[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/ngualla-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/ngualla-wikipedia\/","headline":"Ngualla – Wikipedia","name":"Ngualla – Wikipedia","description":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mount Ngualla, often referred to simply as Ngualla, is a collapsed volcano located in the","datePublished":"2014-11-22","dateModified":"2014-11-22","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/e\/e4\/Mount_Ngualla%2C_Tanzania.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/e\/e4\/Mount_Ngualla%2C_Tanzania.jpg","height":"179","width":"555"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/ngualla-wikipedia\/","wordCount":2226,"articleBody":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaMount Ngualla, often referred to simply as Ngualla, is a collapsed volcano located in the remote south west of Tanzania. It is approximately 200\u00a0km north of the Mbeya township.Table of ContentsFormation[edit]Rare earth exploration[edit]Mineralogical studies[edit]References[edit]Formation[edit]Ngualla is a Proterozoic carbonatite estimated to be about 1,000 million years old and is a plug-like intrusive carbonatite with a diameter of approximately 3\u00a0km, made up of various successive carbonatite phases.[1]Ngualla is intrusive into Precambrian gneisses, quartzites and rhyolite-dacite volcanics. It is a carbonatite-fenite complex of oval outline with a longer axis orientated approximately north-south.[2]Over a north-south trending central ridge and an area of the north-western side of the complex carbonatite outcrops are found, surrounded by red soil. This is in turn surrounded by a ring of low-hills that are predominantly covered by fenite. The fenite zone is up to 1\u00a0km wide with a breccia zone adjacent to the carbonatite.The carbonatite is broadly of three types:[3]An outer sovite that is banded and magnetite free. In this zone apatite, biotite, muscovite, quartz and chlorite are accessories.An intermediate zone consisting of well banded sovite and contains euhedral magnetite and commonly dolomite.A central zone comprising poorly banded sovite containing fluorite, biotite, amphibole, pargasite and rarely pyrochlore.Dolomitic and ankeritic veins are widespread throughout the complex as are calcite-quartz veins with minor galena, baryte and chalcopyrite.The name ‘Ngualla’ comes from the Swahili word for ‘bald head’, which reflects the appearance of a large piece of the mostly bare land in which there is no habitation, agriculture and very little wild life.[4]  A panorama of Ngualla with workmen on site.Rare earth exploration[edit]The carbonatite has important resources of rare earth elements and is currently managed by ASX-listed Peak Resources. It gained widespread attention in 2010 after it was first reported to contain quantities of rare earths oxides.[5]The area is also prospective for phosphate, tantalum and niobium which have also been found in commercial quantities, the area currently contains a JORC compliant resource of 1.6 million tonnes (using a 3% lower-cut grade) of rare earths.[6]The Ngualla rare earth deposit can be divided into two geographic and geological areas, the southern rare earth zone located in the centre of the carbonatite around Ngualla Hill, and the southwest alluvial zone.  The southern rare earth zone is a 1 kilometre by 1 kilometre area in the low magnetic central core of the Ngualla carbonatite. Rare earth mineralisation occurs from the surface and is enriched in the weathered zone of the carbonatite, varying from a few metres to 140 metres vertical depth. The bulk of the mineral resource at Ngualla is contained within the southern rare earth zone and most of the highest grade component occurs near surface within the weathered zone.The south west alluvial zone is located the south west of Ngualla with rare earth mineralisation occurring from the surface within unconsolidated ferruginous] gravels to depths up to 30 meters. These alluvials are the result of erosion, transportation and deposition from the weathered bedrock mineralisation in the southern rare earth zone.Distribution of JORC Compliant Rare Earths found at Ngualla[6]ElementOxideNgualla Southern REZ\u00a0%Ngualla SW Alluvial\u00a0%Ngualla Average%Light RELanthanumLa2O327.523.427.1Light RECeriumCeO248.348.148.3Light REPraseodymiumPr6O114.724.914.74Light RENeodymiumNd2O316.117.516.3Light RESamariumSm2O31.592.141.65Heavy REEuropiumEu2O30.320.530.35Heavy REGadoliniumGd2O30.731.240.78Heavy RETerbiumTb4O70.060.130.07Heavy REDysprosiumDy2O30.140.430.17Heavy REHolmiumHo2O30.020.060.02Heavy REErbiumEr2O30.050.140.06Heavy REThuliumTm2O30.000.010.00Heavy REYtterbiumYb2O30.020.070.02Heavy RELutetiumLu2O30.000.010.00OtherYttriumY2O30.401.420.52Total100%100%100%Mineralogical studies[edit]Mineralogical studies have shown that bastnasite and synchysite are the main rare earth minerals and occur within a baryte \u2013 iron oxide hydroxide lithology in the weathered zone and a carbonate rich lithology with baryte in fresh carbonatite. Alumina is negligible and there are no clay minerals. Uranium and thorium levels are very low at 17\u00a0ppm and 37\u00a0ppm average respectivelywithin +1% REO mineralisation in the southern rare earth zone.[7]In December 2012, Peak Resources announced  – as part of their planned beneficiation process of the Ngualla deposit – that results had shown an intimate association between iron oxide and rare earth minerals (hematite and bastnaesite). The gangue minerals of barite and silica generally do not contain rare earth inclusions and have discrete grain boundaries with bastnaesite, indicating that grinding will separate these minerals.[8]Geological similarities have been drawn to fellow Australian miner Lynas’s world class Western Australian project Mount Weld.[citation needed]References[edit]^ “University of Guelph, Rocks for Crops: Tanzania, page 382” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2012.^ Lucien Cahen, N. J. Snelling, The geochronology and evolution of Africa, Issue 14, Clarendon Press, 1984^ James, T.C. 1954. A note on the Ngualla carbonatite, Chunya District. Unpublished Report, Geological Survey of Tanganyika^ “Resource Stocks: Peak Resources – Having a rare old time in Africa, December 2011”. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.^ Peak Resources – Maiden Resource, Ngualla Rare Earth Project, ASX Announcement, 29 February 2012^ a b Peak Resources – Ore Reserves and Mineral Resources^ Proactive Investors – Peak Resources Ngualla JORC Resource (Promotional primary source)^ Proactive Investors – Peak Resources achieves breakthrough in beneficiation at Ngualla Rare Earth Project (Promotional primary source)Coordinates: 7\u00b042\u203231\u2033S 32\u00b050\u203222\u2033E\ufeff \/ \ufeff7.7086222\u00b0S 32.83932176\u00b0E\ufeff \/ -7.7086222; 32.83932176  "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/ngualla-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Ngualla – Wikipedia"}}]}]