[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/onium-ion-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/onium-ion-wikipedia\/","headline":"Onium ion – Wikipedia","name":"Onium ion – Wikipedia","description":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Class of positively-charged molecules Not to be confused with onium states such as positronium. In","datePublished":"2022-12-22","dateModified":"2022-12-22","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/onium-ion-wikipedia\/","wordCount":3315,"articleBody":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaClass of positively-charged moleculesNot to be confused with onium states such as positronium.In chemistry, an onium ion is a cation formally obtained by the protonation of mononuclear parent hydride of a pnictogen (group 15 of the periodic table), chalcogen (group 16), or halogen (group 17). The oldest-known onium ion, and the namesake for the class, is ammonium, NH+4, the protonated derivative of ammonia, NH3.[1][2]The name onium is also used for cations that would result from the substitution of hydrogen atoms in those ions by other groups, such as organic groups, or halogens; such as tetraphenylphosphonium, (C6H5)4P+. The substituent groups may be divalent or trivalent, yielding ions such as iminium and nitrilium.[1][2]A simple onium ion has a charge of +1. A larger ion that has two onium ion subgroups is called a double onium ion, and has a charge of +2. A triple onium ion has a charge of +3, and so on.Compounds of an onium cation and some other anion are known as onium compounds or onium salts.Onium ions and onium compounds are inversely analogous to -ate ions and ate complexes:Lewis bases form onium ions when the central atom gains one more bond and becomes a positive cation.Lewis acids form -ate ions when the central atom gains one more bond and becomes a negative anion.[3]Table of ContentsSimple onium cations (hydrides with no substitutions)[edit]Group 13 (boron group) onium cations[edit]Group 14 (carbon group) onium cations[edit]Group 15 (pnictogen) onium cations[edit]Group 16 (chalcogen) onium cations[edit]Hydrogen onium cation[edit]Group 17 (halogen) onium cations, halonium ions, H2X+ (protonated hydrogen halides)[edit]Pseudohalogen onium cations[edit]Group 18 (noble gas) onium cations[edit]Onium cations with monovalent substitutions[edit]Onium cations with polyvalent substitutions[edit]Double onium dications[edit]Enium cations[edit]Substituted eniums[edit]Ynium cations[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]Simple onium cations (hydrides with no substitutions)[edit]Group 13 (boron group) onium cations[edit]Group 14 (carbon group) onium cations[edit]carbonium ions (protonated hydrocarbons) have a pentacoordinated carbon atom with a +1 charge.alkanium cations, CnH+2n+3 (protonated alkanes)methanium, CH+5 (protonated methane) (Sometimes called carbonium, because it is the simplest member of that class, but that use is deprecated because of multiple definitions.[4] Sometimes called methonium, but methonium also has multiple definitions. Abundant in outer space.)ethanium, C2H+7 (protonated ethane)propanium, C3H+9 (propane protonated on an unspecified carbon)butanium, C4H+11 (butane protonated on an unspecified carbon)octonium or octanium, C8H+19 (protonated octane)silanium (sometimes silonium), SiH+5 (protonated silane) (should not be called siliconium[5]germonium, GeH+5 (protonated germane)stannonium, SnH+3 (protonated SnH2) (not protonated stannane SnH4)plumbonium, PbH+3 (protonated PbH2)Group 15 (pnictogen) onium cations[edit]Group 16 (chalcogen) onium cations[edit]Hydrogen onium cation[edit]Group 17 (halogen) onium cations, halonium ions, H2X+ (protonated hydrogen halides)[edit]Pseudohalogen onium cations[edit]Group 18 (noble gas) onium cations[edit]Onium cations with monovalent substitutions[edit]primary ammonium cations, RH3N+ or R\u2212NH+3 (protonated primary amines)secondary ammonium cations, R2NH+2 (protonated secondary amines)tertiary ammonium cations, R3NH+ (protonated tertiary amines)quaternary ammonium cations, R4N+ or NR+4quaternary phosphonium cations, R4P+ or PR+4quaternary arsonium cations, R4As+ or AsR+4quaternary stibonium cations, R4Sb+ or SbR+4primary oxonium cations, ROH+2 (protonated alcohols R\u2212O\u2212H)alkyloxonium cations ROH+2 (protonated alcohols)methyloxonium, CH3OH+2 (protonated methanol)ethyloxonium, CH3CH2OH+2 (protonated ethanol)secondary oxonium cations, R2OH+ (protonated ethers R\u2212O\u2212R)dialkyloxonium cations (protonated ethers)tertiary oxonium cations, R3O+primary sulfonium cations, RSH+2 (protonated thiols R\u2212S\u2212H)secondary sulfonium cations, R2SH+ (protonated thioethers R\u2212S\u2212R)tertiary sulfonium cations, R3S+tertiary selenonium cations, R3Se+tertiary telluronium cations, R3Te+primary fluoronium cations, RFH+ (protonated fluorides RF)secondary fluoronium cations, R2F+secondary iodonium cations, R2I+Onium cations with polyvalent substitutions[edit]secondary ammonium cations having one double-bonded substitution, R=NH+2tertiary ammonium cations having one triple-bonded substitution, R\u2261NH+cyclic tertiary ammonium cations where nitrogen is a member of a ring, RNH+R (the ring may be aromatic)quaternary ammonium cations having one double-bonded substitution and two single-bonded substitutions, R=NR+2iminium, R2C=NR+2 (substituted protonated imine)diazenium, RN=NR+2 (substituted protonated diazene)thiazolium, [C3NSR4]+(substituted protonated thiazole)quaternary ammonium cations having two double-bonded substitutions, R=N+=Rquaternary ammonium cations having one triple-bonded substitution and one single-bonded substitution, R\u2261NR+diazonium, N\u2261NR+ (substituted protonated nitrogen, in other words, substituted protonated diazyne)nitrilium, RC\u2261NR+ (substituted protonated nitrile)tertiary oxonium cations having one triple-bonded substitution, R\u2261O+cyclic tertiary oxonium cations where oxygen is a member of a ring, RO+R (the ring may be aromatic)tertiary sulfonium cations having one triple-bonded substitution, R\u2261S+Double onium dications[edit]Enium cations[edit]The extra bond is added to a less-common parent hydride, a carbene analog, typically named -ene or -ylene, which is neutral with 2 fewer bonds than the more-common hydride, typically named -ane or -ine.Substituted eniums[edit]diphenylcarbenium, (C6H5)2CH+ (di-substituted methenium)triphenylcarbenium, (C6H5)3C+ (tri-substituted methenium)Ynium cations[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]  "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/onium-ion-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Onium ion – Wikipedia"}}]}]