[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/hindustani-orthography-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/hindustani-orthography-wikipedia\/","headline":"Hindustani orthography – Wikipedia","name":"Hindustani orthography – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Hindustani (standardized Hindi and standardized Urdu) has been written in several different scripts.","datePublished":"2015-03-16","dateModified":"2015-03-16","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/hindustani-orthography-wikipedia\/","wordCount":8447,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Hindustani (standardized Hindi and standardized Urdu) has been written in several different scripts.  Most Hindi texts are written in the Devanagari script, which is derived from the Br\u0101hm\u012b script of Ancient India.  Most Urdu texts are written in the Urdu alphabet, which comes from the Persian alphabet.  Hindustani has been written in both scripts.  In recent years, the Latin script has been used in these languages for technological or internationalization reasons. Historically, Kaithi script has also been used.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsDevanagari script[edit]Vowels[edit]Consonants[edit]Modified consonants for non-native phonemes[edit]Schwa deletion[edit]Persian script[edit]The Latin Alphabet[edit]Transliteration[edit]Urdu letters with similar sounds[edit]Braille script[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Devanagari script[edit]The Devanagari script is an abugida, as written consonants have an inherent vowel, which in Standard Hindi is a schwa. In certain contexts, such as at the end of words, there is no vowel, a phenomenon called the schwa syncope.[1] Other vowels are written with a diacritic on the consonant letter. Devanagari is written from left to right, with a top-bar connecting the letters together.Vowels[edit]\u0905\u0906\u0907\u0908\u0909\u090a\u090b\u090f\u0910\u0913\u0914\u0911\u0259\u0251\u02d0\u026ai\u02d0\u028au\u02d0\u027b\u026ae\u02d0\u025b\u02d0o\u02d0\u0254\u02d0\u0252Consonants[edit]\u0915\u0916\u0917\u0918\u0919kk\u02b0\u0261\u0261\u02b1\u014b\u091a\u091b\u091c\u091d\u091et\u0361\u0283t\u0361\u0283\u02b0d\u0361\u0292d\u0361\u0292\u02b1\u0272\u091f\u0920\u0921\u0922\u0923\u0288\u0288\u02b0\u0256\u0256\u02b1\u0273\u0924\u0925\u0926\u0927\u0928t\u032at\u032a\u02b0d\u032ad\u032a\u02b1n\u092a\u092b\u092c\u092d\u092epp\u02b0bb\u02b1m\u092f\u0930\u0932\u0935j\u027el\u028b\u0936\u0937\u0938\u0939\u0283\u0282s\u0266Modified consonants for non-native phonemes[edit]\u0916\u093c\u0917\u093c\u091c\u093c\u0936\u093c\u0921\u093c\u0922\u093c\u092b\u093c\u0915\u093cx\u0263z\u0292\u027d\u027d\u02b1fqIrregular ligatures:\u0915\u094d\u0937 (\u0915 and \u0937) k\u1e63 is pronounced \/k\u0282\/ (wiktionary:\u0915\u094d\u0937) (Irregular shape, regular pronunciation)\u0924\u094d\u0930 (\u0924 and \u0930) tr is pronounced \/t\u032a\u027e\/ (wiktionary:\u0924\u094d\u0930) (Irregular shape, regular pronunciation)\u091c\u094d\u091e (\u091c and \u091e) j\u00f1 is pronounced \/\u0261j\/ (wiktionary:\u091c\u094d\u091e) (Irregular shape and pronunciation)Schwa deletion[edit]The schwa (\u0905 or ‘\u0259’, sometimes written ‘a’) implicit in each consonant of the Devanagri script is “obligatorily deleted” in Hindi at the end of words and in certain other contexts.[2] This phenomenon has been termed the “schwa syncope rule” or the “schwa deletion rule” of Hindi.[1][2] One formalization of this rule has been summarized as \u0259 -> \u00f8 | VC_CV. In other words, when a vowel-preceded consonant is followed by a vowel-succeeded consonant, the schwa inherent in the first consonant is deleted.[1][3] However, this formalization is inexact and incomplete (i.e. sometimes deletes a schwa when it shouldn’t or, at other times, fails to delete it when it should), and can yield errors. Schwa deletion is computationally important because it is essential to building text-to-speech software for Hindi.[3][4]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4As a result of schwa syncope, the correct Hindi pronunciation of many words differs from that expected from a literal rendering of Devanagari. For instance, \u0930\u093e\u092e is R\u0101m (incorrect: R\u0101ma), \u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e is Rachn\u0101 (incorrect: Rachan\u0101), \u0935\u0947\u0926 is V\u00e9d (incorrect: V\u00e9da) and \u0928\u092e\u0915\u0940\u0928 is Namkeen (incorrect Namakeena).[3][4]Persian script[edit]The Urdu alphabet is based on the Persian, which is an Arabic alphabet. Urdu is written from right to left, and most letters link together.  This leads to variations in the form of a letter depending on its position in a word.  Most vowels are omitted in generic texts, although they may be written for disambiguation or for pedagogical purposes.  Urdu is primarily written in a calligraphic style of the script called Nasta’liq.LetterNasta\u2018liqName of letterTranscriptionIPA\u0627 \u0627 alif––\u0628 \u0628 beb\/b\/\u067e \u067e pep\/p\/\u062a \u062a tet\/t\u032a\/\u0679 \u0679 \u1e6de\u1e6d\/\u0288\/\u062b \u062b ses\/s\/\u062c \u062c j\u012bmj\/d\u0361\u0292\/\u0686 \u0686 chech\/t\u0361\u0283\/\u062d \u062d ba\u1e5b\u012b heh\/h\/\u062e \u062e khekh\/x\/\u062f \u062f d\u0101ld\/d\u032a\/\u0688 \u0688 \u1e0d\u0101l\u1e0d\/\u0256\/\u0630 \u0630 z\u0101ldh\/z\/\u0631 \u0631 rer\/r\/\u0691 \u0691 \u1e5be\u1e5b\/\u027d\/\u0632 \u0632 zez\/z\/\u0698 \u0698 zhezh\/\u0292\/\u0633 \u0633 s\u012bns\/s\/\u0634 \u0634 sh\u012bnsh\/\u0283\/\u0635 \u0635 su’\u0101d\u1e63\/s\/\u0636 \u0636 zu’\u0101dz\u0324\/z\/\u0637 \u0637 to’et\/t\/\u0638 \u0638 zo’e\u1e93\/z\/\u0639 \u0639 \u2018ain‘\/\u0294\/ [5]\u063a \u063a ghaingh\/\u0263\/\u0641 \u0641 fef\/f\/\u0642 \u0642 q\u0101fq\/q\/\u06a9 \u06a9 k\u0101fk\/k\/\u06af \u06af g\u0101fg\/\u0261\/\u0644 \u0644 l\u0101ml\/l\/\u0645 \u0645 m\u012bmm\/m\/\u0646 \u0646 n\u016bnn\/n\/\u0648 \u0648 v\u0101’ov, o, or \u016b\/\u028b\/, \/o\u02d0\/, \/\u0254\/ or \/u\u02d0\/\u06c1, \ufba9, \ufba8 \u06c1 cho\u1e6d\u012b heh\/h\/\u06be \u06be do chashm\u012b heh\/\u02b0\/\u0621 \u0621 hamza‘\/\u0294\/[citation needed]\u06cc \u06cc yey, i\/j\/ or \/i\u02d0\/\u06d2 \u06d2 bari yeai or e\/\u025b\u02d0\/, or \/e\u02d0\/The Latin Alphabet[edit]The Latin alphabet has been used to write Hindustani for technological or internationalization reasons.  Roman Hindi and Roman Urdu uses the basic Latin alphabet. It is most commonly used by young native speakers for technological applications, such as chat, emails and SMS.ITRANS, ISCII, IAST (and the near-identical ISO 15919), and Harvard-Kyoto romanization schemes have been employed primarily for usage by non-native speakers who are more familiar with the Latin alphabet.Transliteration[edit]Transliteration between the three scripts can be complicated, particularly when transliterating between Devanagari and Persian scripts.[6] One obstacle to this is that multiple different letters in one script often all correspond to the same letter in the other script.[6] So, simple substitution often does not produce the correct spellings.Urdu letters with similar sounds[edit]Some sets of Urdu letters have matching sounds.[6][7]4 letters \u0632 \u0630 \u0636 \u0638 are all \u2248 Z [6][7]3 letters \u0633 \u0635 \u062b are all \u2248 S [6][7]2 letters \u062a \u0637 are both \u2248 T [6][7] (a third letter \u0679 is also often shown as English T, but is different to the other two Urdu letters, see #retroflex consonants below.)2 letters \u06c1 \u062d are both \u2248 H [7] but are sometimes regarded as distinct.Braille script[edit]Three braille alphabets are used:  Hindi and Urdu braille in India, based on Bharati braille conventions, and Urdu Braille in Pakistan, based on Persian Braille conventions.  Hindi Braille is an alphabet with a not written in some environments, while for Urdu Braille in Pakistan, it seems that vowels may be optional as they are in print.See also[edit]References[edit]^ a b c Tej K. Bhatia (1987), A history of the Hindi grammatical tradition: Hindi-Hindustani grammar, grammarians, history and problems, BRILL, ISBN\u00a090-04-07924-6, … Hindi literature fails as a reliable indicator of the actual pronunciation because it is written in the Devanagari script … the schwa syncope rule which operates in Hindi …^ a b Larry M. Hyman; Victoria Fromkin; Charles N. Li (1988), Language, speech, and mind, vol.\u00a01988, Part 2, Taylor & Francis, ISBN\u00a00-415-00311-3, … The implicit \/a\/ is not read when the symbol appears in word-final position or in certain other contexts where it is obligatorily deleted (via the so-called schwa-deletion rule which plays a crucial role in Hindi word phonology …^ a b c Monojit Choudhury; Anupam Basu; Sudeshna Sarkar (July 2004), “A Diachronic Approach for Schwa Deletion in Indo Aryan Languages” (PDF), Proceedings of the Workshop of the ACL Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology (SIGPHON), Association for Computations Linguistics, … schwa deletion is an important issue for grapheme-to-phoneme conversion of IAL, which in turn is required for a good Text-to-Speech synthesizer …^ a b Naim R. Tyson; Ila Nagar (2009), “Prosodic rules for schwa-deletion in hindi text-to-speech synthesis”, International Journal of Speech Technology, 12: 15\u201325, doi:10.1007\/s10772-009-9040-x, … Without the appropriate deletion of schwas, any speech output would sound unnatural. Since the orthographical representation of Devanagari gives little indication of deletion sites, modern TTS systems for Hindi implemented schwa deletion rules based on the segmental context where schwa appears …^ “Urdu Phonetic Inventory” (PDF). www.cle.org.pk. Center for Language Engineering. Retrieved 19 May 2020.^ a b c d e f Jawaid, Bushra; Ahmed, Tafseer (2009). “Hindi to Urdu Conversion: Beyond Simple Transliteration” (PDF). Proceedings of the Conference on Language & Technology 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2020.^ a b c d e Bhatia, Tej K.; Khoul, Ashok; Koul, Ashok (27 August 2015). “Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners”. Routledge. Retrieved 19 May 2020.       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