List of family name affixes

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Family name affixes are a clue for surname etymology and can sometimes determine the ethnic origin of a person. This is a partial list of affixes.

Prefixes[edit]

  • A – (Romanian) “son of”
  • Ab – (Welsh, Cornish, Breton) “son of”[1]
  • Af – (Danish, Swedish), Av (Norwegian) “of”
  • Ap – (Welsh) “son of”[1]
  • Abu – (Arabic) “father of”;[2]
  • Aït – (Berber) “of”
  • Al – (Arabic) “the”[3]
  • Ālam – (Persian) “world”
  • At/Ath – (Berber) “(son[s]) of”
  • Aust, Austre – (Norwegian) “east”, “estern”
  • Bar – (Aramaic) “son of”[citation needed]
  • Bath, bat – (Hebrew) “daughter of”[citation needed]
  • Ben, bin, ibn – (Arabic and Hebrew) “son of”[2]
  • Bet – (Arabic from “Beyt”) “house of”[citation needed]
  • Bint – (Arabic) “daughter of”; Binti, Binte (Malaysian version)
  • Da – (Italian) “from”, “of”; (Portuguese) “from the” (before a feminine singular noun)[citation needed]
  • Das – (Portuguese) “from the”, “of the”, preceding a feminine plural noun[citation needed]
  • De – (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Filipino) “of”; indicates region of origin, often a sign of nobility; in Spanish-speaking countries a married woman will sometimes append her name with “de XXXX”[citation needed] where “XXXX” is her husband’s last name; (Dutch) “the”
  • Degli – (Italian) “of the”, preceding a masculine plural noun starting with either sp, sc, ps, z, gn, or st.[citation needed]
  • Del – (Italian, Spanish) “of the”, preceding a masculine singular noun[citation needed]
  • Dele – Southern French, Spanish, Filipino, and Occitan, equivalent of Du[citation needed]
  • Della – (Italian) “of the”, preceding a feminine singular noun[citation needed]
  • Der – (Western Armenian) “son/daughter of a priest”; (German) “the” (masculine nominative), “of the” (feminine genitive)[citation needed]
  • Di – (Italian) “son of”[citation needed]
  • Dos – (Portuguese) “from the, of the”, preceding a masculine plural noun[citation needed]
  • Du – (French) “of the”, preceding a masculine singular noun[citation needed]
  • E – (Portuguese) “and”, between surnames (Maria Eduarda de Canto e Mello)[citation needed]
  • El – (Arabic and Spanish) “the”[citation needed]
  • Fetch, Vetch – (Welsh) “daughter of”
  • Fitz – (Irish, from Norman French) “son of”, from Latin “filius” meaning “son” (mistakenly thought to mean illegitimate son, because of its use for certain illegitimate sons of English kings)[citation needed]
  • i – (Catalan) “and”, always in lowercase, used to identify both surnames (e.g. Antoni Gaudí i Cornet)[4]
  • ka – (Zulu) “(son/daughter) of”, always in lower case and preceding the name of the father.
  • Kil, Gil – (English, Irish, Scottish) “son of”, “servant of”, “devotee of”, originating from the Irish “Mac Giolla”, typically followed by a Saint’s name (e.g. Mac Giolla Bhríde).[5]
  • La – (Italian, French, Spanish) “the”, feminine singular[citation needed]
  • Le – (Northern French) “the”, masculine singular[citation needed]
  • Lille – (Norwegian) “small”, “little”
  • Lu – (Latin and Roman) “Master”
  • M’/Mac/Mc/Mck/Mhic/Mic – (Irish, Scottish, and Manx Gaelic) “son”. Both Mac and Mc are sometimes written Mac and Mc (with superscript ac or c). In some names, Mc is pronounced Mac.
  • Mala – (Kurdish) “House of”[citation needed]
  • Mellom, Myljom – (Norwegian) “between”
  • Na – ณ (Thai) “at”[citation needed]
  • Ned, Nedre – (Norwegian) “low”, “lower”
  • Neder – (Swedish) “lower”, “under”[citation needed]
  • Ngā – (Te Reo Māori) “the (plural)”
  • Nic, Ní – (Irish, Scottish) “daughter of”, from Irish “iníon” meaning “daughter”[6][citation needed]
  • Nin – (Serbian)[citation needed]
  • Nord, Norr – (German, Swedish, Danish), Nord, Nordre (Norwegian) “north”, “northern”[citation needed]
  • Ny – (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) “new”[citation needed]
  • O/Ó/Ua/Uí – (Irish, Scottish, and Manx Gaelic) “son of”, “grandson of”, “descendant of”[7][citation needed]
  • Opp, Upp – (Norwegian) “up”
  • Öfver – (Swedish) “upper”, “over” (archaic spelling)[citation needed]
  • Ost (German), Öst, Öster (Swedish), Øst (Danish), Øst, Østre (Norwegian) – “east”, “eastern”[citation needed]
  • Över – (Swedish) “upper”, “over”[citation needed]
  • Øvste, Øvre, Øver – (Norwegian) “upper”
  • Öz – (Turkish) “pure”[citation needed]
  • Pour – (Persian) “son of”[citation needed]
  • Putra/Putera – (Indonesian) “son of”
  • Putri/Puteri – (Indonesian) “daughter of”
  • ‘s – (Dutch), contraction of des genitive case of definite article de (“the”). Is never capitalized. Example: ‘sGravesande, ‘sHertogenbosch
  • Setia/Setya – (Indonesian) “loyal to”
  • Stor – (Norwegian, Swedish) “large”[citation needed]
  • Söder – (Swedish), Sør, Sønder (Danish), Sør, Syd, Søndre, Syndre, Søre (Norwegian), “south”, “southern”[citation needed]
  • ‘t – (Dutch), contraction of neuter definite article het (“the”). Is never capitalized. Example: ‘tHoen.
  • Te – (Te Reo Māori) “the (singular)”
  • Ter – (Dutch) “at the”[citation needed]
  • Ter – (Eastern Armenian) “son/daughter of a Priest”[citation needed]
  • Tre – (Cornish) “farm of”[citation needed]
  • Van – (Dutch) “of”, “from”
  • Van De, Van Den, Van Der, Van Het, Van ‘t – (Dutch) “of the”, “from the”
  • Väst, Väster – (Swedish) “west”[citation needed]
  • Verch, Erch – (Welsh) “daughter of”[8]
  • Vest – (Danish) Vest, Vestre (Norwegian) “west”, “western”[citation needed]
  • Vesle, Vetle – (Norwegian) “small”, “little”
  • von – (German) “of”, “from”; a sign of nobility.
  • war – Marathi Last Name. People from Arya Vyshya community residing mostly in central India.
  • zu – (German) “at”; a sign of nobility, sometimes in the combination von und zu

Suffixes[edit]

  • –a, –ya Kurdish means “of” (female) (by two surnames)[clarification needed][citation needed]
  • –à (Catalan)feminine -ana “of or from [a locality or place]” (Català -Catalan); and also the name of a job (Manyà -irosmith), from Latin -ānus, -āna[citation needed]
  • –ac (Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian, Southern French)[citation needed][citation needed]
  • –ach (Ukrainian, Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: –ač/)[citation needed]
  • –aei (Persian) (See -i) for words that end in the long vowel A[citation needed]
  • –aitis (Lithuanian) “son of”[citation needed]
  • –aj (Albanian) (pronounced AY; meaning “of the” ) It denotes the name of the family, which mostly comes from the male founder of the family, but also from a place, as in, Lash-aj (from the village Lashaj of Kastrat, MM, Shkodër). It is likely that its ancient form, still found in MM, was an [i] in front of the last name, as in ‘Déda i Lékajve’ (Déd of Lekës). For ease of use, the [i] in front of the last name, and the ending _ve, were dropped. If the last name ends in [a], then removing the [j] would give the name of the patriarch or the place, as in, Grudaj – j = Gruda (place in MM). Otherwise, removing the whole ending [aj] yields the name of founder or place of origin, as in Lekaj – aj = Lek(ë). Since the names are found most commonly in Malsi e Madhe (North) and Labëri (South), it is likely that this linguistic feature is very old. It must have been lost as a result of foreign influences brought into Albania by the invaders.[citation needed]
  • –ak (Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Croatian, Slovenian, Slovak, Montenegrin, Sorbian) See -ák for its Slovak meaning.[9]
    • –ák (Czech, Slovak) In Slovak, -ák means “pertaining to” or merely creates a noun, and its two other versions are -iak and -ak.[9]
  • –al (Nepali) denotes for village of origin (for e.g.; Khanal, Dhakal, Dahal, Rijal, etc.)
  • –an (Ukrainian, Belarusian) (e.g. Ruban)[citation needed]
  • –an (Romanian)[citation needed]
  • –án (Spanish)[citation needed]
  • –and (French)[citation needed]
  • –ange (French) from Germanic -ing[citation needed]
  • –ano (Italian) feminine -ana “of or from [a locality]”; from Latin -ānus, -āna[citation needed]
  • –ant (English; Norman)[citation needed]
  • –ant (French; Old French)[citation needed]
  • –ant (Hindi; Sanskrit)[citation needed]
  • –anu (Romanian)[citation needed]
  • –appa (Kodava) patronymic, meaning “father”
  • –ár (Slovak)[citation needed]
  • –ář (Czech)[citation needed]
  • –arz (Polish)[citation needed]
  • -as (French) Duras, Porras, Dumas
  • –au (-aw) (Belarusian) / –aŭ (Belarusian Latin).[citation needed]
    • –ava (Belarusian) feminine equivalent of –au
  • –au (German) in a toponymic surname, “of or from a lower place near water”[10]
  • –auskas/-iauskas (Lithuanian) equivalent to Polish –owski, –ewski, Belarusian –ouski, –euski / Belarusian Latin –oŭski, –eŭski[citation needed]
  • –awan (Urdu)[citation needed]
  • –ba (Abkhazian) “male”[citation needed]
  • –chi, –çı, –çi, cı, –ci (Azeri, Persian, چی-, Turkish) attributed to a geographic location or performing a certain job[11]
  • –chian (Persian, چیان-) attributed to or performing a certain job[citation needed]
  • –chek, –chik, –chyk, –chuk (Ukrainian, Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: –ček, –čyk, –čuk/) diminutive[citation needed]
  • –ckas (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Polish and Belarusian –cki[citation needed]
  • –cki (Polish, Belarusian, Croatian, Serbian, Sorbian) variant of –ski[citation needed]
    • –cka (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Sorbian) Feminine equivalent of –cki[citation needed]
  • –ckis (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Polish and Belarusian –cki[citation needed]
  • –cký (Czech, Slovak)[citation needed]
  • –čki (Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian)[citation needed]
  • –cock, –cox (English) “little”[citation needed]
  • –datter (Danish, Norwegian) “daughter (of)”[citation needed]
  • –din (Swedish)[citation needed]
  • –dotter (Norwegian, Swedish) “daughter (of)”[citation needed]
  • –dóttir (Icelandic) “daughter (of)” (patronymic suffix (sometimes matronymic) (by law) of not a family name but part of the Icelandic last name where (usually) the father’s name is always slightly modified and then dóttir added)[citation needed]
  • –dze (Georgian) “son of”[citation needed]
  • –dzki (Polish) variant of –ski, –cki[citation needed]
  • –é (Catalan)[citation needed]
  • –ê, –yê (Kurdish) means “of” (male) (by two surnames)[clarification needed]
  • –eanu (Romanian)[citation needed]
  • –eau, –eault (French) diminutive suffix (Latin -ellu-)[citation needed]
  • –ec (Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Slovenian, Polish, Sorbian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), (French spelling for Breton –e.g.)[citation needed]
  • –ee (See -i)[citation needed]
  • –eff (Russian, Bulgarian) obsolete, copied from German transliteration of –ev[citation needed]
  • –eiro (Portuguese, Galician)[citation needed]
  • –ek (Czech, Polish, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian) diminutive[citation needed]
  • –ell (English spelling for French -el, diminutive)[citation needed]
  • –el (Northern French and Occitan, French -eau)[citation needed]
  • –ema (Suffix of Frisian origin, given by Napoleon Bonaparte who used suffixes like these to keep a record of people’s origins within the Netherlands)[citation needed]
  • –ems (Dutch)[citation needed]
  • –ėnas (Lithuanian) “son of”[citation needed]
  • –enko (Ukrainian), –enka/-anka (Belarusian) “son of”[citation needed]
    • –chenko (Ukrainian), –chenka/-chanka (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: –čenka, –čanka/)
  • –ens (Dutch)[citation needed]
  • –ent (French)[citation needed]
  • –enya (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: –enia/) (e.g. Gerasimenya)[citation needed]
  • –er (Dutch, English, French, German, Turkish “male”)[citation needed]
  • –ero (Spanish)[citation needed]
  • –ers (Dutch)[citation needed]
  • –es (Greek, Portuguese) “son of” in Portuguese[citation needed]
  • –ese (Italian) plural -esi “of or from [a locality]”; from Latin -ēnsis[citation needed]
  • –escu (Romanian) “son of”[citation needed]
  • –ești (Romanian) possessive plural, also used in place names[citation needed]
  • –et (French) (diminutive suffix Latin -ettu- or former –el)[citation needed]
  • –ets (Ukrainian, Belarusian)[citation needed]
  • –eu (-ew) (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: –eŭ/) equivalent to Russian –ev[citation needed]
  • –ev (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian, Macedonian) possessive[citation needed]
    • –eva (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian, Macedonian) Feminine equivalent of –ev[citation needed]
  • –evski (Macedonian, Bulgarian) possessive[citation needed]
    • –evska (Macedonian, Bulgarian) Feminine equivalent of –evski[citation needed]
  • –ez (Spanish, North Picard) including Spanish-speaking countries “son of”; in Picard, old spelling for –et[citation needed]
  • –ëz (Albanian) for feminine; a word refer to something smaller, either literally or figuratively as in a form of endearment[citation needed]
  • –fia, –fi, –fy, –ffy (Hungarian) “descendant of” (literally “son of”)[citation needed]
  • –fleth, –felth, –fleet (Northern German) current, body of water
  • –gil, (Turkish, “family”) (e.g. Korkmazgil)[citation needed]
  • –i (Hungarian) “of”, “from” indicates region of origin, sign of nobility (e.g. “Szentiványi”, “Rákóczi”). Like German Von.[citation needed]
  • –i (Arabic, Persian) “descendant of”, “attributed to” (e.g. “Baghdadi”, “Abbasi”) or, (Iranian) “from” (e.g. “Barzani” from Barzan, or Tabrizi from Tabriz.)[11]
  • –ia (Abkhaz, Mingrelian)[citation needed]
  • –ian(ts), –yan(ts), –jian, –gian, –ents, –ants, –unts, –uni (Armenian, Persian) “son/daughter of”[citation needed]
  • –iak (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish) “descendant of”. In Slovak, -iak is a version of -ák/-ak and means “pertaining to” or merely creates a noun.[9]
  • –ic(k) (French), misspelling for Breton –ig, diminutive[citation needed]
  • –ich (-ovich/-evich) (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: –ič,[citation needed]–ovič, –evič/), –ych (-ovych/-evych) (Ukrainian) “son of”
  • –ić (-ović/-ević) (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin) diminutive possessive, little son of[citation needed]
    • –begović (Bosniak) diminutive possessive of a beg, i.e. chieftain’s or chief’s little son[citation needed]
    • –ici (-ovici/-evici) Romanian of Slavic origin (Romanian adaptation of –ić or –ich/-ych)[citation needed]
  • –ič (-ovič) (Slovenian, Slovak, Czech [rarely]) diminutive, “son of”[citation needed]
  • –ičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian –ich (Belarusian Latin: –ič) and Polish –icz[citation needed]
    • –avičius/-evičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian –ovich/-evich (Belarusian Latin: –ovič/-evič) and Polish –owicz/-ewicz[citation needed]
  • –ičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian –ich (Belarusian Latin: –ič) and Polish –icz[citation needed]
    • –ovičs/-evičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian –ovich/-evich (Belarusian Latin: –ovič/-evič) and Polish –owicz/-ewicz[citation needed]
  • –ides, -idis, –idas (Greek), “son of”[citation needed]
  • –ier (French)[citation needed]
  • –ik (Belarusian, Polish, Croatian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian) It merely creates a noun in Slovak where -ik is a version of -ík, can be endearment, diminutive, have other meanings.[12]
    • –ík (Slovak) It merely creates a noun and can also be endearment, diminutive, have other meanings; its other Slovak version is -ik.[12]
  • –ik (Estonian) if it follows a tree name, has a meaning “grove”[citation needed]
  • –ikh, –ykh (Russian)[citation needed]
  • –in (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian) possessive[citation needed]
    • –ina (female equivalent of –in; especially rare for male names, but the suffix alone is an actual female name)[citation needed]
    • –yn (Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian) possessive[citation needed]
  • –in (French) diminutive[citation needed]
  • –in (Dutch, German) suffix attached to old Germanic female surnames (e.g. female surname “Mayerin”, the wife of “Mayer”)[13]
  • –ing, ink (Anglo-Saxon, Dutch, German) “descendant”[citation needed]
  • –ino (a common suffix for male Latino and Italian names)[citation needed]
  • –ipa (Abkhazian) “son of”[citation needed]
  • –ipha (Abkhazian) “girl of”[citation needed]
  • –is (Greek, /male/ Lithuanian)[citation needed]
  • –ishin, –yshyn (Ukrainian) possessive (e.g. Romanishin = son of wife of Roman)[citation needed]
  • –iu (Romanian)[citation needed]
  • –ius (Lithuanian) “son of”[citation needed]
  • –iv (Ukrainian) possessive.[citation needed]
  • –j (Adygean)”old”[citation needed]
  • –ka (Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak) diminutive[citation needed]
  • –kan, –ken (Turkish) (e.g. Vuruşkan)[citation needed]
  • –kar (Marathi) (e.g. Tendulkar)[citation needed]“originating from”,
  • –ke, (Italian,Russian)[citation needed] In surnames of Slavic origin. Like Ukrainian -ko
  • –kin, –kins, –ken (English) “little”[citation needed]
  • –kin (Dutch) “little”[citation needed]
  • –ko (Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak, Czech)diminutive[citation needed]
  • –ko (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Serbian)- diminutive, “child,” “descendant of.” It is used in affectionate forms of first names, and is also a common suffix in many surnames.
  • –ko (Adygean) “son” ĸъо[citation needed]
  • –kus (Lithuanian)[citation needed]
  • –kvist, –qvist (Swedish) “twig”[citation needed]
  • –kyzy (Great Kazakh) “daughter of”[citation needed]
  • –kyzy (Kyrgyz) “daughter of”[citation needed]
  • –le, –lein (German) “small”[citation needed]
  • –li, –lı, –lu, –lü (Turkish, Azeri) “from” (e.g. İzmirli, Ankaralı, İstanbullu, Bakülü)[citation needed]
  • –li (Italian)[citation needed]
  • –lin (French, Irish, Swedish) in Germanic names “small”[citation needed]
  • –litz (German)[citation needed]
  • –man(n) (Dutch, German, English)[citation needed]
  • –mand (Persian, مند-) owning or showing[11]
  • –maz (Turkish) “does not” (e.g. “Yılmaz = Yields not”, “Korkmaz = Fears not”)[citation needed]
  • –men, –man (Turkish) flipping suffix (e.g. ak=white, akman=purely white), “person”, “male person”, have other meanings[citation needed]
  • –ment (French) from Germanic “man”[citation needed]
  • –mere (Old English) meaning “lake”[citation needed]
  • –moar[citation needed]
  • –mohr (German)[citation needed]
  • –moor[citation needed]
  • –moore[citation needed]
  • –more[citation needed]
  • –mor[citation needed]
  • –nė, –te /female/ (Lithuanian)[citation needed]
  • –nen (Finnish) diminutive, “from”[citation needed]
  • –nik (Estonian) attributed to occupation (talu being “farm” – talunik being “farmer”)[citation needed]
  • –nova, –novas (Italian, Galician, Catalan) “new”[citation needed]
  • –novo (Galician) “new”[citation needed]
  • –ný (Czech, Slovak) adjective[citation needed]
  • –ny (Polish) adjective[citation needed]
  • –nezhad, –nejad, -nejhad (Persian, نژاد) “descendant of”[11]
  • –nyi (Hungarian)[citation needed]
  • –off (Russian, Bulgarian) obsolete, copied from French transliteration of –ov, based on Muscovite[dubious – discuss] pronunciation[citation needed]
  • –oğlu (Azeri, Turkish) “son of” (e.g. Türkoğlu)[citation needed]
  • –ok (Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech)[citation needed]
  • –ois, –oy, –ais, –ay (French) from Germanic -isk and Vulgar Latin -ese[citation needed]
  • –on (French), former subject case in masculine names[citation needed]
  • –onak (-onok) (Belarusian)[citation needed]
  • –onis (Lithuanian) “son of”[citation needed]
  • –os (Greek) like Latin -us (Gasconic, Spanish, Portuguese) from Latin -us[citation needed]
  • –osz, –oš (Polish, Czech, Slovak)[citation needed]
  • –ot (French) “little”[citation needed]
  • –ou(t) (French), various origins[citation needed]
  • –ou (Greek) “daughter of”[citation needed]
  • –ou (-ow) (Belarusian) / –oŭ (Belarusian Latin) equivalent to Russian –ov[citation needed]
    • –ova (Belarusian) feminine equivalent of –ou
  • –ouf (French), French spelling of Arabic names ending with -ūf[citation needed]
  • –ouf, Norman-French spelling of surnames of Anglo-scandinavian origin or West Germanic origin ending with -ulf or -wulf
  • –oui (French), French spelling of Arabic names, English spelling -wi[citation needed]
  • –ous[citation needed]
  • –ov (all Eastern Slavic languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian) possessive[citation needed]
    • –ova (all Eastern Slavic languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian) feminine equivalent of –ov, –ou, –ow[citation needed]
  • –ová (Czech, Slovak) feminine derivative of a noun male surname
  • –ovo (Russian) (e.g. Durnovo)[citation needed]
  • –ovski (Macedonian, Bulgarian) possessive[citation needed]
    • –ovska (Macedonian, Bulgarian) Feminine equivalent of –ovski[citation needed]
  • –ow (Russian, though found in predominantly German names, it is pronounced like English “ow” not like the German “ov”)[citation needed]
  • –pour, –poor (Persian) “son of”[11]
  • –putra (Indonesian) “son”[citation needed]
  • –putri (Indonesian) “daughter”[citation needed]
  • –quin, (French) from Dutch -kin “little”[citation needed]
  • –s (English, Dutch, Irish, Welsh) “(son/daughter) of”. Sometimes less recognizable, like in “Hendrickx” (son/daughter of Hendrik)[citation needed]
  • –sen or –zen (Danish, Norwegian, Dutch or Low German) “son (of)”[citation needed]
    • –ssen (Dutch or Low German) “son (of)”[citation needed]
    • –ssens or –sens (Dutch) “grandson/granddaughter of”. Literally “(son/daughter) of the son of”[citation needed]
  • –shvili (Georgian) “child”[citation needed]
  • –skas (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Polish and Belarusian –ski[citation needed]
  • –ski (Polish, Belarusian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Sorbian, Croatian. Also Russian but more often transliterated as –sky), “originating from”, “estate of”[citation needed]
    • –ska (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Sorbian, Croatian) Feminine equivalent of –ski[citation needed]
  • –skiy/-tskiy, –skyi/-tskyi (Ukrainian)[citation needed]
  • –skoy/-tskoy (Russian) (e.g. Shakhovskoy)[citation needed]
  • –sky/-tsky (Russian, Ukrainian)[citation needed]
  • –ský (Czech, Slovak) “originating from”, “lord of”[citation needed]
  • –skis (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Polish and Belarusian –ski[citation needed]
  • –sma (Frisian) “son of”[citation needed]
  • –son (English, Swedish, German, Norwegian, Scottish, Icelandic) “son (of)” (sometimes less recognizable, e.g. “Dixon”; in Iceland not part of a family name but the patronymic (sometimes matronymic) last name (by law), where (usually) the fathers’s name is always slightly modified and then son added)[citation needed]
    • –sson (Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, Scottish) “son (of)” (in Iceland technically the first s is a separate “suffix” of the father’s name according to Icelandic language rules, one of the most common modifications)[citation needed]
  • –(s)son (French), diminutive[citation needed]
  • –stad (Norwegian) “town”[citation needed]
  • –stein (German) “stone”[citation needed]
  • –strom, –strøm, –ström (Danish, Swedish) from ‘current’, probably an arbitrarily adopted ornamental name but possibly a topographic name for someone who lived by a river.[citation needed]
  • –tæ (Ossetian) “belong to”[citation needed]
  • –tabar (Persian) “descendant of”[11]
  • –tzki, –tzky (Polish) – phonetic Germanized spelling of original Polish –cki[citation needed]
  • –uk (Ukrainian, Belarusian) diminutive[citation needed]
  • –ulea (Romanian) “son of”[citation needed]
  • –ulis (Lithuanian)[citation needed]
  • –uly (Great Kazakh) “son of”[citation needed]
  • –ūnas (Lithuanian) “son of”[citation needed]
  • –uulu (Kyrgyz form of -oğlu) “son of”[citation needed]
  • –vich (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: –vič/, occasionally a respelling of original Serbian, Croatian –vić) “son of”[citation needed]
    • –vych (Ukrainian)[citation needed]
    • –wicz (Polish), –wic (Polish)[citation needed]
    • –vić (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin)[citation needed]
    • –vič (Slovenian, Slovak, Czech [rarely]), –vic (Slovak, Czech [rarely])[citation needed]
    • –vici (Romanianized respellings)[citation needed]
    • –vics (Hungarianized respellings)[citation needed]
    • –vitz, –witz, –witch, –witsch (Germanized or Anglicized respellings)[citation needed]
  • –vičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian –vich (Belarusian Latin: –vič) and Polish –wicz[citation needed]
  • –vičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian –vich (Belarusian Latin: –vič) and Polish[citation needed]–wicz
  • –wala, -wallah, wali, vala, vali (Hindustani, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi) denotes the occupation or place of origin (Occupation example: Batliwala – one who deals with bottles. Place example: Suratwala – one from Surat)[citation needed]
  • –wan (Indonesian) denotes a male name[citation needed]
  • –wati (Indonesian) denotes a female name[citation needed]
  • –wi (Arabic) “from”[citation needed]
  • –y (Arabic/Persian) Means descendant of.[11]
  • –y (See -i)[citation needed]
  • –yal
  • –ycz (Polish)[citation needed]
  • –yk (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian)[citation needed]
  • –ynas (Lithuanian) “son of”[citation needed]
  • –ys (English) representing i. the archaic plural form, or ii. a diminutive form. Variant forms not limited to –yss, –is, –es. Pronunciation is as modern plural suffix –s; i.e. Sandys = sands; Foulis = fowls.[14][15]
  • –ysz (Polish)[citation needed]
  • –za (Kurdish) “born of”[citation needed]
  • –zadeh, –zada (Turkish, Azeri, Persian زاده), –zai (Pashto) “son of”, “descendant of”[11]
  • –zadegan (Persian, زادگان-) plural form of zadeh[citation needed]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b “BBC Wales – History – Themes – Welsh naming”. www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  2. ^ a b Engber, Daniel (2006-07-03). “Abu, Ibn, and Bin, Oh My!”. Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  3. ^ Engber, Daniel (2006-06-28). “What’s Up With “Al-“?”. Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  4. ^ “Normativa”. Universitat Illes Balears.
  5. ^ O’Growney, Eugene (1898). “The ‘Muls’ and Gils’: Some Irish Surnames”. Library Ireland. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
  6. ^ “Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): ní”. www.teanglann.ie. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
  7. ^ “Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): ó”. www.teanglann.ie. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
  8. ^ “Archived copy” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-03. Retrieved 2019-07-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ^ a b c Votruba, Martin. “Last Names in -ák”. Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh.
  10. ^ “German Place Names ending in -AU”.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Megerdoomian, Karine (February 2008). “The Structure of Persian Names”. Mitre Technical Report. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.717.1899.
  12. ^ a b Votruba, Martin. “Last Names in -ík”. Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh.
  13. ^ Rixner, T.A. (1830). “Handwörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache”. Vol. 1 A-K, Page 290. 1830 Sulzbach / Germany.
  14. ^ Weekley, Ernest (1914). The Romance of Names. E.P. Dutton.
  15. ^ An Old Phonographer (October 9, 1886). “Aristocratic Surnames”. The Critic. 9 (145): 178. Retrieved July 12, 2019.

External links[edit]

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