[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/lokaksema-buddhist-monk-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/lokaksema-buddhist-monk-wikipedia\/","headline":"Lokaksema (Buddhist monk) – Wikipedia","name":"Lokaksema (Buddhist monk) – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 2nd-century Indian Buddhist monk Lokak\u1e63ema (\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092e, Chinese: \u652f\u5a41\u8fe6\u8b96; pinyin: Zh\u012b L\u00f3uji\u0101ch\u00e8n) (flourished 147\u2013189)","datePublished":"2019-07-09","dateModified":"2019-07-09","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/lokaksema-buddhist-monk-wikipedia\/","wordCount":1398,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x42nd-century Indian Buddhist monkLokak\u1e63ema (\u0932\u094b\u0915\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092e, Chinese: \u652f\u5a41\u8fe6\u8b96; pinyin: Zh\u012b L\u00f3uji\u0101ch\u00e8n) (flourished 147\u2013189) was a Kushan Buddhist monk from Gandhara who traveled to China during the Han dynasty and translated Buddhist texts into Chinese, and, as such, is an important figure in Chinese Buddhism.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsBiography[edit]Extant translations[edit]Lost works[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Bibliography[edit]Further reading[edit]Biography[edit]Details of Lokak\u1e63ema’s life come to us via a short biography by Sengyou (\u50e7\u7950; pinyin: S\u0113ngy\u00f2u; 445\u2013518 CE) and his text  \u201cCollected Records concerning the Tripitaka\u201d (\u51fa\u4e09\u85cf\u8a18\u96c6 Chu sanzang j\u00ecj\u00ed, T2145).The name \u5a41\u8fe6\u8b96 is usually rendered in Sanskrit as Lokak\u1e63ema, though this is disputed by some scholars, and variants such as Lokak\u1e63ama have been proposed.[1] In particular the character \u8b96 can be read as chen or chan. Sengyou refers to him as Zh\u012bch\u00e8n (Chinese: \u652f\u8b96). The Zh\u012b (Chinese: \u652f) prefix added to his Chinese name suggests that Lokaksema was of Yuezhi (Chinese: \u6708\u652f) ethnicity. He is traditionally said to have been a Kushan, though the Chinese term Yuezhi covered a broad area of what is now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.[2]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Lokaksema was born in Gandhara, a center of Greco-Buddhist art, at a time when Buddhism was actively sponsored by the king, Kanishka the Great, who convened the Fourth Buddhist council. The proceedings of this council actually oversaw the formal split of Nikaya and Mahayana Buddhism. It would seem that Kanishka was not ill-disposed towards Mahayana Buddhism, opening the way for missionary activities in China by monks such as Lokak\u1e63ema.[citation needed]Lokaksema arrived in the Han capital Luoyang toward the end of the reign of Emperor Huan of Han (r.147-168), and between 178 and 189 CE translated a number of Mahay\u0101na Buddhist texts into Chinese.[2]Lokaksema’s translation activities, as well as those of the Parthians An Shigao and An Xuan slightly earlier, or his fellow Yuezhi Dharmarak\u1e63a (around 286 CE) illustrate the key role Central Asians had in propagating Buddhism to the countries of East Asia. With the decline and fall of the Han, the empire fell into chaos and Lokak\u1e63ema disappears from the historical record so that we do not know the date of his death.Extant translations[edit]The editors of the Taish\u014d Tripi\u1e6daka attribute twelve texts to Lokak\u1e63ema. These attributions have been studied in detail by Erik Z\u00fcrcher, Paul Harrison and Jan Nattier, and some have been called into question.[3]Z\u00fcrcher considers it reasonably certain that Lokak\u1e63ema translated the following:[4]T224. \u9053\u884c\u822c\u82e5\u7d93. A translation of the A\u1e63\u1e6das\u0101hasrik\u0101 Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 S\u016btra.T280. \u4f5b\u8aaa\u515c\u6c99\u7d93. The Scripture on the Tusita Heaven, part of the proto-Avatamsaka SutraT313. \u963f\u95a6\u4f5b\u570b\u7d93. Ak\u1e63ohhya-vy\u016bhaT350. \u8aaa\u907a\u65e5\u6469\u5c3c\u5bf6\u7d93. Ka\u015byapaparivrataT418. \u822c\u821f\u4e09\u6627\u7d93.  Pratyutpanna Sam\u0101dhi S\u016btraT458. \u6587\u6b8a\u5e2b\u5229\u554f\u83e9\u85a9\u7f72\u7d93. Ma\u00f1ju\u015br\u012b’s Inquiry Concerning the Bodhisattva Career.T626. \u963f\u95cd\u4e16\u738b\u7d93. Aj\u0101ta\u015batru Kauk\u1e5btya Vinodana S\u016btraT807. \u4f5b\u8aaa\u5167\u85cf\u767e\u5bf6\u7d93. The Hundred Jewels of the Inner Treasury.According to Nattier, Harrison “expresses reservations” concerning the Ak\u1e63ohhya-vy\u016bha (T313), and considers that T418 is the product of revision and does not date from Lokak\u1e63ema’s time.[4]Conversely, Harrison considers that the following ought to be considered genuine:[4]T624 \u4f05\u771f\u9640\u7f85\u6240\u554f\u5982\u4f86\u4e09\u6627\u7d93 Druma-kinnara-r\u0101ja-parip\u1e5bcch\u0101-s\u016btraA characteristic of Lokak\u1e63ema’s translation style was the extensive transliteration of Indic terms and his retention of India stylistic features such as long sentences. He typically rendered Indic verse as Chinese prose, making no attempt to capture the meter.[5] Based on evidence from Chinese catalogues of texts, Nattier suggests that T224 and T418 are representative of Lokak\u1e63ema and might stand as “core texts”, i.e. as representative of his style of translating, although both show some signs of later editing. A second tier of texts\u2014T280, T350, T458, and T807\u2014all strongly resemble Lokak\u1e63ema’s core texts, though with occasional anomalies. T624 and T626 form a third tier with more deviations from the distinctive style of Lokak\u1e63ema. If T313 was indeed a translation by Lokak\u1e63ema, it has been extensively revised by an unknown editor, though the prose sections are closer to his style than the verse.[6]Lost works[edit]Several translations attributed to Lokak\u1e63ema have been lost:Shoulengyan jing (a version of the Suramgama-sam\u0101dhi-siitra, already lost in Sengyou’s time)Guangming sanmei jing “Sutra on the Samadhi of Luminosity”Hu banniehuan jing “The Hu Parinirv\u0101\u1e47a Sutra”Bo benjing (“The Original *Pu\u1e63ya Sutra”)See also[edit]References[edit]^ Nattier 2008: 73-4^ a b Nattier 2008: 73^ Nattier 2008: 76-7^ a b c Nattier (2008), pp. 76-77.^ Nattier 2008: 75-6^ Nattier 2008: 78-85Bibliography[edit]Further reading[edit]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/lokaksema-buddhist-monk-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Lokaksema (Buddhist monk) – Wikipedia"}}]}]