[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/retina-display-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/retina-display-wikipedia\/","headline":"Retina display – Wikipedia","name":"Retina display – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Retina display is a brand name used by Apple for its series of IPS LCD and OLED displays that","datePublished":"2015-11-14","dateModified":"2015-11-14","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/eccd9b3332d5d2d02fb7cdd9908c5cdcaad01b02","url":"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/eccd9b3332d5d2d02fb7cdd9908c5cdcaad01b02","height":"","width":""},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/retina-display-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":9057,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Retina display is a brand name used by Apple for its series of IPS LCD and OLED displays that have a higher pixel density than traditional Apple displays.[1]  Apple has registered the term “Retina” as a trademark with regard to computers and mobile devices with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and Canadian Intellectual Property Office.[2][3]  The applications were approved in 2012 and 2014 respectively. The Canadian application cited a 2010 application in Jamaica.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The Retina display debuted in 2010 with the iPhone 4 and the iPod Touch (4th Generation), and later the iPad (3rd generation) where each screen pixel of the iPhone 3GS, iPod touch (3rd generation), iPad 2 was replaced by four smaller pixels, and the user interface scaled up to fill in the extra pixels. Apple calls this mode HiDPI mode. In simpler words, it is one logical pixel corresponds to four physical pixels. The scale factor is tripled for devices with even higher pixel densities, such as the iPhone 6 Plus and iPhone X.[4] The advantage of this equation is that the CPU “sees” a small portion of the data and calculates the relative positions of each element, and the GPU renders these elements with high quality assets. The goal of Retina displays is to make the text and images being displayed more crisp.[5][6][7][8]The Retina display has since expanded to most Apple product lines, such as Apple Watch, iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, iPad Mini, iPad Air, iPad Pro, MacBook, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, iMac, and Pro Display XDR, some of which have never had a comparable non-Retina display.[9] Apple uses various marketing terms to differentiate between its LCD and OLED displays having various resolutions, contrast levels, color reproduction, or refresh rates.  It is known as Liquid Retina display for the iPhone XR, iPad Air 4th Generation, iPad Mini 6th Generation, iPad Pro 3rd Generation and later versions,[10] and Retina 4.5K display for the iMac.[11]Apple’s Retina displays are not an absolute standard for display sharpness, but vary depending on the size of the display on the device, and at what distance the user would typically be viewing the screen. Where on smaller devices with smaller displays users would view the screen at a closer distance to their eyes, the displays have more PPI (Pixels Per Inch), while on larger devices with larger displays where the user views the screen further away, the screen uses a lower PPI value. Later device versions have had additional improvements, whether an increase in the screen size (the iPhone 12 Pro Max), contrast ratio (the 12.9\u201d iPad Pro 5th Generation, and iMac with Retina 4.5K display), and\/or, more recently, PPI count (OLED iPhones); as a result, Apple uses the names \u201cRetina HD display”, “Retina 4K\/5K display”, \u201cRetina 4.5K display”, “Super Retina HD display”, \u201cSuper Retina XDR display\u201d, and “Liquid Retina display” for each successive version.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsRationale[edit]Reception[edit]Detractors[edit]Competitors[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Rationale[edit]When introducing the iPhone 4, Steve Jobs said the number of pixels needed for a Retina display is about 300\u00a0PPI for a device held 10 to 12 inches from the eye.[1] One way of expressing this as a unit is pixels-per-degree (PPD) which takes into account both the screen resolution and the distance from which the device is viewed. Based on Jobs’ predicted number of 300, the threshold for a Retina display starts at the PPD value of 57\u00a0PPD. 57\u00a0PPD means that a tall skinny triangle with a height equal to the viewing distance and a top angle of one degree will have a base on the device’s screen that covers 57 pixels. Note that the PPD parameter is not an intrinsic parameter of the display itself, unlike absolute pixel resolution (e.g. 1920\u00d71080 pixels) or relative pixel density (e.g. 401\u00a0PPI), but is dependent on the distance between the display and the eye of the person (or lens of the device) viewing the display; moving the eye closer to the display reduces the PPD, and moving away from it increases the PPD in proportion to the distance.It can be calculated by the formula       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x42drtan\u2061(0.5\u2218){displaystyle 2drtan(0.5^{circ })}where d{displaystyle d} is the distance to the screen and r{displaystyle r} is the resolution of the screen in pixels per unit length.In practice, thus far Apple has converted a device’s display to Retina by doubling the number of pixels in each direction, quadrupling the total resolution. This increase creates a sharper interface at the same physical dimensions. The sole exception to this has been the iPhone 6 Plus, 6S Plus, 7 Plus, and 8 Plus, which renders its display at triple the number of pixels in each direction, before down-sampling to a 1080p resolution.The displays are manufactured worldwide by different suppliers. Currently, the iPad’s display comes from Samsung,[12] while the MacBook Pro and iPod Touch displays are made by LG Display[13] and Japan Display Inc.[14] There was a shift of display technology from twisted nematic (TN) liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) to in-plane switching (IPS) LCDs starting with the iPhone 4 models in June 2010.Apple markets the following devices as having a Retina display, Retina HD display, Liquid Retina display, Liquid Retina XDR display, Super Retina HD display, Super Retina XDR display or Retina 4K\/5K\/6K display:Model[15][16][17][18][19]Marketing nameScreen sizeResolutionAspectRatioPixel densityPixel size (\u00b5m)Angular pixel density(px\/\u00b0; at typ. distance)typ. viewing distanceTotal pixelsppipx\/cmApple Watch 38mmRetina display1.34\u00a0in (34\u00a0mm)272\u00d73404:532612877.956.910\u00a0in(25\u00a0cm)00,092,480Apple Watch 42mm1.53\u00a0in (39\u00a0mm)312\u00d739000,121,680Apple Watch 40mm1.55\u00a0in (39\u00a0mm)324\u00d739400,127,656Apple Watch 44mm1.76\u00a0in (45\u00a0mm)368\u00d744800,164,864Apple Watch 41mm1.69\u00a0in (43\u00a0mm)352\u00d743000,151,360Apple Watch 45mm1.90\u00a0in (48\u00a0mm)396\u00d748400,191,664Apple Watch 49mm1.92\u00a0in (49\u00a0mm)410\u00d750233813375.259.000,205,820iPhone 4, 4S and iPod Touch 43.5\u00a0in (89\u00a0mm)960\u00d76402:332612877.956.900,614,400iPhone 5, 5C, 5S and SE 1, iPod Touch 5, 6 and 74.0\u00a0in (100\u00a0mm)1136\u00d76409:1600,727,040iPhone 6, 6S, 7, 8, SE 2 and SE 3Retina HD display4.7\u00a0in (120\u00a0mm)1334\u00d775001,000,500iPhone 6 Plus, 6S Plus, 7 Plus and 8 Plus5.5\u00a0in (140\u00a0mm)1920\u00d7108040115863.370.002,073,600iPhone XR and 11Liquid Retina display6.1\u00a0in (155\u00a0mm)1792\u00d78286:13 (9:19.5)32612877.956.901,483,776iPhone 12 Mini and 13 MiniSuper Retina HD\/XDR display5.4\u00a0in (140\u00a0mm)2340\u00d71080476\/337187\/13353.483.102,527,200iPhone X, XS, and 11 Pro5.8\u00a0in (150\u00a0mm)2436\u00d71125458\/324[20]180\/12755.479.902,740,500iPhone 12, 12 Pro, 13, 13 Pro and 146.1\u00a0in (155\u00a0mm)2532\u00d71170460\/326181\/12855.282.302,962,440iPhone 14 Pro2556\u00d7117903,013,524iPhone XS Max and 11 Pro Max6.5\u00a0in (165\u00a0mm)2688\u00d71242458\/324180\/12755.479.903,338,496iPhone 12 Pro Max, 13 Pro Max and 14 Plus6.7\u00a0in (170\u00a0mm)2778\u00d7128403,566,952iPhone 14 Pro Max2796\u00d71290460\/326181\/12855.282.703,606,840iPad Mini 2, 3, 4 and 5Retina display7.9\u00a0in (200\u00a0mm)2048\u00d715363:432612877.985.415\u00a0in(38\u00a0cm)03,145,728iPad 3, 4, 5 and 6, Air 1 and 2, Pro 9.7″9.7\u00a0in (250\u00a0mm)2641049669.1iPad 7, 8 and 910.2\u00a0in (260\u00a0mm)2160\u00d7162003,499,200iPad Pro 10.5″ and Air 310.5\u00a0in (270\u00a0mm)2224\u00d7166803,709,632iPad Pro 12.9″ (1 and 2)12.9\u00a0in (330\u00a0mm)2732\u00d7204869.305,595,136iPad Mini 6Liquid Retina display8.3\u00a0in (210\u00a0mm)2266\u00d714882:332612877.987.003,371,808iPad 10, iPad Air 4 and 510.9\u00a0in (280\u00a0mm)2360\u00d716407:102641049668.903,870,400iPad Pro 11″11.0\u00a0in (280\u00a0mm)2388\u00d7166803,983,184iPad Pro 12.9″ (3 and 4)12.9\u00a0in (330\u00a0mm)2732\u00d720483:469.305,595,136iPad Pro 12.9″ (5 and 6)Liquid Retina XDR DisplayMacBook (Retina) 12″Retina display12.0\u00a0in (300\u00a0mm)2304\u00d7144016:102268911079.020\u00a0in(51\u00a0cm)03,317,760MacBook Pro 13″ and Air 13″ (3)13.3\u00a0in (340\u00a0mm)2560\u00d7160022779.204,096,000MacBook Pro 15″ (3 and 4)15.4\u00a0in (390\u00a0mm)2880\u00d718002218712077.005,184,000MacBook Pro 16″ (4)16.0\u00a0in (410\u00a0mm)3072\u00d719202268979.005,898,240MacBook Air 13″ (4)Liquid Retina display13.6\u00a0in (350\u00a0mm)2560\u00d7166414:92248811380.404,259,840MacBook Pro 14″Liquid Retina XDR display14.2\u00a0in (360\u00a0mm)3024\u00d7196425410010091.205,939,136MacBook Pro 16″ (5)16.2\u00a0in (410\u00a0mm)3456\u00d722349992.007,720,704iMac Retina 4K 21.5″Retina 4K display21.5\u00a0in (550\u00a0mm)4096\u00d7230416:92198612076.309,437,184iMac Retina 4.5K 24\u201dRetina 4.5K display23.5\u00a0in (600\u00a0mm)4480\u00d7252021876.0011,289,600iMac Retina 5K  27″, iMac Pro and Studio DisplayRetina 5K display27.0\u00a0in (690\u00a0mm)5120\u00d72880014,745,600Pro Display XDRRetina 6K display32.0\u00a0in (810\u00a0mm)6016\u00d73384020,358,144Reception[edit]Reviews of Apple devices with Retina displays have generally been positive on technical grounds, with comments describing it as a considerable improvement on earlier screens and praising Apple for driving third-party application support for high-resolution displays more effectively than on Windows.[21][22][23] While high-dpi displays such as IBM’s T220 and T221 had been sold in the past, they had seen little take-up due to their cost of around $8400.[24]Reviewing the iPhone 4 in 2010, Joshua Topolsky commented:“to our eyes, there has never been a more detailed, clear, or viewable screen on any mobile device. Not only are the colors and blacks deep and rich, but you simply cannot see pixels on the screen\u2026webpages that would be line after line of pixelated content when zoomed out on a 3GS are completely readable on the iPhone 4, though the text is beyond microscopic.”[25]Former Microsoft employee Bill Hill, an expert on font rendering, offered similar comments:That much resolution is stunning. To see it on a mainstream device like the iPad\u2014rather than a $13,000 exotic monitor\u2014is truly amazing, and something I’ve been waiting more than a decade to see. It will set a bar for future resolution that every other manufacturer of devices and PCs will have to jump.[26][27]Writer John Gruber suggested that the arrival of Retina displays on computers would trigger a need to redesign interfaces and designs for the new displays:The sort of rich, data-dense information design espoused by Edward Tufte can now not only be made on the computer screen but also enjoyed on one. Regarding font choices, you not only need not choose a font optimized for rendering on screen, but should not. Fonts optimized for screen rendering look cheap on the retina MacBook Pro\u2014sometimes downright cheesy\u2014in the same way they do when printed in a glossy magazine.[28]Detractors[edit]Raymond Soneira, president of DisplayMate Technologies, has challenged Apple’s claim. He says that the physiology of the human retina is such that there must be at least 477 pixels per inch in a pixelated display for the pixels to become imperceptible to the human eye at a distance of 12 inches (305\u00a0mm).[29] Astronomer and science blogger Phil Plait notes, however, that, “if you have [better than 20\/20] eyesight, then at one foot away the iPhone 4S’s pixels are resolved. The picture will look pixelated. If you have average eyesight [20\/20 vision], the picture will look just fine… So in my opinion, what Jobs said was fine. Soneira, while technically correct, was being picky.”[30]  The retinal neuroscientist Bryan Jones offers a similar analysis of more detail and comes to a similar conclusion: “I’d find Apple’s claims stand up to what the human eye can perceive.”[31]Apple fan website CultOfMac hosts an article by John Brownlee[32] who incorrectly[33] stated that the resolution the human eye can discern at 12\u00a0inches is 900\u00a0PPI, concluding “Apple’s Retina Displays are only about 33% of the way there.”[32] On the topic of 20\/20 vision, Brownlee misrepresented visual acuity in the population saying “most research suggests that normal vision is actually much better than 20\/20” when in truth the majority have worse than 20\/20 vision,[34] and the  WHO considers average vision as 20\/40.[35] Brownlee also stated that people do not always view displays at a constant distance, and claimed a close-viewed display could no longer be classed as Retina. However, near visual acuity is usually poor due to presbyopia[34] in nearly everyone over 40, such that decreasing reading distance can actually reduce perceivable resolution.Competitors[edit]The first smartphone following the iPhone 4 to ship with a display of a comparable pixel density was the Nokia E6, running Symbian Anna, with a resolution of 640 \u00d7 480 at a screen size of 62.5mm. This was an isolated case for the platform however, as all other Symbian-based devices had larger displays with lower resolutions. Some older Symbian smartphones, including the Nokia N80 and N90, featured a 2.1 inch display at 259 ppi, which was one of the sharpest at the time. The first Android smartphones with the same display – Meizu M9 was launched a few months later in beginning of 2011. In October of the same year Galaxy Nexus was announced, which had a display with a better resolution. By 2013 the 300+\u00a0ppimark was found on midrange phones such as the Moto G.[36] From 2013 to 2014, many flagship devices such as the Samsung Galaxy S4 and HTC One (M8) had 1080p (FHD) screens around 5-inches for a 400+ PPI which surpassed the Retina density on the iPhone 5. The second major redesign of the iPhone, the iPhone 6, has a 1334 \u00d7 750 resolution on a 4.7-inch screen, while rivals such as the Samsung Galaxy S6 have a QHD display of 2560 \u00d7 1440 resolution, close to four times the number of pixels found in the iPhone 6, giving the S6 a 577 PPI that is almost twice that of the iPhone 6’s 326 PPI.[37] The Sony Xperia Z5 Premium launched in late 2015 had 806 PPI.The larger iPhone 6 Plus features a “Retina HD display”, which is a 5.5-inch 1080p screen with 401 PPI. Aside from resolution, all generations of iPhone Retina displays receive high ratings for other aspects such as brightness and color accuracy, compared to those of contemporary smartphones, while some Android devices such as the LG G3 have sacrificed screen quality and battery life for high resolution. Ars Technica suggested the “superfluousness of so many flagship phone features\u2014the move from 720p to 1080p to 1440p and beyond…things are all nice to have, but you\u2019d be hard-pressed to argue that any of them are essential”.[36] Furthermore, developers can better optimize content for iOS due to Apple’s few screen sizes in contrast to Android’s wide display format variations.[37]Many Windows-based Ultrabook models have offered 1080p (FHD) screens standard since 2012 and often QHD or QHD+ as optional upgrade displays.[citation needed]See also[edit]References[edit]^ a b “NPR Live Blog of iPhone 4 Introduction”. NPR. June 7, 2010. Retrieved June 4, 2014.^ United States Patent and Trademark Office. “Latest Status Info\u00a0\u2013 Serial Number 85056807”. Trademark Applications and Registrations Retrieval. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Claims priority filing date with respect to prior application in Jamaica.^ Canadian Intellectual Property Office. “Canadian Trade-Mark Data\u00a0\u2013 Application Number 1483982”. Canadian Trade-marks Database. Retrieved June 19, 2012. Also cites prior application in Jamaica.^ “The Ultimate Guide To iPhone Resolutions”. www.paintcodeapp.com. Retrieved 2021-08-27.^ Jobs, Steve. “Apple iPhone 4 announcement”. YouTube. Apple. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 28 July 2015.^ Nielsen, Jakob. “Serif vs. Sans-Serif Fonts for HD Screens”. Nielsen Norman Group. Retrieved 28 July 2015.^ “Apple iPad 3 press release”. Apple. Retrieved 28 July 2015.^ Gruber, John. “Pixel Perfect”. Daring Fireball. Retrieved 28 July 2015.^ “Apple\u00a0\u2013 Learn about the Retina display”. Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved June 21, 2010.^ “iPhone X – Technical Specifications\u00a0\u2014 Apple”. Apple. Retrieved 22 March 2016.^ “iMac\u00a0\u2014 Tech Specs\u00a0\u2014 Apple”. Apple. Retrieved 22 March 2016.^ “Why Samsung makes Retina Displays\u00a0\u2013 but not for its own tablets”. Wired magazine. April 4, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2013.^ “iFixit Teardown”. iFixit. 19 June 2012. Retrieved July 9, 2012.^ “News related to IPO of Japan Display Inc”. Reuters. March 19, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014.^  “Apple\u00a0\u2013 iPod Touch\u00a0\u2013 Technical Specifications”.^  “Apple\u00a0\u2013 iPhone\u00a0\u2013 Technical Specifications”.^  “Apple\u00a0\u2013 iPad\u00a0\u2013 Technical Specifications”.^  “Apple\u00a0\u2013 MacBook Pro\u00a0\u2013 Technical Specifications”.^  “Apple\u00a0\u2013 iMac\u00a0\u2013 Technical Specifications”.^ Due to the peculiar diamond Sub-Pixels layout found in the iPhone X, iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max, the actual density of the Red and Blue Sub-Pixels is lower than that of the Green Sub-Pixels, being reportedly 324 Sub-Pixels per inch.^ Castle, Alex. “How to make the Windows desktop look good on high-DPI displays”. PC World. Retrieved 9 July 2015.^ Cunningham, Andrew (13 April 2015). “Using the Retina MacBook as a Windows PC”. Ars Technica. Retrieved 9 July 2015.^ Hutchinson, Lee (28 October 2014). “The Retina iMac and its 5K display… as a gaming machine? [Updated]”. Ars Technica. Retrieved 9 July 2015.^ Novakovic, Nebojsa. “IBM T221 – the world’s finest monitor?”. The Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2015.{{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)^ Topolsky, Joshua. “iPhone 4 review”. Engadget. Retrieved 9 July 2015.^ Hill, Bill. “The Future of Reading (quoted)”. Blog (archived). Archived from the original on March 12, 2012.^ Atwood, Jeff (19 March 2012). “Welcome to the Post PC Era”. Coding Horror. Retrieved 9 July 2015.^ Gruber, John. “Pixel Perfect”. Daring Fireball. Retrieved 18 September 2015.^ “Analyst challenges Apple’s iPhone 4S ‘Retina Display’ claims”. June 9, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.^ “Resolving the iPhone resolution”. June 21, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2010.^ “Apple Retina Display”. July 26, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2012.^ a b Brownlee, John (June 15, 2012). “Why Retina Isn’t Enough”. CultOfMac. CultOfMac. Retrieved June 15, 2012.{{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: url-status (link)^ Plait, Phil (10 June 2010). “Resolving the iPhone resolution”. Slate. slate.com. Retrieved 9 October 2021. …Soneira used the 0.6 arcmin resolution of the eye, but that’s for perfect eyesight. Most people don’t have perfect eyesight… A better number for a typical person is more like 1 arcmin resolution, not 0.6^ a b Tim Johnson, MD, PhD. “How common is 20\/20 vision?”. University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics. Retrieved 9 October 2021. Only about 35 percent of all adults have 20\/20 vision without glasses, contact lenses or corrective surgery”…AND… “while you won’t lose your 20\/20 vision as you approach middle age, you will most likely lose your near vision{{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)^ “The Global Need for Refractive Correction” (PDF). The Centre for Vision in the Developing World. Retrieved 9 October 2021.^ a b Cunningham, Andrew (2015-08-10). “Review: New \u00a3180 Moto G is a stylish upgrade worthy of the original | Ars Technica UK”. Arstechnica.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-15.^ a b “Samsung Galaxy S6 vs iPhone 6”.     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/retina-display-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Retina display – Wikipedia"}}]}]