[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/viridiplantae-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/viridiplantae-wikipedia\/","headline":"Viridiplantae – Wikipedia","name":"Viridiplantae – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Clade of archaeplastids including green algae and the land plants Viridiplantae An assortment","datePublished":"2016-10-17","dateModified":"2016-10-17","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/af\/Taiwan_2009_East_Coast_ShihTiPing_Giant_Stone_Steps_Algae_FRD_6581.jpg\/220px-Taiwan_2009_East_Coast_ShihTiPing_Giant_Stone_Steps_Algae_FRD_6581.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/af\/Taiwan_2009_East_Coast_ShihTiPing_Giant_Stone_Steps_Algae_FRD_6581.jpg\/220px-Taiwan_2009_East_Coast_ShihTiPing_Giant_Stone_Steps_Algae_FRD_6581.jpg","height":"154","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/viridiplantae-wikipedia\/","wordCount":7479,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Clade of archaeplastids including green algae and the land plantsViridiplantaeAn assortment of thallophyte Viridiplantae in a rock pool, TaiwanScientific classification Domain:Eukaryota(unranked):Diaphoretickes(unranked):Archaeplastida(unranked):ViridiplantaeCavalier-Smith, 1981SubgroupsSynonymsPlantae, Copeland, 1938, 1956[1][2]Euchlorophyta Whittaker, 1969[3]Chlorophyta sensu van den Hoek & Jahns, 1978[4]Chlorobionta Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004Chlorobiota Kendrick and Crane 1997Chloroplastida Adl et al., 2005 Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981[5]Phyta Barkley 1939 emed. Holt & Uidica 2007Cormophyta Endlicher, 1836Cormobionta Rothmaler, 1948Euplanta Barkley, 1949Telomobionta Takhtajan, 1964Embryobionta Cronquist et al., 1966Metaphyta Whittaker, 1969Viridiplantae (literally “green plants”)[5] are a clade of eukaryotic organisms that comprise approximately 450,000\u2013500,000 species and play important roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.[6] They are made up of the green algae, which are primarily aquatic, and the land plants (embryophytes), which emerged from within them.[7][8][9] Green algae traditionally excludes the land plants, rendering them a paraphyletic group. However it is accurate to think of land plants as a kind of algae.[10] Since the realization that the embryophytes emerged from within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them.[10][11][12][13][14] They have cells with cellulose in their cell walls, and primary chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins. Corroborating this, a basal phagotroph archaeplastida group has been found in the Rhodelphydia.[15]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4In some classification systems, the group has been treated as a kingdom,[16] under various names, e.g. Viridiplantae, Chlorobionta, or simply Plantae, the latter expanding the traditional plant kingdom to include the green algae. Adl et al., who produced a classification for all eukaryotes in 2005, introduced the name Chloroplastida for this group, reflecting the group having primary chloroplasts with green chlorophyll. They rejected the name Viridiplantae on the grounds that some of the species are not plants, as understood traditionally.[17] The Viridiplantae are made up of two clades: Chlorophyta and Streptophyta as well as the basal Mesostigmatophyceae and Chlorokybophyceae.[18][19] Together with Rhodophyta and glaucophytes, Viridiplantae are thought to belong to a larger clade called Archaeplastida or Primoplantae.Phylogeny and classification[edit]Simplified phylogeny of the Viridiplantae, according to Leliaert et al. 2012.[20]Cladogram[edit]In 2019, a phylogeny based on genomes and transcriptomes from 1,153 plant species was proposed.[22] The placing of algal groups is supported by phylogenies based on genomes from the Mesostigmatophyceae and Chlorokybophyceae that have since been sequenced. Both the “chlorophyte algae” and the “streptophyte algae” are treated as paraphyletic (vertical bars beside phylogenetic tree diagram) in this analysis.[23][24] The classification of Bryophyta is supported both by Puttick et al. 2018,[25] and by phylogenies involving the hornwort genomes that have also since been sequenced.[26][27]Ancestrally, the green algae were flagellates.[20]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4References[edit]^ Copeland HF (1938). “The kingdoms of organisms”. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 13 (4): 383\u2013420. doi:10.1086\/394568. S2CID\u00a084634277.^ Copeland HF (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books. p.\u00a06.^ Whittaker RH (January 1969). “New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms” (PDF). Science. 163 (3863): 150\u201360. CiteSeerX\u00a010.1.1.403.5430. doi:10.1126\/science.163.3863.150. PMID\u00a05762760. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2015-01-31.^ van den Hoek C, Jahns HM (1978). Einf\u00fchrung in die Phykologie (in German). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. ISBN\u00a09783135511016.^ a b Cavalier-Smith T (1981). “Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?”. Bio Systems. 14 (3\u20134): 461\u201381. doi:10.1016\/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID\u00a07337818.^ Leebens-Mack JH, Barker MS, Carpenter EJ, Deyholos MK, Gitzendanner MA, Graham SW,  et\u00a0al. (One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative) (October 2019). “One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants”. Nature. 574 (7780): 679\u2013685. doi:10.1038\/s41586-019-1693-2. PMC\u00a06872490. PMID\u00a031645766.^ Cocquyt E, Verbruggen H, Leliaert F, Zechman FW, Sabbe K, De Clerck O (February 2009). “Gain and loss of elongation factor genes in green algae”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 39. doi:10.1186\/1471-2148-9-39. PMC\u00a02652445. PMID\u00a019216746.^ Becker B (2007). Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants (Viridiplantae). International Review of Cytology. Vol.\u00a0264. pp.\u00a01\u201324. doi:10.1016\/S0074-7696(07)64001-7. ISBN\u00a09780123742636. PMID\u00a017964920.^ Kim E, Graham LE (July 2008).  Redfield RJ (ed.). “EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata”. PLOS ONE. 3 (7): e2621. Bibcode:2008PLoSO…3.2621K. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0002621. PMC\u00a02440802. PMID\u00a018612431.^ a b Delwiche CF, Timme RE (June 2011). “Plants”. Current Biology. 21 (11): R417\u201322. doi:10.1016\/j.cub.2011.04.021. PMID\u00a021640897.^ “Charophycean Green Algae Home Page”. www.life.umd.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-24.^ Ruhfel BR, Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Burleigh JG (February 2014). “From algae to angiosperms-inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14: 23. doi:10.1186\/1471-2148-14-23. PMC\u00a03933183. PMID\u00a024533922.^ Delwiche CF, Cooper ED (October 2015). “The Evolutionary Origin of a Terrestrial Flora”. Current Biology. 25 (19): R899\u2013910. doi:10.1016\/j.cub.2015.08.029. PMID\u00a026439353.^ Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA (August 2011). “Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624\u20139. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813624P. doi:10.1073\/pnas.1110633108. PMC\u00a03158185. PMID\u00a021810989.^ Bowles, Alexander M. C.; Williamson, Christopher J.; Williams, Tom A.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2022-10-31). “The origin and early evolution of plants”. Trends in Plant Science. 28 (3): 312\u2013329. doi:10.1016\/j.tplants.2022.09.009. hdl:10871\/131900. ISSN\u00a01360-1385. PMID\u00a036328872. S2CID\u00a0253303816.^ “Viridiplantae”. Retrieved 2009-03-08.^ Adl SM, Simpson AG, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR,  et\u00a0al. (2005). “The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists”. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52 (5): 399\u2013451. doi:10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. PMID\u00a016248873. S2CID\u00a08060916.^ Simon A, Gl\u00f6ckner G, Felder M, Melkonian M, Becker B (February 2006). “EST analysis of the scaly green flagellate Mesostigma viride (Streptophyta): implications for the evolution of green plants (Viridiplantae)”. BMC Plant Biology. 6: 2. doi:10.1186\/1471-2229-6-2. PMC\u00a01413533. PMID\u00a016476162.^ S\u00e1nchez-Baracaldo P, Raven JA, Pisani D, Knoll AH (September 2017). “Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (37): E7737\u2013E7745. doi:10.1073\/pnas.1620089114. PMC\u00a05603991. PMID\u00a028808007.^ a b Leliaert F, Smith DR, Moreau H, Herron MD, Verbruggen H, Delwiche CF, De Clerck O (2012). “Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae” (PDF). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 31: 1\u201346. doi:10.1080\/07352689.2011.615705. S2CID\u00a017603352.^ Marin B (September 2012). “Nested in the Chlorellales or independent class? Phylogeny and classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyses of complete nuclear and plastid-encoded rRNA operons”. Protist. 163 (5): 778\u2013805. doi:10.1016\/j.protis.2011.11.004. PMID\u00a022192529.^ Leebens-Mack, M.; Barker, M.; Carpenter, E.;  et\u00a0al. (2019). “One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants”. Nature. 574 (7780): 679\u2013685. doi:10.1038\/s41586-019-1693-2. PMC\u00a06872490. PMID\u00a031645766.^ Liang, Zhe;  et\u00a0al. (2019). “Mesostigma viride Genome and Transcriptome Provide Insights into the Origin and Evolution of Streptophyta”. Advanced Science. 7 (1): 1901850. doi:10.1002\/advs.201901850. PMC\u00a06947507. PMID\u00a031921561.^ Wang, Sibo;  et\u00a0al. (2020). “Genomes of early-diverging streptophyte algae shed light on plant terrestrialization”. Nature Plants. 6 (2): 95\u2013106. doi:10.1038\/s41477-019-0560-3. PMC\u00a07027972. PMID\u00a031844283.^ Puttick, Mark;  et\u00a0al. (2018). “The Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte”. Current Biology. 28 (5): 733\u2013745. doi:10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.063. PMID\u00a029456145.^ Zhang, Jian;  et\u00a0al. (2020). “The hornwort genome and early land plant evolution”. Nature Plants. 6 (2): 107\u2013118. doi:10.1038\/s41477-019-0588-4. PMC\u00a07027989. PMID\u00a032042158.^ Li, Fay Wei;  et\u00a0al. (2020). “Anthoceros genomes illuminate the origin of land plants and the unique biology of hornworts”. Nature Plants. 6 (3): 259\u2013272. doi:10.1038\/s41477-020-0618-2. PMC\u00a08075897. PMID\u00a032170292.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/viridiplantae-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Viridiplantae – Wikipedia"}}]}]