[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/toba-qom-language-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/toba-qom-language-wikipedia\/","headline":"Toba Qom language – Wikipedia","name":"Toba Qom language – Wikipedia","description":"Guaicuruan language of northern Argentina Toba Qom is a Guaicuruan language spoken in South America by the Toba people. The","datePublished":"2016-12-13","dateModified":"2016-12-13","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":100,"height":100},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/toba-qom-language-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":3129,"articleBody":"Guaicuruan language of northern ArgentinaToba Qom is a Guaicuruan language spoken in South America by the Toba people. The language is known by a variety of names including Toba, Qom or Kom, Chaco Sur, and Toba Sur. In Argentina, it is most widely dispersed in the eastern regions of the provinces of Formosa and Chaco, where the majority of the approximately 19,810 (2000 WCD) speakers reside. The language is distinct from Toba-Pilag\u00e1 and Paraguayan Toba-Maskoy. There are also 146 Toba speakers in Bolivia where it is known as Qom and in Paraguay where it is also known as Qob or Toba-Qom.In 2010, the province of Chaco in Argentina declared Qom as one of four provincial official languages alongside Spanish and the indigenous Moqoit and Wich\u00ed.[2]Table of ContentsHistory[edit]Linguistic Family[edit]Nouns[edit]Superlative and Comparative Forms[edit]Pronouns[edit]Verbs[edit]Prepositions[edit]Adverbs[edit]Counting System[edit]Phonology[edit]Consonants[edit]Vowels[edit]Sample text[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]History[edit]Many indigenous people from Chaco remained nomads until the nineteenth century. Their economy was based on hunting and gathering. They were organized in groups called bandas (Spanish: “bands”), made up of the union of large families. They formed larger groups called tribus (Spanish: “tribes”), based on their dialect variant, family ties and marriage. In the twentieth century, they were forced into labour and this caused them to be displaced to different areas. This is when they started adopting a sedentary lifestyle.[3][4]Linguistic Family[edit]There are seven linguistic families and two independent languages among the different indigenous languages in Chaco. The Toba language belongs to the Guaycur\u00fa family, together with pilag\u00e1 (Formosa province), mocov\u00ed (South of Chaco and North of Santa Fe), and others. Nowadays, there is a dispute among linguists whether these can be considered individual languages, or different dialects due to their similarities and intelligibility. However, most of the indigenous languages in Chaco are not homogeneous. There are differences as regards sounds and vocabulary. Thus, speakers notice these differences and sometimes communication can be affected inside a community. This is partly due to the influence of other languages.Even though most indigenous communities in Chaco are bilingual, since they speak their indigenous mother tongue and the official language of the country (Spanish, Portuguese or Paraguayan Guaran\u00ed), their indigenous languages can be considered endangered due to lack of transmission from generation to generation. Many indigenous people are moving more and more to urban areas and their jobs and social activities require the predominant language of the country in which they live.Speakers consider themselves as \u2018Qom\u2019 and their language as qom l’aqtaqa (Qom language). Most of the Qom population live in the provinces of Chaco and Formosa, Argentina. There are also communities in Santa, Rosario and Gran Buenos Aires. According to Klein 19781,[5] there are three different dialectal varieties within the Toba Language: no’olxaxanaq in Pampa del Indio (Chaco), la\u00f1axashec in Machagai (Chaco), and tacshec (Formosa).Nouns[edit]Some nouns can function as adjectives or nouns. E.g.:Man \u2014 Tal\u00e9Woman \u2014 Al\u00f3\u00a0Good or goodness \u2014 Noen\u00a0\u00a0Bad or badness \u2014 Scauen\u00a0\u00a0Sometimes, the particle ta is added to the adjective in order to combine it with a pronoun:Good \u2014 Noen\u00a0Me good\u00a0 \u2014 Ayen-noen-ta\u00a0Bad \u2014 ScauenYou bad \u2014 Alian- scauen-ta\u00a0Some other times, they are used indifferently, with or without the particle ta.Nouns usually do not have declinations and, therefore, both singular and plural nouns share the same endings. It is only through the verb and circumstancials in the sentence that case and number are known.In addition, the particle quotarien means \u2018why\u2019 or \u2018for what cause, reason or motive\u2019:For God’s sake \u2014 Dios quotarienSuperlative and Comparative Forms[edit]To make the comparative form, the Qom people add the particle mano before a noun functioning as an adjective:Good \u2014 Noent\u00e1; Better \u2014 Mano-noent\u00e1Bad \u2014 Scauenta; Worse \u2014 Mano-noent\u00e1Sick \u2014 Saygot; Sicker \u2014 Mano-saygotFor the superlative form, the particle mano is added before the adjective and the letter u goes after it:Good \u2014 Noenta; Very good \u2014 Noenta\u00faThe best \u2014 Mano-noent\u00e1-\u00faThe worst \u2014 Mano-scauentq-\u00faThe sickest \u2014 Mano-saygoth-desa\u00faPronouns[edit]In the Toba language, the following pronouns can be found:SingularAy\u00e9n \u2014 IAhan \u2014 youEd\u00e1 \u2014 that onePluralComi \u2014 weCam\u00ed \u2014 youMnavaso \u2014 theseEdava \u2014 thosePronouns, just like nouns, lack declinations:The bread is mine \u2014 Naden\u00e1 ay\u00e9nThe arrow is mine \u2014 Tign\u00e1 ay\u00e9n\u00a0Place demonstrative pronouns are:A\u00f1a \u2014 hereDeque\u00f1\u00e1 \u2014 from hereEd\u00e1 \u2014 thereDequed\u00e1 \u2014 over thereMeliuag\u00e9 \u2014 whereMassayge \u2014 where, through which wayMehu\u00e1 \u2014 where toMeticage \u2014 from whereBut to make questions, they say:Menag\u00e9 \u2014 Where is it?Menag\u00e9 Dios? \u2014 Where is God?Metayg\u00e9 yiocti? \u2014 Which way did the dog take?Yritayg\u00e9 enray\u00f3? \u2014 Where did the horse go?Verbs[edit]This language does not have the verb ‘to be’ or perfective and imperfective aspect. So, in order to make a perfective sentence, there is subject-adjective agreement:I am good \u2014 Ayen noent\u00e1, which means ‘I good’.You are bad \u2014 Ahan scauent\u00e1, which means ‘you bad’.The man is sick \u2014 Yal\u00e9 saygoth, which means, ‘the man sick’.The particle sa preceding any verb denotes negation:Sahayaten \u2014 I knowSasahayaten \u2014 I do not knowSauan \u2014 I seeSasauan \u2014 I do not seeSahay\u00e1 \u2014 I hearSasahay\u00e1 \u2014 I do not hearThe first and second person pronouns are usually omitted:Siqueh\u00e9 \u2014 I eatSaic \u2014 I leaveNumber and person are marked by different particles preceding or postponing the verb. Each verb behaves differently. For example, the second person is sometimes realized with the particle ma, majtia, aise, maj, etc.Tenses are reduced to the following:Simple present tense of the Indicative moodPast tense of the Indicative moodFuture timeInfinitivePresent ProgressiveThis is because time is not restricted to verb tenses, but it depends on the adverb that is postponed to the verb.In order to make sentences in the Present Progressive tense, the particles tapec or t\u00e1pey\u00e1 must be added after the verb (they mark the verb in the progressive form). E.g.: I eating \u2014 illic tapec or tapey\u00e1.Prepositions[edit]Some prepositions proceed the phrase, like guasig\u00e9n, which means ‘up’ or ‘on top of.’ E.g.: On top of the house \u2014 Guasig\u00e9n nohie.Some others are postponed, such as lori (outside) and laloro (inside). E.g.: Inside and outside the house \u2014 Noh\u00ede laloro, nohie lor\u00edAdverbs[edit]There are adverbs of manner, place and time.The Toba language lacks adverbs that derive from adjectives, such as \u2018badly\u2019 and \u2018nicely\u2019, but they explain this by using adjectives. Instead of saying \u2018The boy did it nicely,\u2019 they say \u00f1ocolca noenta (Nice boy), and instead of saying \u2018The man has behaved badly,\u2019 they say Yahole scauen (Bad man).They have the following adverbs of place:Idivag\u00e9 \u2014 Where?Nenn\u00e1 \u2014 HereNaqued\u00e1 \u2014 ThereIditaig\u00e9 \u2014 Where is it or where has it gone?Igamaditaygem \u2014 Where has it gone to?Igat\u00edacag\u00e9 \u2014 Where does it come from?Igadeayg\u00e9 \u2014 Where do you go?Ed\u00e1 \u2014 ThereIdealag\u00ed cadeanov\u00ed \u2014 When did you arrive?Time adverbs are the following:Comennetat\u00e1 \u2014 in the morningMavit \u2014 in the afternoonNahag\u00e1t \u2014 at midday\u00d1ap\u00e9 \u2014 at nightNinogoni \u2014 at sunsetNinog\u00f3n sigem \u2014 at sunriseYecah\u00e1 \u2014 soNag\u00ed \u2014 nowNagua ahosit\u00e1 \u2014 I go this yearCounting System[edit]The Tobas have only four numbers:One \u2014 NathedacOnly one \u2014 Nathedac colecTwo \u2014 Cacayni or NivocaThree \u2014 CacayniliaFour \u2014 NalotapegatThey count till ten by duplicating or triplicating the numbers:Five, or three and two \u2014 Nivoca cacayniliaSix, or two times three \u2014 Cacayni cacayniliaSeven, or one and two times three \u2014 Nathedac cacayni cacayniliaEight, or two fours \u2014 Nivoca nalotapegatNine, or two fours and one \u2014 Nivoca nalotapegat natedacPhonology[edit]Consonants[edit]\/p t k q\/ can have aspirated allophones [p\u02b0 t\u02b0 k\u02b0 q\u02b0] in word-initial position, and unreleased [p\u031a t\u031a k\u031a q\u031a] in word-final position.Voiced stops \/\u0261 \u0262\/ may also be heard as fricative [\u0263 \u0281] sounds.[7]Affricates \/t\u0361\u0283 d\u0361\u0292\/ can also be heard as palatal stops [c \u025f].\/n\/ can be heard as [n\u0325] word-finally when preceded by a glottal stop \/\u0294\/.\/\u027e\/ is heard as a trill [r] when following a \/t\/.\/w\/ can be heard as a labiodental fricative [v], when preceding or following \/i\/.\/s l n\/ can also have tense allophones as [s\u02d0 l\u02d0 n\u02d0].[8]Vowels[edit]Phonetic allophonesPhonemeAllophones\/i\/[i], [\u026a]\/e\/[e], [\u025b], [\u0268]\/e\u02d0\/[e\u02d0], [\u025b\u02d0]\/o\/[o], [\u0254]\/a\/[a], [\u00e3], [\u0259]A nasalized [\u00e3] occurs when preceded and followed by \/h\/.[8]Sample text[edit]The following is a sample text in Toba Qom of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:[9]Toba Qom:‘Enauac na naaxat shi\u1ef9axauapi na mayipi huesochiguii qataq ‘eeta’a’t da l’amaqchic qataq da ‘enec qataq \u1ef9ataqta \u1ef9a\u1ef9ate’n naua lataxaco qataq nua no’o’n nvil\u1ef9axaco, qaq \u1ef9oqo’oyi iuen da i ‘oonolec \u1ef9ataqta itauan ichoxoden ca l\u1ef9a.Translation:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.References[edit]^ “Toba”. Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-06-03.^ Ley No. 6604\u00a0de la Provincia de Chaco, 28 de julio de 2010, B.O., (9092), Link Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine^ Messineo, C. (n.d.). Lengua Toba (Qom l’aqtaqa). Vocabulario. https:\/\/pueblosoriginarios.com\/lenguas\/toba.php. Retrieved 2021\/05\/27.^ UNICEF y FUNPROEIB Andes. (2009). Cap\u00edtulo IV: Chaco. In Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina.^ Harriet E. Manelis Klein. (1978). In Una Gram\u00e1tica de la Lengua Toba: Morfolog\u00eda Verbal y Nominal.^ B\u00e1rcena, A., & Alexander, L. Q. S. (1898). Toba. Talleres de Publicaciones del Museo.^ Censabella. 2002.^ a b Manelis-Klein, 2001.^ “NA NQATAXACPI NA \u1ef8OTTA’A’T SHI\u1ef8AXAUAPI MAYI NETALEC ANA ‘ALHUA, Universal Declaration of Human Rights”. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 22 April 2000.External links[edit]"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/toba-qom-language-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Toba Qom language – Wikipedia"}}]}]