[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/nitrospira-moscoviensis-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/nitrospira-moscoviensis-wikipedia\/","headline":"Nitrospira moscoviensis – Wikipedia","name":"Nitrospira moscoviensis – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Species of bacterium Nitrospira moscoviensis was the second bacterium classified under the most","datePublished":"2016-06-10","dateModified":"2016-06-10","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/nitrospira-moscoviensis-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4261,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Species of bacteriumNitrospira moscoviensis was the second bacterium classified under the most diverse nitrite-oxidizing bacteria phylum, Nitrospirae.[2][3] It is a gram-negative, non-motile, facultative lithoauthotropic bacterium that was discovered in Moscow, Russia in 1995.[2] The genus name, Nitrospira, originates from the prefix \u201cnitro\u201d derived from nitrite, the microbe\u2019s electron donor and \u201cspira\u201d meaning coil or spiral derived from the microbe\u2019s shape.[4] The species name, moscoviensis, is derived from Moscow, where the species was first discovered.[4]N. moscoviensis could potentially be used in the production of bio-degradable polymers.[2]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsHistory[edit]Morphology[edit]Metabolism[edit]Ecology[edit]Genomics[edit]Biotechnology[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]History[edit]In 1995, Silke Ehrich discovered Nitrospira moscoviensis in a sample taken from an eroded iron pipe.[2] The pipe was a part of a heating system in Moscow, Russia.[2] The rust was transferred to a culture where cells could be isolated.[2] For optimum growth, Ehrich and his team cultivated the cells on a mineral salt medium at a temperature of 39\u00a0\u00b0C and at a pH of 7.6-8.0.[2]Morphology[edit]Nitrospira moscoviensis is classified as being gram-negative, non-motile, and having a curved rod shape.[2] The curved rods are approximately 0.9-2.2\u00a0\u00b5m long x 0.2-0.4\u00a0\u00b5m wide.[2]N. moscoviensis can exist in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats and reproduces using binary fission.[2] Defining features of N. moscoviensis is the absence of intra-cytoplasmic membranes and carboxysomes possession of a flatulent periplasmic space.[5]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Metabolism[edit]Nitrospira moscoviensis is a facultative lithoautotroph commonly referred to as a chemolithoautotroph.[2] In aerobic environments, N. moscoviensis obtains energy by oxidizing nitrite to nitrate.[5] Without the element molybdenum, the nitrite-oxidizing system will not function.[5] When N. moscoviensis is in nitrite free environments it can use aerobic hydrogen oxidation.[3] When N. moscoviensis reduces nitrite using hydrogen as an electron donor growth is blocked.[3] A key difference in N. moscoviensis\u2019 nitrite-oxidizing system is location; unlike most nitrate oxidizing systems, it is not located in the cytoplasmic membrane.[5] Kirstein and Bock (1993) implied that the location of the nitrite-oxidizing system corresponds directly to N. moscoviensis having an enlarged periplasmic space.[6] By oxidizing nitrate outside of the cytoplasmic membrane, a permease nitrite system is not needed for the proton gradient.[5] The exocytoplasmic oxidation of nitrite also prevents build-up of toxic nitrite within the cytoplasm.[5] Another important metabolism ability for N. moscoviensis is its ability to cleave urea to ammonia and CO2.[3] The ability to use urea comes directly from the presence of urease encoding genes which is interesting because most nitrite-oxidizing bacteria are unable to use ammonia as an energy source.[3]Urease encoding genes function by catalyzing urea hydrolysis to form ammonia and carbamate.[3]Ecology[edit]Nitrospira moscoviensis grows in temperatures from 33 to 40\u00a0\u00b0C and pH 7.6-8.0 with an optimal nitrite concentration of 0.35 nM.[2]Nitrospira moscoviensis plays a key role in the two-step Nitrogen Cycle process.[3]  The first step of Nitrification requires an ammonia-oxidizing bacterium (AOB) or ammonia-oxidizing archaeon (AOA) followed by a nitrite-oxidizing bacterium (NOB).[3]  The unique capability of N. moscoviensis to cleave urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide allows for a symbiotic relationship with ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM) that lack this urease-production ability also known as negative AOM.[3] A correlation in environment preferences between Nitrospira species with nxrB gene encoding the \u03b2-subunit of nitro-oxidoreductase and AOM species with amoA gene further confirmed this relationship.[7]N. moscoviensis provides ammonia via hydrolysis of urea to these ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms which in turn produce nitrite, the primary energy source of N. moscoviensis.[3] The relationship between ureolytic nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and negative AOM is called reciprocal feeding.[3] Thus far, Nitrospira species have been recognized in natural environments as the primary vehicle for nitrite oxidation including soils, activated-sludge, ocean and fresh water, hot springs, and water treatment plants.[8]Genomics[edit]Following its isolation, N. moscoviensis\u2019s genome was sequenced by Dr. Ehrich et al.[2] Its 4.59 Mb genome has a GC content of 56.9+\/-0.4\u00a0mol% with a predicted 4,863 coding sequences.[2][3]N. moscoviensis‘s 16S rRNA gene sequences were found to be 88.9% similar to N. marina\u2019s.[2]  Despite its relatively low similarity to N. marina, N. moscoviensis was classified within the Nitrospirae phylum primarily due to shared morphological features including the presence of an enlarged periplasmic space.[2]Nitrospira moscoviensis\u2019s fully sequenced genome has provided useful phylogenetic insights beyond the scope of 16S rRNA sequence studies.[7]  The discovery of the gene encoding the \u03b2-subunit of nitrite-oxidoreductase, nxrB, from N. moscoviensis as a functional genetic marker of Nitrospira, not only confirmed previous 16S rRNA phylogenetic classifications within the phylum, but  revealed a new understanding of Nitrospira\u2019s richness in terrestrial environments.[7] The phylum has expanded from two bacteria, N. marina and N. moscoviensis, to a 6-branched genera composed of a characteristically diverse group of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria with N. moscoviensis positioned in lineage II.[8]Biotechnology[edit]The cytoplasm of Nitrospira moscoviensis contains polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules.[2]References[edit]^ Garrity, George; Castenholz, Richard W.; Boone, David R., eds. (2001). Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (2nd\u00a0ed.). New York, NY: New York, NY. pp.\u00a0451\u2013453. ISBN\u00a0978-0-387-21609-6.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ehrich, S; Behrens, D; Ludwig, W; Bock, E (1995). “A new obligately chemolithoautotrophic, nitrite-oxidizing bacterium, nitrospira moscoviensis sp. nov. and its phylogenetic relationship”. Arch Microbiol. 164 (1): 16\u201323. doi:10.1007\/BF02568729. PMID\u00a07646315. S2CID\u00a02702110.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Koch, H.; Luecker, S.; Albertsen, M.; Kitzinger, K.; Herbold, K.; Spieck, E.; Daims, H. (2015). “Expanded metabolic versatility of ubiquitous nitrite-oxidizing bacteria from the genus nitrospira”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 112 (36): 11371\u201311376. doi:10.1073\/pnas.1506533112. PMC\u00a04568715. PMID\u00a026305944.^ a b Watson, S.W.; Bock, E.; Valois, F.W.; Waterbury, J.B.; Schlosser, U (1986). “Nitrospira marina gen. nov. sp. nov.: a chemolitho- trophic nitrite-oxidizing bacterium”. Arch Microbiol. 144 (1): 1\u20137. doi:10.1007\/BF00454947. S2CID\u00a029796511.^ a b c d e f Spieck, E.; Ehrich, S; Aamand, J; Bock, E. (1998). “Isolation and immunocytochemical location of the nitrite-oxidizing system in nitrospira moscoviensis”. Arch Microbiol. 169 (3): 225\u2013230. doi:10.1007\/s002030050565. PMID\u00a09477257. S2CID\u00a021868756.^ Kirstein, K; Bock, E (1993). “Close genetic relationship between Ni- trobacter hamburgensis nitrite oxidoreductase and Escherichia coli nitrate reductases”. Arch Microbiol. 160 (6): 447\u2013453. doi:10.1007\/BF00245305. PMID\u00a08297210. S2CID\u00a022834340.^ a b c Pester, Michael; Maixner, Frank; Berry, David; Rattei, Thomas; Koch, Hanna; L\u00fccker, Sebastian; Nowka, Boris; Richter, Andreas; Spieck, Eva (2014-10-01). “NxrB encoding the beta subunit of nitrite oxidoreductase as functional and phylogenetic marker for nitrite-oxidizing Nitrospira”. Environmental Microbiology. 16 (10): 3055\u20133071. doi:10.1111\/1462-2920.12300. ISSN\u00a01462-2920. PMID\u00a024118804.^ a b Nowka, Boris; Off, Sandra; Daims, Holger; Spieck, Eva (2015-03-01). “Improved isolation strategies allowed the phenotypic differentiation of two Nitrospira strains from widespread phylogenetic lineages”. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 91 (3): fiu031. doi:10.1093\/femsec\/fiu031. ISSN\u00a01574-6941. PMID\u00a025764560.Further reading[edit]Neubacher, Elke; Prast, Mario; Cleven, Ernst-Josef; Berninger, Ulrike-Gabriele (2007). “Ciliate grazing on Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrospira moscoviensis: Is selectivity a factor for the nitrogen cycle in natural aquatic systems?”. Hydrobiologia. 596 (1): 241\u2013250. doi:10.1007\/s10750-007-9100-7. ISSN\u00a00018-8158. S2CID\u00a028520940.Lucker, S.; Wagner, M.; Maixner, F.; Pelletier, E.; Koch, H.; Vacherie, B.; Rattei, T.; Damste, J. S. S.; Spieck, E.; Le Paslier, D.; Daims, H. (2010). “A Nitrospira metagenome illuminates the physiology and evolution of globally important nitrite-oxidizing bacteria”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (30): 13479\u201313484. doi:10.1073\/pnas.1003860107. ISSN\u00a00027-8424. PMC\u00a02922143. PMID\u00a020624973.External links[edit]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/nitrospira-moscoviensis-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Nitrospira moscoviensis – Wikipedia"}}]}]