[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/pinus-pinaster-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/pinus-pinaster-wikipedia\/","headline":"Pinus pinaster – Wikipedia","name":"Pinus pinaster – Wikipedia","description":"Species of plant Pinus pinaster, the maritime pine[2][3] or cluster pine,[2] is a pine native to the south Atlantic Europe","datePublished":"2021-05-01","dateModified":"2021-05-01","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/12\/Pinus_pinaster_decoration_cones.jpg\/220px-Pinus_pinaster_decoration_cones.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/12\/Pinus_pinaster_decoration_cones.jpg\/220px-Pinus_pinaster_decoration_cones.jpg","height":"147","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/pinus-pinaster-wikipedia\/","wordCount":6960,"articleBody":"Species of plantPinus pinaster, the maritime pine[2][3] or cluster pine,[2] is a pine native to the south Atlantic Europe region and parts of the western Mediterranean. It is a hard, fast growing pine bearing small seeds with large wings.Table of ContentsDescription[edit]Similar species[edit]Distribution and habitat[edit]Ecology[edit]Invasiveness[edit]Results of invasion[edit]Ecological interactions[edit]Options for biological control[edit]References[edit]Sources[edit]Further reading[edit]Description[edit]  Pinus pinaster is a medium-size tree, reaching 20\u201335 metres (66\u2013115 feet) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1.2\u00a0m (4\u00a0ft), exceptionally 1.8\u00a0m (6\u00a0ft).The bark is orange-red, thick, and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, somewhat thinner in the upper crown.The leaves (‘needles’) are in pairs, very stout (2 millimetres or 1\u204416 inch broad), up to 25\u00a0cm (10\u00a0in) long,[4] and bluish-green to distinctly yellowish-green. The maritime pine features the longest and most robust needles of all European pine species.[4]The cones are conic, 10\u201320\u00a0cm (4\u20138\u00a0in) long[4] and 4\u20136\u00a0cm (1+1\u20442\u20132+1\u20442\u00a0in) broad at the base when closed, green at first, ripening glossy red-brown when 24 months old. They open slowly over the next few years, or after being heated by a forest fire, to release the seeds, opening to 8\u201312\u00a0cm (3\u20134+1\u20442\u00a0in) broad.The seeds are 8\u201310\u00a0mm (5\u204416\u20133\u20448\u00a0in) long, with a 20\u201325\u00a0mm (13\u204416\u20131\u00a0in) wing, and are wind-dispersed.Similar species[edit]Maritime pine is closely related to Turkish pine, Canary Island pine, and Aleppo pine, which all share many features with it. It is a relatively non-variable species, with constant morphology over the entire range.Distribution and habitat[edit]Its range is in the western Mediterranean Basin and the southern Atlantic coast of Europe, extending from central Portugal and Northern Spain (especially in Galicia) to southern and Western France, east to western Italy, Croatia and south to northern Tunisia, Algeria and northern Morocco. It favours a Mediterranean climate, which is one that has cool, rainy winters and hot, dry summers.[6]It generally occurs at low to moderate altitudes, mostly from sea level to 600\u00a0m (2,000\u00a0ft), but up to 2,000\u00a0m (6,600\u00a0ft) in the south of its range in Morocco. The high degree of fragmentation in the current natural distribution is caused by two factors: the discontinuity and altitude of the mountain ranges causing isolation of even close populations, and human activity.[7]Ecology[edit]Pinus pinaster is a popular topic in ecology because of its problematic growth and spread in South Africa for the past 150 years after being imported into the region at the end of the 17th century (1685\u20131693). It was found spreading in the Cape Peninsula by 1772. Towards the end of the 18th century (1780), P.\u00a0pinaster was widely planted, and at the beginning of the 19th century (1825\u20131830), P.\u00a0pinaster was planted commercially as a timber resource and for the forestry industry. The pine tree species invades large areas and more specifically fynbos vegetation. Fynbos vegetation is a fire-prone shrubland vegetation that is found in the southern and southwest cape of South Africa. It is found in greater abundance close to watercourses.[6]Dispersal, habitat loss, and fecundity are all factors that affect spread rate. The species favors acidic soils with medium to high-density vegetation,[6] but it can also grow in basic soils and even in sandy and poor soils, where only few commercial species can grow.[7]Pinus pinaster is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class Pinetea halepensis.[8]Larvae of the moth Dioryctria sylvestrella feed on this pine. Their boring activity causes large quantities of resin to flow from the wounds which weakens the tree and allows fungi and other pathogens to gain entry.[9]Invasiveness[edit]Results of invasion[edit]Pinus pinaster is a successful invasive species in South Africa. One of the results of its invasion in South Africa is a decrease in the biodiversity of the native environment. The increase of extinction rates of the native species is correlated with the introduction of these species to South Africa. Invasive species occupy habitats of native species often forcing them to extinction or endangerment. For example, invasive species have the potential to decrease the diversity of native plants by 50\u201386% in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa.[10]P.\u00a0pinaster is found in shrubland in South Africa; when compared to other environments, shrublands have the largest decline of species richness when invaded by an invasive species (Z=\u20131.33, p"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/pinus-pinaster-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Pinus pinaster – Wikipedia"}}]}]