[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/hagiopolitan-octoechos-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/hagiopolitan-octoechos-wikipedia\/","headline":"Hagiopolitan Octoechos – Wikipedia","name":"Hagiopolitan Octoechos – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 System of chanting in medieval Christian churches after-content-x4 Okt\u014d\u0113chos (here transcribed “Octoechos“; Greek: \u1f41 \u1f48\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03b7\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 pronounced in koine: Greek","datePublished":"2021-01-11","dateModified":"2021-01-11","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a4\/Enechemata_%28%E1%BC%A6%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%81%E1%BF%B6%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82%2C_%E1%BC%A6%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%29.jpg\/400px-Enechemata_%28%E1%BC%A6%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%81%E1%BF%B6%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82%2C_%E1%BC%A6%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%29.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a4\/Enechemata_%28%E1%BC%A6%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%81%E1%BF%B6%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82%2C_%E1%BC%A6%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%29.jpg\/400px-Enechemata_%28%E1%BC%A6%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%81%E1%BF%B6%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82%2C_%E1%BC%A6%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%E1%BF%A6_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%29.jpg","height":"85","width":"400"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/hagiopolitan-octoechos-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":25178,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4System of chanting in medieval Christian churches       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Okt\u014d\u0113chos (here transcribed “Octoechos“; Greek: \u1f41 \u1f48\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03b7\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 pronounced in koine: Greek pronunciation:\u00a0[ok\u02c8t\u00f3ixos];[1] from \u1f40\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce “eight” and \u1f26\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 “sound, mode” called echos; Slavonic: \u041e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0435, Osmoglasie from \u043e\u0301\u0441\u043c\u044c “eight” and \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044a “voice, sound”) is the name of the eight mode system used for the composition of religious chant in most Christian churches during the Middle Ages. In a modified form the octoechos is still regarded as the foundation of the tradition of monodic Orthodox chant today (Neobyzantine Octoechos).The Octoechos as a liturgical concept which established an organization of the calendar into eight-week cycles, was the invention of monastic hymnographers at Mar Saba in Palestine and in Constantinople. It was formally accepted in the Quinisext Council of 692, which also aimed to replace the exegetic poetry of the kontakion and other homiletic poetry, as it was sung during the morning service (Orthros) of the cathedrals.A similar eight-mode system was established in Western Europe during the Carolingian reform, and particularly at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 AD. Quite possibly this was an attempt to follow the example of the Eastern Church.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The evidence for this is an abbreviated chant book called a “tonary”, which is a list of incipits of chants ordered according to the intonation formula of each tone in its psalmody. Later on, fully notated and theoretical tonaries were also written. The Byzantine book Octoechos  (9th century) was one of the first hymn books with musical notation and its earliest surviving copies date from the 10th century.Table of ContentsOrigins[edit]Jerusalem, Alexandria, or Constantinople[edit]Monastic reform of Mar Saba[edit]8 diatonic echoi of the Hagiopolitan Octoechos[edit]Phthorai and mesoi of the Hagia Sophia[edit]Latin reception[edit]Synthesis in Latin music theory[edit]Tonary[edit]Question of intervals and their transposition[edit]Pitches and their tonal system[edit]Medieval use of transposition (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd)[edit]See also[edit]People[edit]Sources[edit]Greek chant treatises[edit]Latin treatises and tonaries (6t\u201312th century)[edit]Chant books with octoechos notation[edit]Palaeo-Byzantine notation (10th\u201313th century)[edit]Latin chant books and notated tonaries[edit]Studies[edit]External links[edit]Origins[edit]Students of Orthodox chant today often study the history of Byzantine chant in three periods, identified by the names John of Damascus (675\/676-749) as the “beginning”, John Koukouzeles (c. 1280\u20131360) as the “flower” (Papadic Octoechos), and Chrysanthos of Madytos (c. 1770-c. 1840) as the master of the living tradition today (Neobyzantine Octoechos). The latter has the reputation that he once connected in his time the current tradition with the past of Byzantine chant, which was in fact the work of at least four generations of teachers at the New Music School of the Patriarchate.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4This division of the history into three periods begins quite late with the 8th century, despite the fact that the octoechos reform was already accepted some decades earlier, before John and Cosmas entered the monastery Mar Saba in Palestine. The earliest sources which gave evidence of the octoechos’ use in Byzantine chant, can be dated back to the 6th century.[2]Jerusalem, Alexandria, or Constantinople[edit]The common schedule and the focus on the circle around John of Damascus is confirmed by a ninth-century treatise called “Hagiopolites” (from hagios polis, “Holy City”, referring to Jerusalem) which only survived in a complete form as a late copy.[3] The Hagiopolites treatise served presumably as an introduction of a book called tropologion \u2013 a 9th-century chant book which had been replaced soon by the book octoechos, as part of the sticherarion one of the first chant books fully provided with musical notation. The Hagiopolitan emphasis on John of Damascus was obviously the late result of a 9th-century redaction around the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, so it was part of the later Studites reform between Jerusalem and Constantinople and it was motivated theologically, not only because of his contributions to the tropologion, but also because of the keyrole which John of Damascus’ polemic against the iconoclasts had during this council.[4]Nevertheless, the theological and liturgical concept of an eight-week cycle can be traced back to the cathedral rite of Jerusalem during the 5th century, and originally it was the Christian justification of Sunday as the eighth day after Sabbat.[5] Peter Jeffery assumed a first phase during which the concept existed independently in various places, and a second phase during which Palestine became the leading centre of a monastic hymn reform. It established reform models which were also used later by the generation of John of Damascus.[6] Despite that the first paragraph of the “Hagiopolites” ascribes the treatise to John of Damascus, it was probably written about 100 years after his death and went through several redactions during the following centuries.There is no doubt that the octoechos reform itself had already taken place by 692, because certain passages of the Hagiopolites paraphrase certain law texts (the canons of the synodal decree).[7] Eric Werner assumed that the eight-mode system developed in Jerusalem since the late fifth century and that the reform by the hymnographers of Mar Saba were already a synthesis with the Ancient Greek names used for the tropes, applied to a model of Syrian origin already used in the Byzantine tradition of Jerusalem.[8]During the eighth century, long before Ancient Greek treatises were translated into Arabic and Persian dialects between the ninth and the tenth centuries, there was already a great interest among theorists like Ab\u016b Y\u016bsuf al-Kind\u012b, whose Arabic terms were obviously translated from the Greek.[9] He adored the universality of the Greek octoechos:S\u00e4mtliche Stile aller V\u00f6lker aber haben Teil an den acht byzantinischen Modi (hiya min al-alh\u0101n at-tam\u0101niya ar-r\u016bm\u012bya), die wir erw\u00e4hnt haben, denn es gibt nichts unter allem, was man h\u00f6ren kann, das nicht zu einem von ihnen geh\u00f6rte, sei es die Stimme eines Menschen oder eines anderen Lebewesens, wie das Wiehern eines Pferdes oder das Schreien eines Esels oder das Kr\u00e4hen des Hahns. Alles, was an Formen des Schreis einem jeden Lebewesen\/Tier eigen ist, ist danach bekannt, zu welchem Modus der acht es geh\u00f6rt, und es ist nicht m\u00f6glich, da\u00df es sich au\u00dferhalb eines von ihnen [bewegt].[10]Every style of any tribe takes part of the Byzantine eight tones (hiya min al-alh\u0101n at-tam\u0101niya ar-r\u016bm\u012bya) which I mentioned here. Everything which can be heard, be it the human or be it the animal voice \u2013 like the neighing of a horse, the braying of a donkey, or the carking of a cock, can be classified according to one of the eight modes, and it is impossible to find anything outside of the eight mode system.Al-Kindi demonstrated the intervals on the keyboard of a simple four-stringed oud, starting from the third string as well seven steps in ascending as in descending direction.According to Eckhard Neubauer, there is another Persian system of seven adv\u0101r (“cycles”), outside the Arabic reception of the Byzantine octoechos, which was possibly a cultural transfer from Sanskrit treatises. Persian and Ancient Greek sources had been the main reference for the transfer of knowledge in Arabian-Islamic science.Monastic reform of Mar Saba[edit]According to the Hagiopolites the eight echoi (“modes”) were divided in four “kyrioi” (authentic) echoi and their four respective plagioi (enriched, developed) echoi, which were all in the diatonic genus.8 diatonic echoi of the Hagiopolitan Octoechos[edit]Despite the late copies of the Greek Hagiopolites treatise, the earliest Latin description of the Greek system of eight echoi is an eleventh-century treatise compilation called “alia musica”. “Echos” was translated as “sonus” by the anonymous compilator, who commented with a comparison of the Byzantine octoechos:[11]Quorum videlicet troporum, sive etiam sonorum, primus graeca lingua dicitur Protus; secundus Deuterus; tertius Tritus; quartus Tetrardus: qui singuli a suis finalibus deorsum pentachordo, quod est diapente, differunt. Superius vero tetrachordum, quod est diatessaron, requirunt, ut unusquisque suam speciem diapason teneat, per quam evagando, sursum ac deorsum libere currat. Cui scilicet diapason plerumque exterius additur, qui emmelis, id est, aptus melo vocatur.Sciendum quoque, quod Dorius maxime proto regitur, similiter Phrygius deutero, Lydius trito, mixolydius tetrardo. Quos sonos in quibusdam cantilenis suae plagae quodammodo tangendo libant, ut plaga proti tangat protum, deuteri deuterum, triti tritum, tetrardi tetrardum. Et id fas est experiri in gradalibus antiphonis.[12]It is known about the tropes, as to say: the \u1f26\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9, that the Greek language call the First \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, the Second \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, the Third \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, the Fourth \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. Their Finales were separated by a pentachord, that is: a falling fifth (gr. diapente) [between kyrios and plagios]. And above [the pentachord] they require a tetrachord, that is: a fourth (gr. diatessaron), so that each of them has its octave species, in which it can move freely, rambling down and up. For the full octave (gr. diapason) another tone might be added, which is called \u1f41 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2: “according to the melos”.It has to be known that the “Dorian” [octave species] is usually ruling in the \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, as the “Phrygian” in the \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, the “Lydian” in the \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, or the “Mixolydian” in the \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. Their \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 are derived by these \u1f26\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9 in that way, that the formula touch them [going down a fifth]. So the \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 touch the \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, the plagal Second [\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5] the \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, the plagal Third [\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03cd\u03c2] the \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, the plagal Fourth [\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5] the \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. And this should be proved by the melodies of the antiphonal graduals as a divine law.[13]This Latin description about the octoechos used by Greek singers (psaltes) is very precise, when it says that each kyrios and plagios pair used the same octave, divided into a fifth (pentachord) and a fourth (tetrachord): D\u2014a\u2014d in protos, E\u2014b\u2014e in devteros, F\u2014c\u2014f in tritos, and C\u2014G\u2014c in tetartos.[14] While the kyrioi had the finalis (final, and usually also base note) on the top, the plagioi had the finalis on bottom of the pentachord.The intonation formulas, called enechema (gr. \u1f10\u03bd\u03ae\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1), for the authentic modes or kyrioi echoi, usually descend within the pentachord and turn back to the finalis at the end, while the plagal modes or plagioi echoi just move to the upper third. The later dialogue treatises (Gr. \u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, erotapokriseis) refer to the Hagiopolitan diatonic eight modes, when they use the kyrioi intonations to find those of the plagioi:\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u1f08\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f24\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ac\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f51\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00b7 \u1f45\u03c5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \/\u1f04\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u1f72 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2\u00b7  Intonation according to Erotapokriseis and standard intonation of echos protos: “You descend 4 steps [\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u1f76] from the echos protos [kyrios protos\/authentic protus] and you will find again the plagios protos, this way”\u1f49\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u03b2’ \u1f24\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b4’, \u03b5\u1f51\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f24\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5.\u03c0\u03bb \u0392 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad.  Intonation according to Erotapokriseis and standard intonation of echos devteros: “You do the same way in echos devteros. If you descend 4 steps to find its plagios, i.e. \u03c0\u03bb \u03b2’, thus”\u1f49\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u1f41 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f51\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f41 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f24\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u1f41 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03cd\u03c2, \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2\u00b7  Intonation according to Erotapokriseis and standard intonation of echos tritos: “Hence, you descend four steps from echos tritos and you will find its plagios which is called ‘grave’ (\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03cd\u03c2), this way”\u1f49\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b5\u1f51\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6, \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76 \u1f41 \u03c0\u03bb \u03b4’\u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2\u00b7[15]  Intonation according to Erotapokriseis and standard intonation of echos tetartos: “Also from echos tetartos you descend 4 steps [\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u1f76] and you will find its plagios, which is \u03c0\u03bb \u03b4’, like this way”Phthorai and mesoi of the Hagia Sophia[edit]The Hagiopolites as “earliest” theoretical treatise said, that two additional phthorai (“destroyers”) were like proper modes which did not fit into the diatonic octoechos system, so the Hagiopolitan octoechos was in fact a system of 10 modes. But the chronology of definitions concerned about two phthorai regarded them first as modes of their own because of their proper melos and that their models had to be sung during the eight-week cycle. These mesoi of tetartos and protos, with a finalis and base between kyrios and plagios, were obviously favoured by composer like John of Damascus and his step-brother Kosmas, while the concept of a transition between echoi was established later. It seems that the construction of the eight diatonic echoi was established later by the generation of Theodore the Studite and his brother Joseph.The later Papadikai mentions that changes between the echos tritos and the echos plagios tetartos were bridged by the enharmonic phthora nana, and changes between the echos protos and the echos plagios devteros by the chromatic phthora nenano.Nevertheless, the terminology of the Hagiopolites somehow suggested that nenano and nana as phthorai “destroy” one or two diatonic degrees used within one tetarchord of a certain echos, so that the chromatic and enharmonic genera were somehow subordinated and excluded from the diatonic octoechos. This raises the question, when the music in the near eastern Middle Ages became entirely diatonic, since certain melodies were coloured by the other enharmonic and chromatic gene according to the school of Damascus. This is the question about the difference between the Hagiopolitan reform of 692 and in as much it was opposed to the Constantinopolitan tradition and its own modal system.The author of the Hagiopolites mentioned an alternative system of 16 echoi “sung in the Asma,” with 4 phthorai and 4 mesoi beyond the kyrioi and plagioi of the diatonic Octoechos:\u039f\u1f31 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03be \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb’\u1f10\u03be \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, \u1f24\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9, \u1f41 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd \u1f41 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u00b7 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 [\u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5] \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6. \u1f41 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u00b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f06\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f21 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c8\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f05\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd \u1f41 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9\u00b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0’\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03af. \u03ba\u03b1\u03af \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f26\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c2’, \u03bf\u1f35\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c8\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f06\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f09\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd.The 4 Echoi which come first are generated from themselves, not from others. As to the four which come next, i.e. the Plagal ones, Plagios Pr\u014dtos is derived from Pr\u014dtos, and Plagios Deuteros from Deuteros \u2013 normally Deuteros melodies end in Plagios Deuteros. Similarly, Barys from Tritos \u2013 “for in the Asma Hypobole of Barys is sung as Tritos together with its ending”. From the 4 Plagioi originate the 4 Mesoi, and from these the 4 Phthorai. This makes up the 16 Echoi which are sung in the Asma \u2013 as already mentioned, there are sung only 10 in the Hagiopolites.[16]These “echoi of the Asma” did probably point at the rite at the Patriarchal church or even at the cathedral rite of Constantinople which was also known as “choral” or “sung rite” (\u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03af\u03b1 \u1f80\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae). The Constantinopolitan chant books were called asmatikon (“book of the choir”), psaltikon (“book of the soloist called ‘monophonaris'”), and kontakarion (the name of the psaltikon, if it included the huge collection of kontakia, sung during the morning service).Unfortunately no early Constantinopolitan chant manual survived, there is only this short paragraph of the Hagiopolites which says, that the singers of the choir followed in their chant books an own modal system, which was distinct from the Hagiopolitan octoechos. A distinction from Constantinople is not the only possible explanation, because Jerusalem had also its own local cathedral rite. Since the 14th century at latest, the monastic rite was not opposed to the cathedral rite, even monks celebrated it on festival occasions, whenever they expected guests.The earliest sources are those of the Slavic reception of Constantinople which can be dated back not earlier than to the 12th century, and they used a system of 12 modes.[17] The earliest treatises which mention a modal system, is not a chant manual, but a corpus of alchemic treatises, which testifies a modal system of 24 “elements” (\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1) or “aims” (\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u1f76):\u1f6d\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u1ff6\u03bd, \u0391 \u0392 \u0393 \u0394, \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1ffe \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b4\u00b4, \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f36\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u03b7\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9  \u00b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u1ff3\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f55\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f23 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f24 \u1f04\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f24 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f37\u03bf\u03bd \u1fe5\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f24 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f24 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2,[18]As there are 4 basic elements\/targets [earth, water, air, and fire] which created their music, the \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, the \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, the \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, and the \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, and by their formulas the same generate 24 different elements: the [4] \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 (central), [4] \u1f36\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 (basic), and [4] \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 (plagal), the [4] \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03af (kathartic), [4] \u1f04\u03b7\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9 (aphonic), and [4] \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b7\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9 (paraphonic). Hence, it is impossible to create something outside those infinite melodies of hymns, treatments, revelations, and of other parts of the Holy Wisdom, which is free from the irregularities and corruptions of other musical emotions (\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7).In the edition of the treatise by Otto Gombosi, the four “elements” (\u03b1’, \u03b2’, \u03b3’, \u03b4’) were associated with certain colours\u2014\u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 with black (all colours together), \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 with white (no colour at all), \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 with yellow (an elementary coulour), and \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 with purple (a combination of elementary colours). These passages could be easily compiled with Zosimos of Panopolis’ treatise about the process of bleaching.The system favoured 3 four tetrachord sets (either modes by themselves or simply degree of the modes with different functions), called \u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, \u1f37\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9, and \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9. K\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 would be probably an early name for \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2, if it lied between the \u1f36\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 and \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, it could be as well used as an early name for \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f26\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2, because it is mentioned here first, while \u1f36\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 could mean “equivalent”, or just basis notes.The exact point of reference concerning this 24 mode system was not clarified in the treatise, but it is evident, that there was a canonised wisdom which was connected with an ethical doctrine excluding certain passions (\u03c0\u03ac\u03b8\u03b7, pathe) as corruptions. Inside this wisdom, there was a Neoplatonic concept of an ideal and divine existence, which can be found and classified according to a modal scheme based on four elements. The term “element” (\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03bd) was less meant as a technical term or modal category, it was rather an alchemistic interpretation of the 24 musical modes.In comparison, the Hagiopolitan terminology already included the “corruption” (\u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac) as an acceptable modal category in itself, which was neither excluded in the Hagiopolitan Octoechos nor in the modal system of a certain cathedral rite, which was made of 16 echoi. On the other hand, the described system, whether it meant 24 echoi including 12 pathologic echoi, called “aechoi” and “paraechoi”, and associated with 4 “katharoi” or just cadential degrees or other modal functions. It is not clear, whether the latter name was simply meant in a geographical or ethnical way or whether it was here connected with a kind of music therapy which included certain pathe as a kind of antidote. Medical treatises of the Mediterranean had been developed later on by the association of melodic modes with 4 elements and 4 humours.[19]Latin reception[edit]  The introduction of the eight mode system in Western chant traditions was part of the Carolingian reform.[20] Officially, it was motivated by Pope Adrian I’s confirmation of an earlier Eastern chant reform during the synode in 787, during which he accepted the reform for the Western traditions as well. Nevertheless, a Carolingian interest for the Byzantine octoechos can already be dated back to a visit some years earlier, when a Byzantine legacy introduced a series of antiphons sung during a procession for Epiphany. These antiphons served as a model for the eight modes according to the Hagiopolitan system.The contemporary invention of a proper Latin version of the eight mode system was mainly studied from two perspectives:the reception of Ancient Greek music theory since Boethius and the synthesis between music theory as a science and a liberal art of the mathematic Quadrivium on the one hand, and as a medium of chant transmission on the other hand. The eight church tones were called after the names of octave species, which were not connected with modal patterns and plainchant theory in earlier times.the simplification of chant transmission by a Western manuscript type called tonary which allowed the transfer of a huge chant repertoire like the Roman one, but also its deductive modal classification which changed the oral transmission of chant entirely.Synthesis in Latin music theory[edit]Latin theorists who knew the Hellenic tropes only through Boethius’ 6th-century translation of Ptolemy (De institutione musica), made the synthesis of the Ancient Greek music theory with the Octoechos as a system of eight church tones, identified with the tropes. The synthesis had not been done earlier than during the Carolingian reform (usually dated according to Charlemagne’s admonitio generalis which was decreed in 789), before music theory as science was strictly separated from chant transmission and the cantor as a profession dedicated to church music.The terms tropus (transposition octave) and modus (the octave genre defined by the position of the tonus, the whole tone with the proportion of 9:8, and the semitonium, the half tone with the proportion of 256:243) were taken from Boethius’ translation.[21] But the Antique names of the seven modi were applied to the eight church tones called toni. The first attempt to connect Ancient Greek music theory (as expressed in  Boethius) and the theory of plainchant can be found in the treatise De harmonica institutione by Hucbald of Saint-Amand Abbey, written by the end of the 9th century, in which the author addressed his treatise explicitly to cantors and not to mathematicians,[22] whereas the reduction of 4 “finales” which made up the tetrachord D\u2014E\u2014F\u2014G, was already done in Carolingian times in the treatises Musica and Scolica enchiriadis. Musica enchiriadis is also the only Latin treatise which testifies to the presence of a tetraphonic tone system, represented by 4 Dasia-signs and therefore called “Dasia system”, and even the practical use of transposition (metabol\u0113 kata tonon) in plainchant, called “absonia”. Its name probably derived from “sonus”, the Latin term for \u1f26\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2, but in the context of this treatise the use of absonia is reserved to describe a primitive form of polyphony or heterophony, rather than serving as a precise description of transposition in monodic chant, as it was used in certain genres of Byzantine chant.Hucbald used an idiosyncratic Greek letter system which referred to the double octave system (syst\u0113ma teleion) and called the four elements known as “finales” according to the Greek system:[23]Phthongoi and tone symbols of the finalesTetrachordGreekTransliterationHucbaldian=GuidonianTonusprotus\u03bb\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd“lychanos hypaton”F[24]=DI & IIdeuterus\u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd“hypate meson”\u03c3=EIII & IVtritus\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd“parypate meson”\u03c1=FV & VItetrardus\u03bb\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd“lychanos meson”\u039c=GVII & VIIILycanos ypaton scilicet autentum protum\u00b7 & plagis eiusdem\u00b7 id est primum & secundum; Hypate meson\u0295 autentum deuterum\u00b7 & plagis eius\u0295 iii & iiii\u00b7 Parypate meson\u0295 autentum tritum & plagis eius\u0295 id est v\u00b7 & vi. Lycanos meson\u0295 autentum tetrardum. & plagis eius\u0295 id est vii\u00b7 & viii. Ita ut ad aliquam ipsarum \u00b7quatuor. quamvis ul[tra] citraque variabiliter circumacta necessario omnis quaecumque fuerit redigatur\u00b7 cantilena\u00b7 Unde et e[a]edem finales appellatae quod finem in ipsis cuncta quae canuntur accipiant.[25]\u039b\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd [D] is [the \u03c6\u03b8\u03cc\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 of] the autentus protus and its plagal which are [tonus] I and II, \u1f51\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd [E] of the autentus deuterus and its plagal which are [tonus] III and IV, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd [F] of the autentus tritus and its plagal which are [tonus] V and VI, \u03bb\u03b9\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd [G] of the autentus tetrardus and its plagal which are [tonus] VII and VIII, for the reason, that these four very present ones surround necessarily each melody, so that they, however they might be, can be reduced to them. These four [\u03c6\u03b8\u03cc\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9] are called ‘finales’, since in all those [melodies] which are sung, they are perceived as their end.According to the Latin synthesis the plagal and authentic tones of protus, deuterus, tritus, and tetrardus did not use the same ambitus as in the Hagiopolitan Octoechos, but authentic and plagal tones used both the finalis of the plagios, so that the finalis of the kyrios, the fifth degree of the mode, was no longer used as finalis, but as “repercussa”: the recitation tone used in a simple form of psalmody which was another genuine invention by the Carolingian reformers. The ambitus of the authentic tones was made up the same way as used in the Greek Octoechos, while the plagal tones used a lower ambitus: not the tetrachord above the pentachord, but below it. Hence, the hypodorian octave referred the “tonus secundus” and was constructed A\u2014D\u2014a, and the dorian as “tonus primus” D\u2014a\u2014d, both tones of the protus used D as finalis, the hypophrygian octave was B\u2014E\u2014b and was the ambitus of the “tonus quartus”, and the phrygian octave E\u2014b\u2014e was related to the “tonus tertius” and its finalis E belonged to the deuterus, the hypolydian octave C\u2014F\u2014c was connected with the “tonus sixtus”, the lydian octave F\u2014c\u2014f with the “tonus quintus” and both shared the finalis F called “tritus”, the last was the seventh octave G\u2014d\u2014g called “mixolydian” which referred to the “tonus septimus” and its finalis G.Tonary[edit]  The earliest chant theory connected with the Carolingian octoechos was related to the book tonary. It played a key role in memorising chant and the earliest tonaries referred to the Greek names as elements of a tetrachord: \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, and \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. They were translated into Latin as “protus”, “deuterus”, “tritus”, and “tetrardus”, but only the tetrachord D\u2014E\u2014F\u2014G was supposed to contain the final notes (“finales”) for the eight tones used in the Latin octoechos. Since the 10th century the eight tones were applied to eight simplified models of psalmody, which soon adopted in their terminations the melodic beginnings of the antiphons, which were sung as refrains during psalm recitation. This practice made the transitions smoother, and in the list of the antiphons which can be found since the earliest tonaries, it was enough to refer to the melodic beginnings or incipits of the text. In the earliest tonaries no models of psalmody had been given and incipits from all chant genres were listed, probably just for a modal classification (see the section for the “Autentus protus” of the Saint Riquier tonary).According to Michel Huglo, there was a prototype tonary which initiated the Carolingian reform.[26] But in a later study he mentioned an even earlier tonary which was brought as a present by a Byzantine legacy which celebrated procession antiphons for Epiphany in a Latin translation.[27]Already during the 10th century tonaries became so widespread in different regions, that they do not only allow to study the difference between local schools according to its modal classification, its redaction of modal patterns, and its own way of using Carolingian psalmody. They also showed a fundamental difference between the written transmission of Latin and Greek chant traditions, as it had developed between the 10th and 12th centuries. The main concern of Latin cantors and their tonaries was a precise and unambiguous classification of whatever melody type according to the local perception of the Octoechos system.Greek psaltes were not interested at all in this question. They knew the models of each modes by certain simple chant genres as the troparion and the heirmoi (the melodic models used to create poetry in the meter of the heirmologic odes), but other genres like sticheron and kontakion could change the echos within their melos, so their main interest was the relationship between the echoi to compose elegant and discrete changes between them.In contrary, the very particular form and function of the tonary within chant transmission made it evident, that the modal classification of Latin cantors according to the eight tones of the Octoechos had to be done a posteriori, deduced by the modal analysis of the chant and its melodic patterns, while the transmission of the traditional chant itself did not provide any model except of the psalm tones used for the recitation of the psalms and the canticles.[28]The tonary was the very heart of the mainly oral chant transmission used during the Carolingian reform and as its medium it must have had a strong impact on the melodic memory of the cantors who used it in order to memorize the Roman chant, after a synode confirmed Charlemagne’s admonitio generalis. The written transmission by fully notated chant manuscripts, the object of chant studies today, cannot be dated back to an earlier time than nearly 200 years after the admonitio\u2014the last third of the 10th century. And it seems that Roman cantors whose tradition had to be learnt, followed at least 100 years later by the transcription of their chant repertory and no document has survived which can testify the use of tonaries among Roman cantors. Pope Adrian I’s confirmation of the Eastern octoechos reform had probably no consequences on the tradition of Roman chant, which might be an explanation for the distinct written transmission, as it can be studied between Roman Frankish and Old Roman chant manuscripts.[29]The eight sections of the Latin tonary are usually ordered “Tonus primus Autentus Protus”, “Tonus secundus Plagi Proti”, “Tonus tertius Autentus deuterus” etc. Each section is opened by an intonation formula using the names like “Noannoeane” for the authentic and “Noeagis” for the plagal tones. In his theoretical tonary “Musica disciplina” Aurelian of R\u00e9\u00f4me asked a Greek about the meaning of the syllables, and reported that they had no meaning, they were rather an expression of joy as used by peasants to communicate with their working animals like horses.[30] There was usually no exact resemblance of the Latin syllables to the names of the Greek intonations or enechemata which were identified with the diatonic kyrioi and plagioi echoi, but Aurelian’s question made it obvious that the practice was taken from Greek singers. Unlike the Hagiopolitan octoechos, which used two additional phthorai with the syllables Nana and Nenano for changes into the enharmonic and chromatic genus, the enharmonic and chromatic genus was excluded from the Latin octoechos, at least according to Carolingian theorists.Since the 10th century tonaries also include the mnemic verses of certain model antiphons which memorise each tone by one verse. The most common among all tonaries was also used by Guido of Arezzo in his treatise Micrologus: “Primum querite regnum dei”, “Secundum autem simile est huic” etc. Another characteristic was that melodic melisms called neumae followed the intonation formulas or mnemic verses. Usually they differed more among different tonaries than the preceding intonations or verses, but they all demonstrated the generative and creative aspect within chant transmission.[31]In comparison with Byzantine psaltes who always used notation in a more or less stenographic way, the exact patterns used during the so-called “thesis of the melos” belonged to the oral tradition of a local school, its own modal system and its genre. But already the question of chant genre was connected with local traditions in medieval times and the point of reference for the psaltes who performed a certain genre: the Hagiopolitan octoechos and its genres (the odes according to the models of the heirmologion, the troparia of the octoechos or tropologion), or the Constantinopolitan cathedral rite (akolouthia asmatike) and its books asmatikon, psaltikon, and kontakarion might serve here as examples.Question of intervals and their transposition[edit]The exact proportions which divided a tetrachord, had never been a subject of Greek medieval treatises concerned about Byzantine chant. The separation between the mathematical science harmonikai and chant theory gave space to various speculations, even to the assumption that the same division was used as described in Latin music theory, operating with two diatonic intervals like tonus (9:8) and semitonium (256:243).[32]  Nevertheless, some treatises referred the tetrachord division into three intervals called the “great tone” (\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) which often corresponded to the prominent position of the whole tone (9:8), the “middle tone” (\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) between \u03b1 and \u03b2, and the “small tone” (\u1f10\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) between \u03b2 and \u03b3 which was usually a much larger interval than the half tone, and this division was common among most divisions by different ancient Greek theorists that were mentioned by Ptolemy in his Harmonics. Before Chrysanthos’ Theoretika (the Eisagoge was simply an extract, while the Mega Theoretikon was published by his student Panagiotes Pelopides), exact proportions were never mentioned in Greek chant theory. His system of 68 commata which is based on a corrupted use of arithmetics, can be traced back to the division of 12:11 x 88:81 x 9:8 = 4:3 between \u03b1 and \u03b4.[33]Pitches and their tonal system[edit]Although Chrysanthos did not mention his name, the first who mentioned precisely these proportions starting from the open string of the third or middle chord of the oud, was the Arab theorist Al-Farabi in his Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir which was written during the first half of the 10th century. His explicit references to Persian and Ancient Greek music theory were possible, because they had been recently translated into Arabic and Persian dialects in the library of Baghdad. Thanks to them Al-Farabi had also an excellent knowledge of Ancient Greek music theory. The method of demonstrating the intervals by the frets of the oud keyboard was probably taken from Al-Kindi. Here the intervals are not referred to the Byzantine phthongoi, but to the name of the frets. And the fret corresponding to \u03b2 was called “ring finger fret of Zalzal” (wu\u1e63t\u0101 Zalzal), named after the famous Baghdadi oud player Zalzal.[34] It seems that the proportion of the Zalzal fret was a refined one in Bagdad using a large middle tone that came very close to the interval of the small tone, while the Mawsili school used 13:12 instead of 12:11. There is no indication that this division had been of Byzantine origin, so Western scholars felt seduced to ascribe the use of the division called “soft diatonic” (diatonikos malakos) and the chromaticism derived from it as an influence of the Ottoman Empire and to regard their view of the systema teleion also as a norm for the Byzantine tonal system.[35] As Phanariotes (Phanar was the Greek district of Istanbul with the residence of the Patriarchate) who composed as well in the makamlar, the teachers of the New Music School of the Patriarchate around Chrysanthos had certainly exchanges with Sephardic, Armenian, and Sufi musicians, but an intensive exchange between Byzantine, Arab and Persian musicians had already a history of more than 1000 years.[36]Unlike Latin treatises only a few Greek treatises of chant have survived and their authors wrote nothing about the intervals, about microtonal shifts as part of a certain melos and its echos, or about the practice of ison singing (isokratema). Nevertheless, these practices remained undisputed, because they are still part of the living tradition today, while Western plainchant became rediscovered during the 19th century. Neither musicians nor musicologists were longer familiar with them which explains why various descriptions, as they can be found in certain Latin treatises, were ignored for quite a long time.Ancient Greek music theory had always been a point of reference in Latin chant treatises, something similar cannot be found in Greek chant treatises before the 14th century, but there were a few Latin treatises of the 11th century which did not only refer to Ancient music theory and the systema teleion together with the Greek names of its elements, they even had parts dedicated to Byzantine chant.[37] The appreciation for Byzantine chant is surprising, because there were very few authors except Boethius who had really studied Greek treatises and who were also capable to translate them.The systema teleion was present by the Boethian diagram which represented it for the diatonic, the chromatic, and the enharmonic genus. Several tonaries used letters which referred to the positions of this diagram.[38] The most famous example is the letter notation of William of Volpiano which he developed for the Cluniac reforms by the end of the 10th century. In his school a unique tonary was already written, when he was reforming abbot of St. Benignus of Dijon. The tonary shows the Roman-Frankish mass chant written out in neume and pitch notation. The repertory is classified according to the Carolingian tonary and its entirely diatonic octoechos. The use of tyronic letters clearly shows, that the enharmonic diesis was used as a kind of melodic attraction within the diatonic genus, which sharpened the semitonium. Even in Guido of Arezzo’s treatise Micrologus, at least in earlier copies, there is still a passage which explains, how the diesis can be found on the monochord. It sharpens the semitonium by replacing the usual whole tone (9:8) between re\u2014mi (D\u2014E, G\u2014a, or a\u2014b) by an even larger one in the proportion of 7:6 which was usually perceived as an attraction towards fa.[39]But there were as well other practices which could not be explained by the Boethian diagram and its use of tonus and semitonium. The authors of one theoretical tonary of the compilation called alia musica used an alternative intonation with the name AIANEOEANE, the name was obviously taken from a Byzantine enechema \u1f05\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u1f72\u03c2, a kind of Mesos tetartos with the finalis and basis on a low E, and applied the Byzantine practice to certain pieces of Roman-Frankish chant which were classified as “tonus tertius” or “Autentus deuterus”.[40] In the following section “De quarto tono” the author quotes Aristoxenos’ description of the enharmonic and chromatic division of the tetrachord, the remark on it in precisely this section had been probably motivated by the Hagiopolitan concept of the phthora nenano which connected the echos protos on a with the plagios devteros on E.[41]Medieval use of transposition (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd)[edit]Latin cantors knew about the theoretical concept of the practice of transposition since Boethius’ translation of Ptolemy. Very few can be said, if they ever understood the practical use of it. Nevertheless, there was a rudimentary knowledge which can be found in the Carolingian treatises Musica and Scolica enchiriadis.[42] The Musica enchiriadis was also the only Latin treatise which documented a second tone system beside the systema teleion, but it does not explain at all, how these both systems worked together in practice.The Hagiopolites did neither explain it nor did it mention any tone system nor the metabole kata tonon, but this was probably, because the hymn reform of Jerusalem was mainly concerned with simple models exemplified by heirmoi or troparia. Greek protopsaltes used the transposition only in very few compositions of the sticherarion, for instance the compositions passing through all the modes of the Octoechos,[43] or certain melismatic elaborations of troparia in the psaltic style, the soloistic style of the Constantinopolitan cathedral rite. This might explain that Charles Atkinson discussed Carolingian theory in comparison with the later papadikai, in which all possible transpositions were represented by the Koukouzelian wheel or by the kan\u00f4nion.[44]Wheels are also used in Arabic music theory since the 13th century, and Al-Farabi was the first who started a long tradition of science, which did not only find the proportions of the untransposed diatonic system on the oud keyboard, but also those of all possible transpositions.[45] The use of instruments had to adapt to a very complex tradition which had probably been a rather vocal tradition in its origins.See also[edit]People[edit]^ The female form \u1f21 \u1f48\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03b7\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 exists as well, but means the book octoechos.^ Papyrus studies proved, that there were already tropologia or tropariologia, as the earliest books of the hymn reform were called, since the 6th century, soon after the Constantinopolitan school of Romanos the Melodist, and not only in Jerusalem, but also in Alexandria and Constantinople (Troelsg\u00e5rd 2007).^ The manuscript (F-Pn fonds grec, ms. 360) was edited by J\u00f8rgen Raasted (1983) who dated the manuscript back to the 14th century. In fact the compilation has parts compiled in one manuscript which can be dated back to the period between the 12th and 15th centuries, the Hagiopolites part rather seems to be an earlier one. Another fragment also dates back to the 12th century and was edited by Johann Friedrich Bellermann (1972).^ John’s 3 “Apologetic treatises against those decrying the holy icons” (\u039b\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2) had been once used during an earlier council to condemn the author posthumously as a heretic in 754, while the following council did not only declare the former one with all its decisions as illegal. It relied on the same treatises in order to solve the crisis of iconoclasm.^ Fr\u00f8yshov (2007, pp. 144-153).^ Peter Jeffery (2001).^ J\u00f8rgen Raasted (1983, \u00a78, p. 16) already pointed at certain expressions. Peter Jeffery (2001, pp. 186f) believes that certain paraphrases are polemics against certain modes which had been part of the 16 echoi of the Asma, the modal system of the Constantinopolitan cathedral rite as it was mentioned briefly (see below).^ Harold S. Powers, “Mode, \u00a7II: Medieval Modal Theory, 1: The Elements, (ii) The Byzantine Model: Okt\u014d\u0113chos”, see also Jeffery (2001) and Werner (1948).^ Eckhard Neubauer (1998).^ German translation by Eckhard Neubauer (1998, pp. 378f).^ According to Charles Atkinson (2008: p.177) the commentary was inserted by “author \u03b4”, the compilator of the fourth layer.^ Gerbert (1784, 139).^ Translation by Oliver Gerlach (2012, 177).^ The octave can be transposed, but if the tetartos octave for example is G-g, it has f sharp.^ Christian Hannick & Gerda Wolfram (1997, pp. 84f) quoted according to Mount Athos, S. Dionysios Monastery, Ms. 570, fol. 26-26′.^ Raasted (1983, \u00a76, p.14).^ Constantine Floros’ comparative studies which had been recently republished in English translation by Neil Moran (Floros 2009), compared the oldest chant books of the Asma, notated in Byzantine round notation during the 12th and 13th century, with the Slavic Kontakaria and the older Kontakarion notation which has only survived in a 14th-century manuscript (Kastoria, Cathedral Library, Ms. 8). The notator of Kastoria 8 already translated this notation into round notation, the notation system of the Stoudites reform since the 10th century. The cathedral rite of Constantinople was abandoned in 1204, when the Patriarchate and the Court went into the exile at Nicaea. After their return in 1261, the tradition was not continued, but replaced by a mixed rite. In the new chant books parts of the older tradition had been already transcribed into round notation.^ Alchemy treatise ascribed to Zosimos of Alexandria (Pseudo-Zosimos), quoted according to Berthelot (1888, iii:434; see also the alternative version: ii:219). Otto Gombosi (1940, p. 40) changed the original text by replacing \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 (“aim, target”) with \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03bd (“element”). He referred that the earliest layer might be dated back to the 3rd and 4th century (obviously Carsten H\u00f8eg’s datation), while the text compilation which had survived in several Alchemy collections, was presumably made during the 7th century. Lukas Richter (NGrove) dated the music treatise of this compilation later to the 8th and 9th century.^ About the reception in Arabic and Persian medical treatises concerning music therapy, see Gerhard Neubauer (1990).^ About a particular role that Alcuin played at the Palatine Academy and a possible impact on the tonary, see M\u00f6ller (1993).^ Book 4, chapter 15 of Boethius’ De institutione musica, see Bower’s translation in Harold Powers’ article “mode” (Powers, II:1:i, section “The Hellenistic model: tonus, modus, tropus”).^ Charles Atkinson (2008, pp. 149f).^ See Atkinson (2008: ex.4.5, p.157) or ex. 2 in Harold Powers’ article “mode” (Powers, II:2:i:a “The System of Tetrachords”). The different letter systems used in the notation of theoretical and liturgical chant sources are described by Nancy Phillips (2000).^ Digamma shaped like “F”.^ Hucbald’s theoretical tonary \u00abDe harmonica institutione\u00bb, GS 1 (1784, p. 119), quoted according to the manuscript Prague, National Library, Ms. XIX.C.26, f. 27v.^ Huglo (1971).^ Michel Huglo (2000) refers to an episode which was described long ago by Oliver Strunk (1960) in connection with the inaugurated  Palatine Chapel, but dated it earlier. According to later interpretations the later Latin compositions had been made according to the Carolingian tonary, but inspired by the Greek troparia.^ Peter Jeffery’s important and long essay about “The Earliest Okt\u014d\u0113choi” (2001) emphasized an analytic modal classification a posteriori as an essential observation concerning the Western use of the octoechos.^ The debate of chant transmission in comparison between Old Roman and Gregorian manuscripts started in the time of Bruno St\u00e4blein and Helmut Hucke, and was continued during the 1990s between Peter Jeffery, James McKinnon, Leo Treitler, Theodore Karp, James Grier, Kenneth Levy, and others. The dissertation of Andreas Pfisterer (2002) offers not only an important overview over this debate of a “Gregorian” historiography, but also a useful discussion of the transformation of chant between the various books of written transmission: the sacramentaries with more or less modal classifications, added neume passages until the fully notated chant manuscripts as the so-called Roman Gradual for Mass chant, and the Antiphonary for Office chant\u2014sources, which he has all listed in his bibliography. Today the discussion has been refined by the distinction of various local chant traditions, which had been modified during various periods of liturgical reforms and their transformations of chant transmission. This diachronic study bridges the history of Western chant traditions with church and political history.^ Aurelian of R\u00e9\u00f4me’s “Musica disciplina” (Gerbert, 1784, 42) is quoted in the article tonary, while the same paragraph, famous for the inserted notation in F-VAL Ms. 148 (f.71v), was omitted in the edition by Gushee (1975).^ It was J\u00f8rgen Raasted (1988) who draw the first time a parallel between Byzantine kallopismoi or teretismoi and the abstract syllables in Western and Eastern intonations. The comparison was later expanded to creative forms of Latin cantors, such as meloform tropes and organa.^ J\u00f8rgen Raasted (1966, p. 7) accepted the assumption by Oliver Strunk (1942, p. 192) without any objection. But Oliver Strunk was careful enough to write not only about the whole and the half tone, when he interpreted the description of the papadikai:“The precise nature of the steps within this series remains for the present unknown; for all that we can learn from the Papadike, the step \u03b1 [pr\u00f4tos] to \u03b2 [devteros] may be a whole tone, a half tone, or some other larger or smaller interval. … If we may assume, however, that the interval \u03b1 [pr\u00f4tos] to \u03b4 [tetartos] is a perfect fourth\u2013a reasonable assumption, to say the least, for a tetrachordal system based on any other interval is virtually inconceivable\u2013the interval \u03b4 [tetartos] to \u03b1 [pr\u00f4tos], as the difference between an octave and two fourths, becomes a whole tone and the remaining intervals fall readily into line.”^ Chrysanthos (1832, \u039c\u03b5\u03c1. \u0391’, \u0392\u03b9\u03b2. \u03b3’, \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6. \u03b1’, \u00a7. 217-228, pp. 94-99) mentions the Ancient Greek systema teleion which has tetrachords divided by the intervals tonos 9:8 and leimma which has the proportion 13:27, after the ratio of one tonos was taken from it (\u00a7. 220). But “our scale of the diatonic genus” (\u00a7 225) are two tetrachords between \u03b1 and \u03b4, and the intervals are derived from the end of the first \u03b4 (1:1), \u03b1 (8:9), \u03b2 (22:27), \u03b3 (3:4). The proportions refer to a string tuned to the pitch of \u03b4 (see also the figure on page 28, \u00a7 65). The arithmetic method is based on the common denominator (in this case 88 and 108: 108\/96\/88\/81), so we have a division of 12 (\u03b4\u2014\u03b1) + 8 (\u03b1\u2014\u03b2) + 7 (\u03b2\u2014\u03b3). In order to get a symmetric division in which 4 small tones made up the fourth, not 5 times like the Western half tone, he added one part to the middle tone, so that the fourth was divided in 28 parts instead of 27.^ An overview over all proportions mentioned in Arabian music theory offers Liberty Manik (1969). According to him, Al-Farabi was the first who explained all the frets needed for all possible transpositions for two diatonic tetrachord divisions, while the pythagorean proportion was called after the “old ring finger fret”. By this name Al-Kindi is supposed to refer on the pythagorean proportions, although he did never specify a certain chord length in his music treatise, but soon there was a differentiation referred to two other ring finger frets\u2014the “Persian”, and the “Arab” one. The latter was probably associated with the school of Ibrahim and Ishaq al-Mawsili.^ Eustathios Makris (2005, note 2 & 3) mentioned Oliver Strunk’s essay (1942) and Egon Wellesz’ book (1961). Maria Alexandru (2000, pp. 11f) mentioned that the early occidental scholars under influence of Tillyard’s “Handbook” (1935) assumed a discontinuity in chant tradition after the fall of Constantinople connected with a strong oriental influence, whereas the “Greek school” (Stathis, Hatzigiakoumis, etc.) stressed the continuity and the importance of the living tradition. The conflict and the different positions have been described by Alexander Lingas (1999), the result was, that philologists refused Tillyard’s ambitions, because he ignored the knowledge of the living tradition, and the Transcripta series of the Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae was not continued until today (Troelsg\u00e5rd 2011).^ Eckhard Neubauer (1998) mentioned several forms of exchanges since Al-Kindi and the Mawsili school.^ The tonary of Lyon and the compilation alia musica with its tonaries are describing the pitches of contemporary chant by using the Ancient Greek names.^ Nancy Phillips’ study (2000) offers an overview over the sources and their use of letters as a pitch notation.^ See Guido of Arezzo’s Micrologus in the edition by Martin Gerbert (1784, p. 11).^ See the edition of Jacques Chailley (1965, pp. 141f), which is based on the commented and earlier version of Brussels very close to another version attributed to Hartvic in a treatise collection of the Abbey St. Emmeram (folio 177 verso). In his contribution to the conference “Byzanz in Europa” Oliver Gerlach described this example as a Byzantine import (2012). According to him certain practices of Greek psaltes must have made a great impression on some French or German cantors, it is also an interesting early document of the Byzantine practice that the interval between the phthongoi \u03b1 and \u03b2 could have a very particular low intonation, at least within the tetartos melos. It is an early testimony of the melos which is known as “echos legetos” (\u1f26\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) in the current tradition of Orthodox chant.^ Jacques Chailley (1965, pp. 143f).^ Charles Atkinson (2008, pp. 130f) and Rebecca Maloy revisited recently (2009, pp. 77f) the old discussion (Jacobsthal 1897) of “non-diatonic” intervals as “absonia” caused by a transposition (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd), or as “vitia” caused by a change to another genus (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2). Both pointed at the transposition diagrams used in several manuscripts of these treatises\u2014as example the manuscript of the Abbey Saint-Amand, folio 54. The Scolica enchiriadis documents a certain understanding that passages within more complex soloistic chant might be transposed which must have caused considerable difficulties for the oral tradition of melodies by troping melismatic structures, so that its memory was supported by poetry.^ Heinrich Husmann (1970) described them and they were already transcribed into Coislin notation in the earliest sticheraria which can be dated back to the 12th century.^ Charles Atkinson (2008, pp. 114-118).^ Liberty Manik (1969).Sources[edit]Greek chant treatises[edit]Pseudo-Zosimos (1887\u201388).  Berthelot, Marcellin; Ruelle, Charles-\u00c9mile (eds.). Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs. Vol.\u00a03. Paris: Georges Steinheil. p.\u00a0434.; quoted and translated into German: Gombosi, Otto (1940). “Studien zur Tonartenlehre des fr\u00fchen Mittelalters. III”. Acta Musicologica. 12 (1\/4): 39\u201344. doi:10.2307\/931952. JSTOR\u00a0931952.“Paris, Biblioth\u00e8que nationale, fonds grec, Ms. 360, ff.216r-237v”, \u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03bd \u1f01\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03ba \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd [The book of the Holy Polis “Jerusalem” unifying different musical methods] in a compiled collection of basic grammar treatises and fragments with mathemataria and of a menologion (12th century), see the edition: Raasted, J\u00f8rgen, ed. (1983), The Hagiopolites: A Byzantine Treatise on Musical Theory (PDF), Cahiers de l’Institut du Moyen-\u00c2ge Grec et Latin, vol.\u00a045, Copenhagen: Paludan.Bellermann, Johann Friedrich; Najock, Dietmar, eds. (1972), Drei anonyme griechische Traktate \u00fcber die Musik, G\u00f6ttingen: Hubert.Hannick, Christian; Wolfram, Gerda, eds. (1997), Die Erotapokriseis des Pseudo-Johannes Damaskenos zum Kirchengesang, Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae – Corpus Scriptorum de Re Musica, vol.\u00a05, Vienna: Verlag der \u00d6sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, ISBN\u00a0978-3-7001-2520-4.Latin treatises and tonaries (6t\u201312th century)[edit]Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (1844\u20131904), “De institutione musica, liber IV”,  in Migne, Jacques-Paul (ed.), Patrologia cursus completus, series latina, vol.\u00a063, Paris: Garnier, pp.\u00a0[col.1245\u20131286].“Valenciennes, Biblioth\u00e8que municipale (F-VAL) Ms. 337 (olim 325, 359), fol. 42v-79v”. Musica and Scolica enchiriadis in the treatise collection of the Abbey Saint-Amand (10th century). Retrieved 14 April 2012. Edition: Gerbert, Martin, ed. (1784). “Musica enchiriadis & Scholia enchiriadis de arte musica”. Scriptores Ecclesiastici de Musica Sacra Potissimum. Vol.\u00a01 (Hildesheim 1963 reprint\u00a0ed.). St Blaise. pp.\u00a0152\u2013212.Hucbald. “Prague, N\u00e1rodn\u00ed knihovna (dr\u00edve Universitn\u00ed knihovna), Ms. XIX.C.26, fol. 19-28”. Tonary “De harmonica institutione” with Lorrain neumes and Greek terminology in a treatise collection (ca. 1100). Retrieved 3 June 2019. Edition: Gerbert, Martin, ed. (1784). “Ubaldi seu Hucbaldi Monachi Elnonensis opuscula de musica”. Scriptores Ecclesiastici de Musica Sacra Potissimum. Vol.\u00a01 (Hildesheim 1963 reprint\u00a0ed.). St Blaise. pp.\u00a0103\u2013125.Aurelian of R\u00e9\u00f4me. “Valenciennes, Biblioth\u00e8que municipale, Ms. 148, fol. 57-89”. “Musica disciplina” with intonations in later added Paleofrankish neumes, Abbey Saint-Amand (ca. 880-885). Gallica. Retrieved 8 October 2012. Edition 1: Gerbert, Martin, ed. (1784). “Aureliani Reomensis Musica disciplina”. Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum. Vol.\u00a01 (Hildesheim 1963 reprint\u00a0ed.). St Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis. pp.\u00a027\u201363. Edition 2: Gushee, Lawrence, ed. (1975). “Aureliani Reomensis Musica disciplina”. Corpus scriptorum de musica. Vol.\u00a021. Rome: American Institute of Musicology. pp.\u00a0136\u2013153.“Prague, N\u00e1rodn\u00ed knihovna (dr\u00edve Universitn\u00ed knihovna), Ms. XIX.C.26, fol. 1-11”. Tonary in red ink (“Primus igitur lydius…”) of the “Ratio breviter super musicum cum tonario [fol. 4r]” with Lorrain neumes and Greek terminology (close to the “alia musica” compilation) in a treatise collection (ca. 1100). Retrieved 22 March 2012.Berno of Reichenau. “St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 898, p. 2\u201325”. “De consona tonorum diversitate” with tonary, in “Bernonis Epistolae cum sermonibus et hymnis”, St. Gall Abbey, copy of a dedicated collection for King Henry III (11th century). Retrieved 30 December 2011.Guido of Arezzo (1784), “Micrologus”,  in Gerbert, Martin (ed.), Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum, vol.\u00a02 (Hildesheim 1963 reprint\u00a0ed.), St Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis, pp.\u00a02\u201324.Hartvic (copyist). “Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Ms. Clm 14272, fol. 175-181”. Theoretical tonary compilation alia musica (manuscript M) with neumed intonations, psalmody, and additional tonary rubrics from the Abbey St. Emmeram, Regensburg (1006-1028). Retrieved 2 January 2012. Edition: Chailley, Jacques, ed. (1965), Alia musica (Trait\u00e9 de musique du IXe si\u00e8cle): \u00c9dition critique comment\u00e9e avec une introduction sur l’origine de la nomenclature modale pseudo-grecque au Moyen-\u00c2ge, Paris: Centre de documentation universitaire et Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d’\u00e9dition d’enseignement sup\u00e9rieur r\u00e9unis.“Paris, Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 7211, fol. 54-71”. Tonary compilation “Alia musica” in a treatise collection from St-Pierre de Luxeuil (12th century). Retrieved 15 January 2012. Edition: Gerbert, Martin, ed. (1784). “Alia musica”. Scriptores ecclesiastici de musica sacra potissimum. Vol.\u00a01 (Hildesheim 1963 reprint\u00a0ed.). St Blaise: Typis San-Blasianis. pp.\u00a0125\u2013152.Chant books with octoechos notation[edit]Palaeo-Byzantine notation (10th\u201313th century)[edit]“Holy Mount Athos, Monastery of the Great Lavra, Ms. \u03b3 12”. Greek incomplete Triodion and Pentekostarion with Old Byzantine Chartres and Theta notation (10th century).“Sinai, Saint Catherine’s Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1219”. Greek Sticherarion with Old Byzantine Chartres notation (11th century).“Holy Mount Athos, Mone Vatopaidiou, Ms. 1488”. Triodion, Pentekostarion and Oktoechos with Coislin (standard repertoire of the moveabe cycle) and Chartres notation (Oktoechos and apokryphs) (11th century). Library of Congress.“Sinai, Saint Catherine’s Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1217”. Greek Sticherarion (only Menaion) with Old Byzantine Coislin notation (11th-12th century).“Moscow, Rossiysky Gosudarstvenny Archiv Drevnich Aktov (\u0420\u0413\u0410\u0414\u0410), Fond 381 Ms. 152”. Old Church Slavonic Sticherarion (Menaion from 1 September until 2 February) with znamenny notation (12th century).“Paris, Biblioth\u00e8que nationale, fonds grec, Ms. 356”. Menaion fragment (October\u2013July) written in developed Coislin notation (about 1200).“Mount Sinai, St. Catherine’s Monastery, Ms. syr. 261”. Syriac Sticherarion written in Coislin Notation from Saint Catherine’s Monastery (13th century). Retrieved 15 August 2012.Latin chant books and notated tonaries[edit]“Paris, Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale de France, fonds. lat., Ms. 13159, fol. 167-167′“. Tonaryfragment of St. Riquier in the “Psalter of Charlemagne” (ed. by Huglo 1971, 26-28). Retrieved 15 January 2012.“Metz, M\u00e9diath\u00e8que, Ms. 351, fol. 66-76”. Tonary of Metz (copied 878). Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2011.“Laon, Biblioth\u00e8que municipale, Ms. 118, fol. A.1′-A.12′“. Gradual-Sacramentary and Lectionary of the Abbey Saint-Denis (late 9th century). Retrieved 22 March 2012.“Einsiedeln, Stiftsbibliothek, Ms. 121, p. 417-427”. Psalmody of the Communiones in the Gradual and Notker’s Sequentiary from the Einsiedeln Monastery (960-970). Retrieved 4 January 2012.“Staatsbibliothek Bamberg, Msc.Lit.5, fol. 5-27”. Tonary of Reichenau (copied 1001 in Reichenau). Retrieved 30 December 2011.William of Volpiano. “Montpellier, Biblioth\u00e8que Inter-Universitaire, Section M\u00e9decine, Ms. H159, pp.7-322”. Toner-Gradual & Antiphonary of the Abbey St. B\u00e9nigne in Dijon. Retrieved 30 December 2011. Edition: Codex H. 159 de la Biblioth\u00e8que de l’\u00c9cole de m\u00e9decine de Montpellier: Antiphonarium tonale missarum, XIe si\u00e8cle. Pal\u00e9ographie musicale. Vol.\u00a07\u20138. Solesmes: Abbaye Saint-Pierre de Solesmes. 1901\u20131905.“Paris, Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 1121”. Troper, Sequentiary, and Tonary of St. Martial de Limoges, Ad\u00e9mar de Chabannes (11th century). Retrieved 30 December 2011.“Paris, Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 909”. Troper, Sequentiary, and Tonary of St. Martial de Limoges (11th century). Retrieved 30 December 2011.“Paris, Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale, fonds lat., Ms. 1118”. Troper, Tonary, Sequentiary and Proser from Southwestern France, R\u00e9gion d’Auch (11th century). Retrieved 30 December 2011.Studies[edit]Alexandru, Maria (2000). Studie \u00fcber die ‘gro\u00dfen Zeichen’ der byzantinischen musikalischen Notation unter besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung der Periode vom Ende des 12. bis Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts. University Copenhagen.Amargianakis, George (1977). “An Analysis of Stichera in the Deuteros Modes: The Stichera idiomela for the Month of September in the Modes Deuteros, Plagal Deuteros, and Nenano; transcribed from the Manuscript Sinai 1230 “ (PDF). Cahiers de l’Institut du Moyen-\u00c2ge Grec et Latin. 22\u201323: 1\u2013269.Atkinson, Charles M. (2001). “Tonus in the Carolingian Era: A Terminal Spannungsfeld.”.  In Bernhard, Michael (ed.). Quellen und Studien zur Musiktheorie des Mittelalters (PDF). M\u00fcnchen: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp.\u00a019\u201346. ISBN\u00a0978-3-76-966008-1.Atkinson, Charles M. (2008). The critical nexus: Tone-System, Mode, and Notation in Early Medieval Music. Oxford, New York [etc.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-514888-6.Busse Berger, Anna Maria (2005), Medieval Music and the Art of Memory, Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-514888-6.Chrysanthos of Madytos (1832), \u0398\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6\u03c2, Triest: Michele Weis, retrieved 11 April 2012.Floros, Constantin; Neil K. Moran (2009). The Origins of Russian Music – Introduction to the Kondakarian Notation. Frankfurt\/Main etc.: Lang. ISBN\u00a0978-3-631-59553-4.Fr\u00f8yshov, Stig Simeon R. (2007). “The Early Development of the Liturgical Eight-Mode System in Jerusalem”. Saint Vladimir’s Theological Quarterly. 51: 139\u2013178. Retrieved 20 April 2012.Gerlach, Oliver (2009). Im Labyrinth des Okt\u014d\u012bchos \u2013 \u00dcber die Rekonstruktion mittelalterlicher Improvisationspraktiken in liturgischer Musik. Vol.\u00a02. Berlin: Ison. ISBN\u00a09783000323065. Retrieved 14 April 2012.Gerlach, Oliver (2012). “About the Import of the Byzantine Intonation Aianeoeane in an 11th Century Tonary”.  In Altripp, Michael (ed.). Byzanz in Europa. Europas \u00f6stliches Erbe: Akten des Kolloquiums ‘Byzanz in Europa’ vom 11. bis 15. Dezember 2007 in Greifswald. Studies in Byzantine History and Civilization. Vol.\u00a02. Turnhout: Brepols. pp.\u00a0172\u2013183. doi:10.1484\/M.SBHC_EB.1.100945. ISBN\u00a0978-2-503-54153-2.Gushee, Lawrence (1980) [1962], The Musica Disciplina of Aurelian of R\u00e9\u00f4me: A Critical Text and Commentary, vol.\u00a02, Michigan: Ann Arbor.Hannick, Christian, ed. (1991). Rhythm in Byzantine Chant \u2013 Acta of the Congress held at Hernen Castle in November 1986. Hernen: Bredius Foundation.Huglo, Michel (1971), Les Tonaires: Inventaire, Analyse, Comparaison, Publications de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise de musicologie, vol.\u00a02, Paris: Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise de musicologie.Huglo, Michel (2000), “Grundlagen und Ans\u00e4tze der mittelalterlichen Musiktheorie”,  in Ertelt, Thomas; Zaminer, Frieder (eds.), Die Lehre vom einstimmigen liturgischen Gesang, Geschichte der Musiktheorie, vol.\u00a04, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, pp.\u00a017\u2013102, ISBN\u00a0978-3-534-01204-6.Husmann, Heinrich (1970). “Die oktomodalen Stichera und die Entwicklung des byzantinischen Okto\u00ebchos”. Archiv f\u00fcr Musikwissenschaft. 27 (4): 304\u2013325. doi:10.2307\/930047. JSTOR\u00a0930047.Husmann, Heinrich; Jeffery, Peter. “Syrian church music”. Grove Music Online. Retrieved 20 April 2012.Jacobsthal, Gustav (1897). Die chromatische Alteration im liturgischen Gesang der abendl\u00e4ndischen Kirche. Berlin: Springer.Jeffery, Peter (2001), “The Earliest Okt\u014d\u0113choi: The Role of Jerusalem and Palestine in the Beginnings of Modal Ordering”, The Study of Medieval Chant: Paths and Bridges, East and West; In Honor of Kenneth Levy, Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, pp.\u00a0147\u2013209, ISBN\u00a0978-0-85115-800-6, retrieved 14 April 2012.Jeffery, Peter, “Okt\u014d\u0113chos”, Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, retrieved 26 October 2011.Makris, Eustathios (2005). “The Chromatic Scales of the Deuteros Modes in Theory and Practice”. Plainsong and Medieval Music. 14: 1\u201310. doi:10.1017\/S0961137104000075. ISSN\u00a00961-1371. S2CID\u00a0162385479.Maloy, Rebecca (2009). “Scolica Enchiriadis and the ‘non-Diatonic’ Plainsong Tradition”. Early Music History. 28: 61\u201396. doi:10.1017\/S0261127909000369. S2CID\u00a0192197222.Manik, Liberty (1969). Das arabische Tonsystem im Mittelalter. Leiden: Brill.Lingas, Alexander (1999). “Performance Practice and the Politics of Transcribing Byzantine Chant” (PDF). Acta Musicae Byzantinae: Revista Centrului de Studii Bizantine Ia\u015fi. 6: 56\u201376. Retrieved 11 August 2013.M\u00f6ller, Hartmut (1993). “Zur Frage der musikgeschichtlichen Bedeutung der \u02bbacademia\u02bc am Hofe Karls des Gro\u00dfen: Die Musica Albini”.  In Frobenius, Wolf; Schwindt-Gross, Nicole; Sick, Thomas (eds.). Akademie und Musik. Erscheinungsweisen und Wirkungen des Akademiegedankens in Kultur- und Musikgeschichte: Institutionen, Veranstaltungen, Schriften. Festschrift f\u00fcr Werner Braun zum 65. Geburtstag, zugleich Bericht \u00fcber das Symposium. Saarbr\u00fccker Studien zur Musikwissenschaft. Saarbr\u00fccken: Saarbr\u00fccker Druckerei und Verlag. pp.\u00a0269\u2013288. ISBN\u00a0978-3-925036-82-8.Neubauer, Eckhard (1998), “Die acht “Wege” der arabischen Musiklehre und der Oktoechos \u2013 Ibn Mis\u011fah, al-Kind\u012b und der syrisch-byzantinische okt\u014d\u0113chos”, Arabische Musiktheorie von den Anf\u00e4ngen bis zum 6.\/12. Jahrhundert: Studien, \u00dcbersetzungen und Texte in Faksimile, Publications of the Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science: The science of music in Islam, vol.\u00a03, Frankfurt am Main: Inst. for the History of Arab.-Islamic Science, pp.\u00a0373\u2013414.Neubauer, Eckhard (1990). “Arabische Anleitungen zur Musiktherapie”. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Geschichte der Arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften. 6: 227\u2013272.Phillips, Nancy (2000), “Notationen und Notationslehren von Boethius bis zum 12. Jahrhundert”,  in Ertelt, Thomas; Zaminer, Frieder (eds.), Die Lehre vom einstimmigen liturgischen Gesang, Geschichte der Musiktheorie, vol.\u00a04, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, pp.\u00a0293\u2013324, ISBN\u00a0978-3-534-01204-6.Pfisterer, Andreas (2002). Cantilena Romana: Untersuchungen zur \u00dcberlieferung des gregorianischen Chorals. Paderborn: Sch\u00f6ningh. ISBN\u00a0978-3-506-70631-7.Poliakova, Svetlana (June 2009). “Sin 319 and Voskr 27 and the Triodion Cycle in the Liturgical Praxis in Russia during the Studite Period” (PDF). Lissabon: Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Retrieved 19 April 2012. Powers, Harold, “Mode, \u00a7 II Medieval Modal Theory, 1. The Elements, (ii) The Byzantine Model: okt\u014d\u0113chos”, Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, retrieved 26 October 2011.Raasted, J\u00f8rgen (1966). Intonation Formulas and Modal Signatures in Byzantine Musical Manuscripts. Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae, Subsidia. Vol.\u00a07. Copenhagen: E. Munksgaard.Raasted, J\u00f8rgen (1988). “Die Jubili Finales und die Verwendung von interkalierten Vokalisen in der Gesangspraxis der Byzantiner”.  In Brandl, Rudolf Maria (ed.). Griechische Musik und Europa: Antike, Byzanz, Volksmusik der Neuzeit; Symposion “Die Beziehung der griechischen Musik zur Europ\u00e4ischen Musiktradition” vom 9. – 11. Mai 1986 in W\u00fcrzburg. Orbis musicarum. Aachen: Ed. Herodot. pp.\u00a067\u201380. ISBN\u00a0978-3-924007-77-5.Richter, Lukas. “Zosimus of Panopolis”. Grove Music Online.Strunk, William Oliver (1942). “The Tonal System of Byzantine Music”. The Musical Quarterly. 28 (2): 190\u2013204. doi:10.1093\/mq\/XXVIII.2.190.Strunk, William Oliver (1945). “Intonations and Signatures of the Byzantine Modes”. The Musical Quarterly. 31 (3): 339\u2013355. doi:10.1093\/mq\/XXXI.3.339.Strunk, William Oliver (1960). “The Antiphons of the Oktoechos”. A Musicological Offering to Otto Kinkeldey Upon the Occasion of His 80th Anniversary \u2014 Journal of the American Musicological Society. 13: 50\u201367. Retrieved 11 April 2012.Taft, Robert (1977). “The Evolution of the Byzantine ‘Divine Liturgy’“. Orientalia Christiana Periodica. 43: 8\u201330. Retrieved 11 April 2012.Tillyard, H. J. W. (1935). Handbook of the middle Byzantine musical notation. Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae, Subsidia. Vol.\u00a01. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.Troelsg\u00e5rd, Christian (2007). “A New Source for the Early Octoechos? Papyrus Vindobonensis G 19.934 and its musical implications”. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the ASBMH (PDF). pp.\u00a0668\u2013679. Retrieved 14 April 2012.Troelsg\u00e5rd, Christian (2011). Byzantine neumes: A New Introduction to the Middle Byzantine Musical Notation. Monumenta musicae byzantinae, Subsidia. Vol.\u00a09. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN\u00a0978-87-635-3158-0.Troelsg\u00e5rd, Christian. “Psalm, \u00a7 III Byzantine Psalmody”. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Retrieved 20 April 2012.Wellesz, Egon (1961). A History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-816111-0.Werner, Eric (1948), “The Origin of the Eight Modes in Music”, Hebrew College Annual, 21: 211\u2013255.External links[edit]By styleArabesque (Turkish)Arabic (al-jeel, Bedouin, khaliji, samri, sawt)CopticFolk (Assyrian, Azerbaijani, Iranian, Turkish)Hip hop (Arabic, Azerbaijani, Egyptian, Iranian, Israeli (Jewish), Lebanese, Palestinian, Turkish)Iranian classicalJewishOttoman classicalPop (Arabic, Azerbaijani, Iranian, Turkish)By regionRelated topicsAshikDance (Arab, Assyrian folk, Azerbaijani, belly, Israeli folk, Jewish, Kurdish, Persian, Tsifteteli, Turkish)DastgahFanteziIqa’KantoKhiggaArabic maqam (Iraqi maqam), Azerbaijani mugham, Turkish makamMeykhana\u0160argijaTallavaUsul     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/hagiopolitan-octoechos-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Hagiopolitan Octoechos – Wikipedia"}}]}]