[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/jose-nunez-de-caceres-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/jose-nunez-de-caceres-wikipedia\/","headline":"Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres – Wikipedia","name":"Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres – Wikipedia","description":"Dominican writer and leader; 1st and only president of Spanish Haiti (1821\u201322) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal","datePublished":"2017-02-03","dateModified":"2017-02-03","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Nunezcaceres.jpg\/220px-Nunezcaceres.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Nunezcaceres.jpg\/220px-Nunezcaceres.jpg","height":"235","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/jose-nunez-de-caceres-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":4992,"articleBody":"Dominican writer and leader; 1st and only president of Spanish Haiti (1821\u201322)In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is  N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres and the second or maternal family name is  Albor.Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceresIn officeDecember 1, 1821\u00a0\u2013 February 9, 1822BornMarch 14, 1772\u00a0(1772-03-14)Santo Domingo, Captaincy General of Santo Domingo (now Dominican Republic)DiedSeptember 11, 1846\u00a0(1846-09-12) (aged 74)Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, MexicoNationalitySpanish (until 1821), Dominican and Venezuelan (1821\u20131846)SpouseJuana de Mata Madrigal CorderoChildrenPedro, Jos\u00e9, Francisco de Asis, Ger\u00f3nimo, Gregorio, and Maria de la Merced.Residence(s)Santo Domingo, Venezuela, MexicoProfessionPolitician and writerAllegiance\u00a0Dominican RepublicJos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres y Albor (March 14, 1772 \u2013 September 11, 1846[1]) was a Dominican politician and writer. He is known for being the leader of the independence movement against Spain in 1821 and the only president of the short-lived Republic of Spanish Haiti, which existed from December 1, 1821, to February 9, 1822. This period was known as the ephemeral independence because it quickly ended with the Unification of Hispaniola under the Haitian government.Before its independence, while Spain exercised a perfunctory rule over the east side of Hispaniola, N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres pioneered the use of literature as a weapon for social protest and anti-colonial politics. He was also the first Dominican fabulist and one of the first criollo storytellers in Spanish America. Many of his works appeared in his own satirical newspaper, El Duende, the second newspaper created in Santo Domingo.Table of ContentsEarly years[edit]Political career[edit]The struggle for independence[edit]Haitian unification[edit]Later years[edit]Literary career[edit]Personal life[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]Early years[edit]Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres Albor was born on March 14, 1772, in Santo Domingo. He was the son of 2nd\u00a0Lt. Francisco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres and Mar\u00eda Albor Polanco.[2] His mother died a few days after his birth.[1] He had two older brothers: Pedro and Ger\u00f3nimo.[2] He was raised by his aunt Mar\u00eda N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres. Since his childhood, N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres showed a great interest in education, but his father, a farmer, wanted his son to dedicate himself to working the field. N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres was raised in a very poor family and he had to study using the books of his classmates. He earned some money by helping his aunt sell doves that an acquaintance hunted.[1] In 1795, despite early obstacles, Nu\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres finished his studies in law at age 23. He then defended notable people in court and became a professor at the University of Santo Tom\u00e1s de Aquino.[2]Political career[edit]In 1799, after the transfer of the colony of Santo Domingo to France under the Treaty of Basel, the Audiencia Real (which had been located in Santo Domingo until that time) was moved to Puerto Pr\u00edncipe (now Camag\u00fcey), Cuba. Nu\u00f1ez and his family emigrated along with it. It was there, in August 1800, that N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres was appointed to the office of Rapporteur, although he was able to continue practicing law.N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres was also a consultant for the government of Cuba. In late 1808, after Spain regained control over Santo Domingo, he returned to his homeland, where he paid tribute to the victors of the Battle of Palo Hincado with his famous song “The winners of Battle of Palo Hincado”.[1] Between June 29, 1810, and May 7, 1813, he was appointed by his former boss, Juan S\u00e1nchez Ram\u00edrez to the position of Lieutenant Governor, General Counsel and Government Service Judge Advocate General’s Corps of the province of Santo Domingo.[2] In 1812, in an attempt to improve the feeble economy of Santo Domingo, N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres ordered the circulation of paper money and adopted emergency economic measures.[3]N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres had problems with Lieutenant Jos\u00e9 \u00c1lvarez de Toledo, who had been appointed by the Spanish government as Junta alternate deputy to the Cortes of C\u00e1diz. His revolutionary ideas, written in two confidential letters that \u00c1lvarez de Toledo had sent to S\u00e1nchez Ram\u00edrez, were denounced by N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres, President of the Cortes. The Cortes decided to prosecute de Toledo, but he could not be found.In 1812, N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Caceres began to shift his views on the colonial status of the territories in Spanish America.[4]His ideology made him an enemy of authorities in Santo Domingo, especially of S\u00e1nchez Ram\u00edrez. After his death, N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres tried to occupy a vacant position as a member of the Royal Audiencia of Quito, but the majority of members of the court rejected Nu\u00f1ez’s request. This drove him to lead the independence movement to turn the colony into a protectorate of Bol\u00edvar’s Gran Colombia.[1]The struggle for independence[edit]  N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres wanted independence from Spain and asked for the annexation of his country to Gran Colombia. He had tried to separate his country from Spain through a coup in the spring of 1821, but failed due to measures taken by Col.\u00a0Sebasti\u00e1n Kindel\u00e1n y O’Regan and because the conspirators did not receive a response from Sim\u00f3n Bolivar in time. Despite the steps taken and denunciation of the plot, the governor still allowed N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres to prosecute captain Manuel Martinez for the crime of libel.A new Spanish governor, Pascual Real, arrived in May 1821. He not only gave credit to the whistleblowers who confirmed the veracity of the conspiracy by N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres, but also soon learned the name of N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres’ followers. However, as Real had no troops, he devoted himself to observing the behavior of the suspects and winning the confidence of key military leaders. A group of Haitianophiles, familiar with the plans of N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres and his people, explained to Haitian President Jean-Pierre Boyer the political situation of the Dominican Republic, as they wanted to annex the former colony.On November 8, Major Andrew Amarante proclaimed the start of the annexation of the Republic in Beler. Seven days later, on November 15, the situation spread to Dajab\u00f3n and Monte Cristi.[4] On the same day came the announcement of the Constitutive Act of Independence. The act contained rules that would govern the general functions of the new government and secured the new government’s determination to establish itself as a Confederate state within Gran Colombia without renouncing the sovereignty the country.The Separatist Movement began on November 30, 1821, and the next month, on Friday December 30, troops of the battalion assaulted the fortress, enclosing the governor within its walls. At the dawn, the establishment of the Independent State of Spanish Haiti was announced. The rebels proceeded to the read the Dominican Declaration of Independence written by N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres, Manuel Carvajal, Juan Vicente Moscoso, Antonio Martinez Vald\u00e9s, L. Juan Nepomuceno de Arredondo, Juan Ruiz, Vicente Mancebo y Manuel Lopez de Umeres.[5] N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres established a provisional government, of which he was the President, and provided a Constitution that enshrined slavery even though it was considered unacceptable at the time.To avoid an invasion from neighbouring Haiti, N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres sent one of the most prominent members of his party, Antonio Mar\u00eda Pineda, to Venezuela to inform Simon Bol\u00edvar of the situation. The Liberator was absent from Caracas, and neither the vice president Francisco de Paula Santander or the commanding general of the city, General Jos\u00e9 Antonio P\u00e1ez, lent him their attention.[6]Haitian unification[edit]Almost simultaneously to the proclamation of the Independent State of Spanish Haiti, a commission of three envoys sent by President Boyer arrived in Santo Domingo. Haitian officials had orders to report the pronouncements of Pascual Real and observe the situation in Dajab\u00f3n and Monte Cristi. Aware of the political change, Colonel Fremont, the Haitian head of the commission, informed N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres, the newly appointed chairman of the state, that President Boyer would support the new government.The intention of the Haitian state was to invade the eastern part in order to enforce the unity and indivisibility on the island. N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres did not find the support he sought in Colombia. On January 11, 1822, Boyer wrote a letter to N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres announcing his intention to visit the eastern part of Spanish Haiti with an army, not as an invader, but as a peacemaker. Simultaneously, he warned de C\u00e1ceres that there should not be any obstacles in his path.When N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres read Boyer’s message, he realized that annexation with Gran Colombia would be impossible; the majority of the Dominican social and military elite preferred to ally with Haiti. Thus, he had no other choice but to answer Boyer’s military command, and he agreed for the city to be placed under the protection of Haitian occupation.[4] Seven days later, on Saturday, January 19, N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres himself lowered the Colombian flag in the capital and replaced it with the Haitian flag, and on Saturday, February 9, 1822, he presented to President Boyer the keys to the city of Santo Domingo.[6]In August, N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres C\u00e1ceres was still in Santo Domingo, making clandestine efforts to obtain support from the authorities of Gran Colombia. Boyer learned of his activities and demanded that he be exiled, arguing that his presence on the island was an inconvenience and that, if he did not leave voluntarily, force would be used.[1] However, Boyer granted him an annuity for life.[2]Later years[edit]In April 1823, N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres emigrated with his family to Venezuela,[2] where they settled in Maracaibo. In 1824, he began working as a printer in Caracas.[3] Later, he founded several newspapers critical of Gran Colombia: El Constitucional Caraque\u00f1o (1824-1825), El Cometa (1824-1826) and El Cometa Extraordinario (1826-1827).[2] In addition, the last issues of El Venezolano were also written by him (1823-1824). He also joined the movement of La Cosiata, which rebelled against Gran Colombia. On May 5, 1826, when Caracas decided to take part in the revolution of Jos\u00e9 Antonio P\u00e1ez, Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres and Pedro Pablo Diaz were chosen to advise P\u00e1ez.[3] In 1827, P\u00e1ez made de C\u00e1ceres his secretary and advisor. Because of de C\u00e1ceres’ position in the government of Venezuela, he was able to promote the breakup of Venezuela from Gran Colombia. However, this caused him to be imprisoned in Maracaibo for a short period of time. Bolivar took de C\u00e1ceres away from Caracas and suggested that he become the president of the Superior Court of Cuman\u00e1, but de C\u00e1ceres rejected the proposition and decided to move to Mexico with his family.Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres arrived in Mexico in April 1827. Initially, they settled in Puebla, but then changed their residence to Ciudad Victoria, in Tamaulipas.[2] In the early years, he practiced law. In 1830, he obtained the office of prosecutor of the supreme court and in 1833 become a senator of Tamaulipas and a member of the Mexican Confederation Congress,[6] and was recognized as a Distinguished Citizen of Tamaulipas.[2]He served with General Moctezuma at the Pozo de los Carmelos and endorsed his agenda. In 1834, he became treasurer of Public Finance, although he continued to serve as a lawyer.[6]By 1844, he had become seriously ill, and the State Government and the Departmental Board of Tamaulipas gave him a pension to alleviate his struggles. He died in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, on September 11, 1846.[1] His remains rest in the National Pantheon of the Dominican Republic in Santo Domingo.Literary career[edit]Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres also played an important role as a writer and teacher. He became a professor at the University of Santo Tom\u00e1s de Aquino in 1795. On January 6, 1815, he returned to teaching at the University of Santo Domingo. Because of the efforts he made as captain-general, Nu\u00f1ez was appointed as the first rector of the university,[2] and had his portrait placed in the lecture hall, paid for by the guild.[1]On April 15, 1821, Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres founded the satirical and political newspaper El Duende in Santo Domingo. This was the second newspaper to be published in the Dominican Republic. El Duende was released each Sunday in the capital of the colony and ran for thirteen issues, but was cancelled on July 15 of that year. Nu\u00f1ez published his first nine fables in this newspaper. He also founded the newspaper called El Rel\u00e1mpago (Lightning) in the same city.[7] In Venezuela, Nu\u00f1ez founded several newspapers: El Constitucional Caraque\u00f1o (The Constitutional from Caracas), La Cometa (The Comet), a newspaper that harshly attacked Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar, and El Cometa Extraordinario. In addition, the last issues of El Venezolano were also written by him.[3] In Venezuela, he wrote fables to supplement his participation in the forums and engagement in journalism.He wrote twelve fables, which include: el conejo (the rabbit), la oveja y el lobo (the sheep and the wolf),  el lobo y el zorro (the wolf and the fox), la ara\u00f1a y el \u00e1guila (the spider and the eagle) and la aveja y abejorros (the bee and bumble). These fables were signed under the pseudonym “El fabulista principiante” (The fabulist beginner). He was credited as the first Dominican fabulist and one of the first storytellers in Hispanic America.[7]N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres was well-read. He was familiar with the classic ‘fabulists’ (Aesop, Phaedrus, Jean de La Fontaine, Samaniego and Tom\u00e1s de Iriarte). They influenced him, especially when it came to the use of animals as characters. Of the nineteen characters who act in the eleven tales of the Creole fabulist, thirteen are found in Iriarte, twelve in Aesop and La Fontaine, nine in Phaedrus and eight in Samaniego. The mule, horse, donkey, cross, and bumble appear in two of the fables of N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres, but not in fables written by the classic fabulists above.[1]Personal life[edit]At the end of the 18th century, N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres married Juana de Mata Madrigal Cordero. They had six children between the years 1800 and 1816, of which three were born in Camag\u00fcey, Cuba.[1]After de C\u00e1ceres’ death, his disciple, Simon de Portes, gave a speech at his burial:[1]“Rare event: here, not far Padilla, which ceased to be the hero of Igualada, which sealed the independence of Mexico, Dominican gentleman dies almost hear the roar of the cannon of the unjust invading Anglo-time same as before his death this unfortunate hero rejoices with the nice idea that the inhabitants of Santo Domingo, after many battles, been driven from its territory to its oppressors … It is full of joy Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres with such a happy event, and as you stop the course of death gradually led him to the grave “.\u2014\u2009Simon de PortesSee also[edit]References[edit]^ a b c d e f g h i j k Marcano M. (2009\u20132010). “Mi pa\u00eds: biograf\u00eda. Rep\u00fablica Dominicana. Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres” [My country: biography. Dominican Republic]. Retrieved August 21, 2010.^ a b c d e f g h i j “Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres”. Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved November 23, 2020.^ a b c d Marcano M. (2009\u20132010). “Venezuela tuya: Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres: Despu\u00e9s de la Independencia (Venezuela yours: after Independence)”.. Consulted on September 12, 2010, at 14:30.^ a b c “En caribe: Enciclopedia de historia y cultura del caribe (Caribbean. Encyclopedia of Caribbean history and culture). Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres”. 2009\u20132010. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011.{{cite news}}:  CS1 maint: unfit URL (link). Consulted on September 12, 8, 2010.^ “Declaraci\u00f3n de Independencia del Pueblo Dominicano”. Retrieved March 2, 2014.^ a b c d “Educando: el portal de la educaci\u00f3n dominicana (Education: The Dominican education portal). Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres”. 2009\u20132010. Retrieved September 8, 2010.^ a b “Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres: Fabulista (Dominican historians: Jose Nunez de Caceres: Fables)”. 2009\u20132010. Retrieved September 8, 2010.External links[edit]"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/jose-nunez-de-caceres-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Jos\u00e9 N\u00fa\u00f1ez de C\u00e1ceres – Wikipedia"}}]}]