[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/khalaj-language-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/khalaj-language-wikipedia\/","headline":"Khalaj language – Wikipedia","name":"Khalaj language – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Turkic language of western Iran after-content-x4 Khalaj is a Turkic language spoken in Iran. Although it contains many old","datePublished":"2015-02-25","dateModified":"2015-02-25","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":100,"height":100},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/khalaj-language-wikipedia\/","wordCount":5715,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Turkic language of western Iran       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Khalaj is a Turkic language spoken in Iran. Although it contains many old Turkic elements, it has become widely Persianized.  Khalaj has about 150 words of uncertain origin.:\u200a32\u200aSurveys have found that most young Khalaj parents do not pass the language on to their children; only 5% of families teach their children the language.[1]Khalaj language is a descendant of an old Turkic language called Arghu. The 11th century Turkic lexicographer Mahmud al-Kashgari was the first person to give written examples of the Khalaj language, which are mostly interchangeable with modern Khalaj.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Gerhard Doerfer, who rediscovered Khalaj, demonstrated that it was an independent branch from Common Turkic.Table of ContentsClassification[edit]Geographical distribution[edit]Dialects[edit]Phonology[edit]Consonants[edit]Vowels[edit]Grammar[edit]Morphology[edit]Nouns[edit]Verbs[edit]Syntax[edit]Vocabulary[edit]Examples[edit]References[edit]Sources[edit]Books[edit]Book chapters, journal articles, encyclopedia entries[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]Classification[edit]The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 documented languages spoken by the Turkic peoples.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4While initially thought to be closely related to Azerbaijani, linguistic studies, particularly those done by Gerhard Doerfer, led to the reclassification of Khalaj as a distinct non-Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family. Evidence for the reassignment includes the preservation of the vowel length contrasts found in Proto-Turkic (PT), word-initial *h, and the lack of the sound change *d \u2192 y characteristic of Oghuz languages.:\u200a22\u200aThe preservative character of Khalaj can be seen by comparing the same words across different Turkic varieties. For example, in Khalaj, the word for “foot” is hadaq, while the cognate word in nearby Oghuz languages is ayaq (compare Turkish ayak). Because of the preservation of these archaic features, some scholars have speculated that the Khalaj people are the descendants of the Arghu Turks.Ethnologue and ISO formerly listed a Northwestern Iranian language named “Khalaj” with the same population figure as the Turkic language.[12] The Khalaj speak their Turkic language and Persian, and the supposed Iranian language of the Khalaj is spurious.[13][14]Geographical distribution[edit]Khalaj is spoken mainly in Markazi Province in Iran. Doerfer cites the number of speakers as approximately 17,000 in 1968, and 20,000 in 1978.:\u200a17\u200aEthnologue reports that the population of speakers grew to 42,107 by 2000.[15][verification needed]Dialects[edit]The main dialects of Khalaj are Northern and Southern. Within the dialect groupings, individual villages and groupings of speakers have distinct speech patterns.[citation needed]The linguistic difference between the most distant dialects is not smaller (or even bigger) than Kazan Tatar and Bashkir or between Rumelian Turkish and Azerbaijani.:\u200a17\u200aPhonology[edit]Consonants[edit]Vowels[edit]Vowel phonemesFrontCentralBackunroundedroundedClosei [i] \u012b [i\u02d0]\u00fc [y] \u00fc\u02d0[y\u02d0]\u0131 [\u0268] \u0131\u02d0[\u0268\u02d0]u [u] u\u02d0[u\u02d0]Mide [e] e\u02d0 [e\u02d0]\u00f6 [\u00f8] \u00f6\u02d0 [\u00f8\u02d0]o [o] o\u02d0 [o\u02d0]Open\u00e4 [\u00e6] \u00e4\u02d0[\u00e6\u02d0]a [a] aa [a\u02d0]Doerfer claims that Khalaj retains three vowel lengths postulated for Proto-Turkic: long (e.g. [qa\u02d0n] ‘blood’), half-long (e.g. [ba\u02d1\u0283] ‘head’), and short (e.g. [hat] ‘horse’). However, Alexis Manaster Ramer challenges both the interpretation that Khalaj features three vowel lengths and that Proto-Turkic had the same three-way contrast. Some vowels of Proto-Turkic are realized as falling diphthongs, as in [quo\u032fl] (‘arm’).[citation needed]Grammar[edit]Morphology[edit]Nouns[edit]Nouns in Khalaj may receive a plural marker or possessive marker. Cases in Khalaj include genitive, accusative, dative, locative, ablative, instrumental, and equative.Forms of case suffixes change based on vowel harmony and the consonants they follow. Case endings also interact with possessive suffixes. A table of basic case endings is provided below:CaseSuffixNominative\u2013Dative-A, -KAAccusative-I, -NILocative-\u010dAAblative-dAInstrumental-lAn, -lA, -nAEquative-v\u0101raVerbs[edit]Verbs in Khalaj are inflected for voice, tense, aspect, and negation. Verbs consist of long strings of morphemes in the following array:Stem + Voice + Negation + Tense\/Aspect + AgreementSyntax[edit]Khalaj employs subject\u2013object\u2013verb word order. Adjectives precede nouns.Vocabulary[edit]The core of Khalaj vocabulary is Turkic, but many words have been borrowed from Persian. Words from neighboring Turkic languages, namely Azerbaijani, have also made their way into Khalaj.For example, Khalaj numbers are Turkic in form, but some speakers replace the forms for “80” and “90” with Persian terms.Examples[edit]Excerpt from Doerfer & Tezcan 1994, transliterated by Doerfer:TranslationIPAIn Latin alphabetOnce, Mullah Nasreddin had a son.bi\u02d0 ki.ni\u02d0 mol.la\u02d0 nas.\u027e\u00e6d.di\u02d0.ni\u02d0n o\u0263.lu va\u02d0\u027e-a\u027e.tiB\u00ee kin\u00ee moll\u00e2 nasr\u0259dd\u00een\u00een o\u011flu v\u00e2r-arti.He said, “Oh Father, I want a wife.”hay.d\u0268 ki “\u00e6j ba\u02d0.ba, m\u00e6\u014b ki.\u0283i \u0283\u00e6j.jo.\u027eum”Ha\u00fcd\u0131 ki “\u018fy b\u00e2ba, m\u0259n ki\u015fi \u015f\u0259yyorum.”He said, “My dear, we have a cow; take this cow and sell it. Come with the proceeds, we shall buy you a wife!”hay.d\u0268 ki “b\u0252\u02d0.ba bi.zym bi\u02d0 s\u0268.\u0263\u0268.\u027e\u0268.myz va\u02d0\u027e, je.tip bo s\u0268.\u0263\u0268.\u027e\u0268 sa\u02d0.t\u0268, na\u0263d \u0283\u00e6j.i pu\u02d1.l\u0129n, j\u00e6k biz s\u00e6\u0303 ki.\u0283i al.duq”Ha\u00fcd\u0131 ki “B\u00e2ba biz\u00fcm b\u00ee s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131m\u00fcz v\u00e2r, yetip bo s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00e2t\u0131. Na\u011fd \u015f\u0259yi p\u00fbl\u00een, y\u0259k biz s\u0259\u0303 ki\u015fi alduq!”^ Regarded as a different language, rather than a dialect.References[edit]Sources[edit]Books[edit]Book chapters, journal articles, encyclopedia entries[edit]Cheung, Johnny; Aydemir, Hakan (2015). “Turco-Afghanica: On East Iranian *amarn\u0101 and Turkic alma, al\u00efmla, alm\u00efla ‘apple’“.  In Pelevin, Mikhail (ed.).  “\u041d\u0430 \u041f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0431\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u041c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0439”. \u0421\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043a \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u044e \u0418. \u041c. \u0421\u0442\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043d-\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e [“On the Pasture of Good Thoughts”: Collected Articles for the Anniversary of I. M. Steblin-Kamensky] (in Russian and English). Saint Petersburg: Kontrast. pp.\u00a073\u201394. ISBN\u00a09785438001256. OCLC\u00a01038607183.Doerfer, Gerhard (1977). “Khalaj and its relation to the other Turkic languages”. Yearbook of Turkic Studies \u2013 Belleten. 25: 17\u201332. ISSN\u00a00564-5050. Archived from the original on 2021-09-24.Dybo, Anna (2006).  \u0425\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0442\u044e\u0440\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u044e\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432 [Chronology of Turkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Turks].  In Teni\u0161ev, E. R.; Dybo, A. V. (eds.). \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044e\u0440\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a-\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044e\u0440\u043a\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 [Proto-Turkic Base Language: A Picture of the World of the Proto-Turks According to Their Language] (PDF). \u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u044e\u0440\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u0432 [Comparative-Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages] (in Russian). Vol.\u00a06. Moscow: Nauka. pp.\u00a0766\u2013817. ISBN\u00a09785020327108. OCLC\u00a013008487. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2020-03-18.K\u0131ral, Filiz (2000). “Reflections on \u2013mi\u0161 in Khalaj”.  In Johanson, Lars; Utas, Bo (eds.). Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages. The Hague: Walter de Gruyter. pp.\u00a089\u2013102. ISBN\u00a09783110805284. OCLC\u00a0868974004.Kn\u00fcppel, Michael (2009). “\u1e34ALAJ ii. \u1e34alaji Language”. Encyclop\u00e6dia Iranica. Vol.\u00a0XV\/4. pp.\u00a0364\u2013365. Archived from the original on 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2020-03-18.Kuribayashi, Yuu (2021). “Turkish and Uyghur verb-verb complexes in contrast”.  In Kageyama, Taro; Hook, Peter E.; Pardeshi, Prashant (eds.). Verb-Verb Complexes in Asian Languages. Oxford Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.\u00a0455\u2013470. doi:10.1093\/oso\/9780198759508.003.0017. ISBN\u00a09780191077432. OCLC\u00a01245491300.Manaster Ramer, Alexis (1995). “Khalaj (and Turkic) vowel lengths revisited”. Wiener Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 85: 187\u2013197. JSTOR\u00a023866156.\u00d6lmez, Mehmet (February 1995). “Hala\u00e7lar ve Hala\u00e7\u00e7a” [Khalajis and Khalaj] (PDF). \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk Dili (in Turkish). 7 (84): 15\u201322. ISSN\u00a01300-1345. OCLC\u00a0222016380. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2020-03-18.Shcherbak, A. M. (1997).  Xa\u043ba\u0434\u0436c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a [Khalaj language].  In Teni\u0161ev, E. R. (ed.).  \u0422\u044e\u0440\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438 [Turkic Languages]. \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 [Languages of the World] (in Russian). Vol.\u00a02. Moscow: Indrik. pp.\u00a0470\u2013476. ISBN\u00a09785857590614. OCLC\u00a068040217.Further reading[edit]Bosnal\u0131, Soneli (2012), “Dil Edimi A\u00e7isindan Hala\u00e7\u00e7anin Konumu” [Position of Khalaj Language in Terms of Acquisition] (PDF), Karadeniz Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 [Journal of Black Sea Studies] (in Turkish), 9 (32): 45\u201367, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-24Bosworth, C. E.; Doerfer, G. (2012). “K\u0332h\u0332alad\u0332j\u0332”.  In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Islam (2nd\u00a0ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163\/1573-3912_islam_COM_0485.Bulut, Christiane. “The Turkic varieties of Iran”. In: The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective. Edited by Geoffrey Haig and Geoffrey Khan. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2019. pp. 398-444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110421682-013Doerfer, Gerhard (1985). “Kabulafscharisch Und Chaladsch (Ein Beitrag Mit Vielen Fragezeichen)”. Central Asiatic Journal. 29 (3\/4): 166\u201375. JSTOR\u00a041927483. Accessed 3 Jan. 2023.Doerfer, Gerhard (1988). Grammatik des Chaladsch [Grammar of Khalaj]. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN\u00a09783447028653. OCLC\u00a021035642.Doerfer, Gerhard (1997). “T\u00fcrkische Sprachen Und Dialekte in Iran”. Wiener Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Die Kunde Des Morgenlandes (in German). 87: 41\u201363. JSTOR\u00a023863155. Accessed 3 Jan. 2023.Kabak, Bar\u0131\u015f (2004), “Acquiring phonology is not acquiring inventories but contrasts: The loss of Turkic and Korean primary long vowels”, Linguistic Typology, 8 (3): 351\u2013368, doi:10.1515\/lity.2004.8.3.351, S2CID\u00a0122917987Minorsky, V. (1940), “The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 10 (2): 417\u2013437, doi:10.1017\/S0041977X00087607, JSTOR\u00a0608400, S2CID\u00a0162589866Poppe, Nikolaus (1983). “CHALADSCH UND DIE ALTAISCHE SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT”. Central Asiatic Journal. 27 (1\/2): 112\u2013120. JSTOR\u00a041927392. Accessed 3 Jan. 2023.Ramer, Alexis Manaster (1997). “Khalaj Vowel Lengths: A Reevaluation of the Bazin Data”. Central Asiatic Journal. 41 (1): 35\u201337. JSTOR\u00a041928087. Accessed 3 Jan. 2023.External links[edit]     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/khalaj-language-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Khalaj language – Wikipedia"}}]}]