[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/naphtha-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/naphtha-wikipedia\/","headline":"Naphtha – Wikipedia","name":"Naphtha – Wikipedia","description":"Flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture For the hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil, see Petroleum naphtha. For","datePublished":"2017-06-06","dateModified":"2017-06-06","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Camp_fuel.jpg\/170px-Camp_fuel.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Camp_fuel.jpg\/170px-Camp_fuel.jpg","height":"223","width":"170"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/naphtha-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":5963,"articleBody":"Flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixtureFor the hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil, see Petroleum naphtha. For the character in the book by Thomas Mann, see Herr Naphta.Naphtha ( or ) is a flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture.Mixtures labelled naphtha have been produced from natural gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and the distillation of coal tar and peat.  In different industries and regions naphtha may also be crude oil or refined products such as kerosene.Nephi and naphthar are sometimes used as synonyms.[1] It is also known as Shellite in Australia.[2]Table of ContentsEtymology[edit]Antiquity[edit]Modern period[edit]Petroleum[edit]Heavy crude oil dilution[edit]Fuel[edit]Plastics[edit]Health and safety considerations[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Etymology[edit]  White gas, exemplified by Coleman Camp Fuel, is a common naphtha-based fuel used in many lanterns and torchesThe word naphtha is from Latin and Ancient Greek (\u03bd\u03ac\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1), derived from Middle Persian naft (“wet”, “naphtha”),[3][4] the latter meaning of which was an assimilation from the Akkadian nap\u1e6du (see Semitic relatives such as Arabic \u0646\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0637 naf\u1e6d [“petroleum”], Syriac \u0722\u0730\u0726\u072c\u0733\u0710 naft\u0101, and Hebrew \u05e0\u05b5\u05e4\u05b0\u05d8 neft, meaning petroleum).[5]In Ancient Greek, it was used to refer to any sort of petroleum or pitch.There is a hypothesis that the word is connected with the name of the Indo-Iranian god Apam Napat, which occurs in Vedic and in Avestic; the name means “grandson of (the) waters”, and the Vedas describe him as emerging from water golden and shining “with bright rays”, perhaps inspired by a burning seepage of natural gas.[6]Antiquity[edit]The Greek word \u03bd\u03ac\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1 designates one of the materials used to stoke the fiery furnace in the Song of the Three Children (possibly 1st or 2nd cent. BC).  The translation of Charles Brenton renders this as “rosin”. The book of II Maccabees (2nd cent. BC) tells how a “thick water” was put on a sacrifice at the time of Nehemiah and when the sun shone it caught fire. It adds that “those around Nehemiah termed this ‘Nephthar’, which means Purification, but it is called Nephthaei by the many.”[7]The naptha of antiquity is explained to be a “highly flammable light fraction of petroleum, an extremely volatile, strong-smelling, gaseous liquid, common in oil deposits of the Near East”; it was a chief ingredient in incendiary devices described by Latin authors of the Roman period.[8]Modern period[edit]Solvent naphtha has denoted a product (xylene or trimethylbenzenes) derived by fractional distillation from petroleum;[9] these mineral spirits, also known as “Stoddard Solvent”, was originally the main active ingredient in Fels Naptha laundry soap. [10]The usage of the term “naphtha” during this time typically implies petroleum naphtha, a colorless liquid with a similar odor to gasoline. However, “coal tar naphtha”, a reddish brown liquid that is a mixture of hydrocarbons (toluene, xylene, and cumene, etc.), could also be intended in some contexts.[11]Petroleum[edit]In older usage,[when?] “naphtha” simply meant crude oil, but this usage is now obsolete in English. There are a number of cognates to the word in different modern languages, typically signifying “petroleum” or “crude oil”.The Ukrainian and Belarusian word \u043d\u0430\u0444\u0442\u0430 (nafta), Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian “nafta” and the Persian naft (\u0646\u0641\u062a) mean “crude oil”. The Russian word \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044c (neft’) means “crude oil”, but \u043d\u0430\u0444\u0442\u0430 (nafta) is a synonym of ligroin. Also, in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Italy, Serbia, Slovenia, Macedonia nafta (\u043d\u0430\u0444\u0442\u0430 in Cyrillic) is colloquially used to indicate diesel fuel and crude oil. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, nafta was historically used for both diesel fuel and crude oil, but its use for crude oil is now obsolete[12] and it generally indicates diesel fuel. In Bulgarian, nafta means diesel fuel, while neft, as well as petrol (\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b in Cyrillic), means crude oil. Nafta is also used in everyday parlance in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay to refer to gasoline\/petrol.[13] In Poland, the word nafta means kerosene,[14] and colloquially crude oil (technical name for crude oil is ropa naftowa, also colloquially used for diesel fuel as ropa). In Flemish, the word naft(e) is used colloquially for gasoline.[15]Various qualifiers have been added to the term “naphtha” by different sources in an effort to make it more specific:One source[16] distinguishes by boiling point:Light naphtha is the fraction boiling between 30\u00a0\u00b0C and 90\u00a0\u00b0C and consists of molecules with 5\u20136 carbon atoms. Heavy naphtha boils between 90\u00a0\u00b0C and 200\u00a0\u00b0C and consists of molecules with 6\u201312 carbon atoms.Another source[17] which differentiates light and heavy comments on the hydrocarbon structure, but offers a less precise dividing line:Light [is] a mixture consisting mainly of straight-chained and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons having from five to six carbon atoms per molecule. Heavy [is] a mixture consisting mainly of straight-chained and cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons having from seven to nine carbon atoms per molecule.Both of these are useful definitions, but they are incompatible with one another and the latter does not provide for mixes containing both six and seven carbon atoms per molecule. These terms are also sufficiently broad that they are not widely useful.Heavy crude oil dilution[edit]Naphtha is used to dilute heavy crude oil to reduce its viscosity and enable\/facilitate transport; undiluted heavy crude cannot normally be transported by pipeline, and may also be difficult to pump onto oil tankers. Other common dilutants include natural-gas condensate and light crude. However, naphtha is a particularly efficient dilutant and can be recycled from diluted heavy crude after transport and processing.[18][19][20] The importance of oil dilutants has increased as global production of lighter crude oils has fallen and shifted to exploitation of heavier reserves.[19]Fuel[edit]Light naphtha is used as a fuel in some commercial applications. One notable example is wick-based cigarette lighters, such as the Zippo, which draw \u201clighter fluid\u201d\u2014naphtha\u2014into a wick from a reservoir to be ignited using the flint and wheel.It is also a fuel for camping stoves and oil lanterns, known as \u201cwhite gas\u201d, where naphtha\u2019s low boiling point makes it easy to ignite. Naphtha is sometimes preferred over kerosene as it clogs fuel lines less. The outdoor equipment manufacturer MSR published a list of trade\u00a0names and translations to help outdoor enthusiasts obtain the correct products in various countries.[21]Naptha was also historically used as a fuel in some small launch boats where steam technology was impractical; most were built to circumvent safety laws relating to traditional steam launches.[22]Plastics[edit]Naphtha is a crucial component in the production of plastics.[23]Health and safety considerations[edit]The safety data sheets (SDSs) from various naphtha vendors indicate various hazards such as flammable mixture of hydrocarbons: flammability, carcinogenicity, skin and airway irritation, etc.[24][2][25][26]Humans can be exposed to naphtha in the workplace by inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, and eye contact. The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the permissible exposure limit for naphtha in the workplace as 100 ppm (400\u00a0mg\/m3) over an 8-hour workday. The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 100 ppm (400\u00a0mg\/m3) over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 1000 ppm, which equates to 10 times the lower exposure limit, naphtha is immediately dangerous to life and health.[27]See also[edit]References[edit]^ Naphthar, McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia, accessed 16 December 2019^ a b “Material Safety Data Sheet\u00a0: Shellite” (PDF). Recochem.com.au. Retrieved 2015-10-26.^ Christian Gizewski (Berlin Institute of Technology). “Persisches Erbe im Griechischen, Lateinischen, Arabischen, T\u00fcrkischen und in verschiedenen heutigen europ\u00e4ischen Sprachen (Persian Heritage in Greek, Latin, Arabic, Turkic and Various Modern European Languages)”. Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2010-02-28.^ David Neil MacKenzie (1971). A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p.\u00a057. ISBN\u00a0978-1-934768-59-4.^ “ENGLISH i. Persian Elements in English”. www.iranicaonline.org. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 1 September 2018.^ R. J. Forbes (1966). Studies in Ancient Technology. Brill Archive. p.\u00a013. GGKEY:YDBU5XT36QD.^ 2 Maccabees 1:36^ Mayor, Adrienne (2009). Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Duckworth. p.\u00a0227. ISBN\u00a00715638521. digital copy^ Daunicht, Hubert K. (2009). Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Duckworth. p.\u00a0307. ISBN\u00a09780715638521.^ “Fels & Company”. Hsp.org. Retrieved 2016-09-28.^ Sittig, Marshall (2013). “Naphtha”.  In Greene, Stanley A.; Pohanish, Richard P. (eds.). Sittig’s Handbook of Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals. William Andrew. p.\u00a0636. ISBN\u00a09780815519034.^ “Slovensk\u00e9 slovn\u00edky”. Slovnik.juls.savba.sk. Retrieved 2015-10-26.^ Pedro Mairal (2012). El a\u00f1o del desierto. Stockcero, Inc. pp.\u00a071\u2013. ISBN\u00a0978-1-934768-59-4.^ Andrey Taranov (23 October 2013). Polish vocabulary for English speakers – 7000 words. BoD – Books on Demand. pp.\u00a098\u2013. ISBN\u00a0978-1-78071-417-2.^ Michael G. Clyne (1992). Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Walter de Gruyter. pp.\u00a085\u2013. ISBN\u00a0978-3-11-012855-0.^ Prestvic, Rune; Kjell Moljord; Knut Grande; Anders Holmen (2004). “Compositional analysis of naphtha and reformate”. Catalytic naphtha reforming. USA: CRC Press. p.\u00a02. ISBN\u00a09780203913505. Retrieved 2010-02-03.^ “Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Third Edition”, Meyer, E., Prentice Hall, 1998, page 458.^ Glenat, Philippe; Heraud, Jean-Philippe; Gateau, Patrick; Henaut, Isabelle; Argillier, J.-Francois (2005-01-01). Heavy Oil Dilution. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118\/97763-MS. ISBN\u00a09781613990056. S2CID\u00a073605226.^ a b “Dilution of heavy crude oils for pipeline ransportation purposes: The asphaltene instability issue”.^ “Diluting Venezuela’s heavy crude just got harder”. www.worldoil.com. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-09.^ MSR (24 August 2020). Where do I get fuels in foreign countries and what other types of fuel can I use? (PDF). Seattle, Washington, USA: Mountain Safety Research (MSR). Retrieved 2021-08-27.  Date from PDF metadata.^ Durant, Kenneth (1976). The Naptha Launch.^ “How Plastics are Made”. Plastics Europe. Brussels: Association of Plastics Manufacturers.{{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: url-status (link)^ “Petroleum Ether”. Hazard.com. 1998-04-21. Retrieved 2015-10-26.^ “Material Safety Data Sheet\u00a0: Ronsonol Lighter Fuel” (PDF). Cooperbooth.com. Retrieved 2015-10-26.^ “NAFAA”. NAFAA. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-26.^ “CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Naphtha (coal tar)”. www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-27.Look up naphtha in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naphtha."},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/naphtha-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Naphtha – Wikipedia"}}]}]