglossNatchezAtakapaname\u0294inue\u02d0\u014bpersimmon\u0294o\ua78fo\u02d0lglossChitimachaAtakapatenhey\u010d\u2019ihi\u0161i\u014bliverkesike\u02d0c(k)womanki\u010daki\u0161gourdkupukipacoearthneyne\u02d0Spanish mosssi\ua78fc\u0161i\u02d0tmulberrysis\u010d\u2019upsesbeaver\u0294a\ua78fciocglossAtakapaProto-Muskogeanshelliwalx\u02b7ologlossTunicaProto-MuskogeanNatchezred-headed woodpecker\u010duh\u010duhina*\u010dax\u010dahkacawcahpileated woodpeckerp\u00e1hpahkana*k\u02b7ahk\u02b7a-kapakpaku\ua78f-\u0161i\ua78fLrobin (Quapaw \u0161\u012f\u0301kkokk\u00f3ke)wi\u0161k\u0294ohku*\u010d\/k\u02b7iskokomi\u0161kok\u02b7breast\u0294\u00fa\u010du*pi\u010di ‘suckle; breasts’\u0161u\ua78fglossTunicaChitimachaNatchezAtakapaProto-Muskogeanhackberryk\u00f3-kamuko\u014bnegative-\u0294aha-ha\ua78ft-hahwindh\u00farihowihiunclewa\u0294a \/ wa\ua78f\u0294awehwah\u0161hand\u0294i\ua78f\u0161wa\u0161iwo\u02d0\u0161 \/ wi\u02d0\u0161to give\u0294a\ua78f-ha-ku-\u0161i-\u0294i\u0161*im-akaskunk\u0161\u00edkiki\u0161t\u0294e\u0294e\u0161ic\u0161ikiti\u0161Comparisons with Algonquian[edit]Some lexical similarities between the Algonquian and Gulf languages given by Haas (1958):[6]glossProto-Central AlgonquianProto-MuskogeanNatchezTunicaChitimachaAtakapabeat*pak-\u2014pa\ua78fk-p\u025b\u0301ka\u2014pakcold*tahk-\u2014takap-l\u00e1ka\u010d\u2019aki\u2014cut*ki\ua78f\u0161k-*ka\u010d-kec-k\u00e1h\u010du\u2014kecdie*nepe-*ili-\u2014l\u00fapinu\ua78fp-(pih)fish*name\ua78f-*\u0274a\u0274i\/u\u0294e\u0274n\u00edni(ni-)ntihand*-ne\u03b8k-i*-mk\u02b7i\u2014-hkeninokname*-i\ua78fn-\u2014\u0294inu\u2014nuy-t-e\u014bneck*-hkwe\ua78f-\u2014k\u02b7aht\u2014k\u2019e\u0294koynight*tepe\u03b8k-\u2014tewel\u00e1wut\u2019apk\u2019iitione*kwet-; *nekwet-\u2014wi\ua78ft-\u0294unk\u2019u(ta)nukscrape*ka\ua78f\u0161k-*ka\ua78fs-ko\ua78fc-k\u0254\u0301sak\u2019atka-kau-\u0161see*ne\ua78fw-\u2014\u0294e\u029f-h\u025b\u0301rahe\u010d-t-inisharp(en)*ki\ua78fn-t-*x\u02b7ulut-pilit-k\u00edrikihcikinishoot*pemw-,  *-el-\u2014-epenel-\u2014pa\ua78fhma-pemsplit*pa\ua78f\u03b8k-*pa\u019a-pa\ua78f\u029f-p\u00e1sa[\u010d]ap-t-pa\u019aswallow*kwan-*k\u02b7alak--akun-k\u0254\u0301raka\ua78f\u010d-t-kultail*-a\u03b8any-*haci\u0294isi-\u00e1samah\u010di\u2014three*ne\u0294\u03b8-\u2014ne\ua78f-\u0294\u00e9ni-\u2014latthrough*\u0161a\ua78fpw-*\u019auput-\u2014\u0161\u00edhpu\u2014\u019aoptree*me\u0294tekw-*itti\/ucu\ua78fr\u00edhku\u0161u\u0161\u2014turn*kwetekw-\u2014kitip-k\u00farakut\u2019ih-t-\u2014Pronoun comparisons[edit]Below are pronouns comparisons by Geoffrey Kimball (1994) showing areal similarities among the “Gulf” languages.[7]:\u200a39\u200aIndependent pronounsglossProto-MuskogeanTunicaNatchezChitimachaAtakapaI*ano\u0294\u00edmatake\ua78fha\u0294i\u0161wi\u0161you*i\u010dnom\u00e1 (M); h\u025b\u0301ma (F)\u0294akahnihim\u0294na\u0161s\/he\u2014\u0294\u00fawi (M); t\u00edhci (F)\u0294i\u0161inahusha\u02d0\u0161we*posno\u0294inimatakahni\ua78f\u0294usyukiti\u0161you (pl)*ha\u010dnow\u00ednima (M); h\u00ednima (F)\u0294aNkahni\ua78fwasnakitthey\u2014s\u025b\u0301ma (M); s\u00ednima (F)\u0294i\u0161ina\ua78fni\ua78fhunkshakiti\u0161Possessive pronounsglossProto-MuskogeanTunicaNatchezChitimachaAtakapamy*ca- \/ *am-\u0294i--ni\u0161\u0294i\u0161wiyour*\u010di- \/ *\u010dim-wi- (M); hi-, he- (F)-pi\u0161him\u0294naher \/ his*i- \/ *im-\u0294u- (M); ti- (F)-\u0294i\u0161hushaour*po- \/ pom-\u0294i-n\u2014\u0294usyukityour (pl)*ha\u010di- \/ *ha\u010dim-wi-n- (M); hi-n- (F)\u2014wasnakittheir\u2014si- (M); si-n- (F)\u2014hunkshakitAgentive pronounsglossProto-MuskogeanTunicaNatchezChitimachaAtakapaI*-li-nita- \/ ya- \/ \u0294a- (ka-)-ki-oyou*i\u010d- \/ *\u010di-w\u00ed- (M); h\u025b\u0301- (F)pan- \/ pi- \/ pa\ua78f--i\u0294ina\u0161s\/he*\u00d8-\u0294\u00fa- (M); \u0294\u00e1- (F)na- \/ \u0294i- \/ \u0294a\ua78f--i\u0294iha\u0161we*il- \/ -*li\u0294\u00edna--naka-celyou (pl)*ha\u010d- \/ *-ha\u010diw\u00edna- (M); h\u025b\u0301na- (F)\u2014-na\u0294a-temthey*\u00d8\u0294\u00fana- (M); sina- (F)\u2014-na\u0294a-o\u026cPatient pronounsglossProto-MuskogeanTunicaNatchezChitimachaAtakapaI*ca-\u0294ihk--t--ki-hiyou*\u010di-wihk- (M); hihk- (F)-p--\u00d8-ns\/he*\u00d8-\u0294uhk- (M); tihk- (F)-\u00d8--\u00d8-hawe*po-\u0294ink-\u2014-kuy-i\u0161you (pl)*ha\u010di-wink- (M); hink- (F)\u2014-\u00d8-nak-they\u2014sihk- (M); sink- (F)\u2014-\u00d8-\u0161ak-reflexive*ili-\u2014-h\u0161i-hat-reciprocal*ixti-\u0294ak--tahn-\u2014hok-Stative verb subject pronounsglossProto-MuskogeanTunicaNatchezChitimachaAtakapaI*ca-\u0294i--t--ki-hiyou*\u010di-wi- (M); hi- (F)-p--\u00d8-ns\/he*\u00d8-\u0294u- (M); ti- (F)-\u00d8--\u00d8-\u00d8-we*po-\u0294i-n\u2014-kuy-ic-you (pl)*ha\u010di-wi-n- (M); hi-n- (F)\u2014-\u00d8-\u2014they\u2014si- (M); si-n- (F)\u2014-\u00d8-\u00d8-References[edit]^ Haas, Mary. (1951). The Proto-Gulf word for water (with notes on Siouan-Yuchi). International Journal of American Linguistics 17: 71-9.^ Haas, Mary. (1952). The Proto-Gulf word for ‘land’ (with notes on Proto-Siouan). International Journal of American Linguistics 18: 238-240.^ Campbell, Lyle and Marianne Mithun. 1979. The Languages of Native America: A Historical and Comparative Assessment. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.^ Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.^ Munro, Pamela. 1995. Gulf and Yuki-Gulf. Anthropological Linguistics 36: 125-222.^ a b Haas, Mary R. (1958). A New Linguistic Relationship in North America: Algonkian and the Gulf Languages. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 14(3), 231-264.^ a b Kimball, Geoffrey. 1994. Comparative difficulties of the “Gulf” languages. In Langdon, Margaret (ed.), Proceedings of the Meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous languages of the Americas July 2\u20134, 1993 and the Hokan-Penutian Workshop July 3, 1993 (both held at the 1993 Linguistic Institute at Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio). Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 8. Berkeley: University of California.  "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/gulf-languages-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Gulf languages – Wikipedia"}}]}]