[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/yes-no-question-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/yes-no-question-wikipedia\/","headline":"Yes\u2013no question – Wikipedia","name":"Yes\u2013no question – Wikipedia","description":"Type of close-ended question In linguistics, a yes\u2013no question, also known as a binary question, a polar question, or a","datePublished":"2020-06-16","dateModified":"2020-06-16","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Dutch_Subject_Verb_Inversion.png\/220px-Dutch_Subject_Verb_Inversion.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Dutch_Subject_Verb_Inversion.png\/220px-Dutch_Subject_Verb_Inversion.png","height":"158","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/yes-no-question-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":8708,"articleBody":"Type of close-ended questionIn linguistics, a yes\u2013no question, also known as a binary question, a polar question, or a general question,[1] is a question whose expected answer is one of two choices, one that provides an affirmative answer to the question versus one that provides a negative answer to the question. Typically, in English, the choices are either “yes” or “no”. Yes\u2013no questions present an exclusive disjunction, namely a pair of alternatives of which only one is a felicitous answer. In English, such questions can be formed in both positive and negative formspositive yes\/no question:  “Will you be here tomorrow?”negative yes\/no question:  “Won’t you be here tomorrow?”[2]Yes\u2013no questions are in contrast with non-polar wh-questions. The latter are also called content questions, and are formed with the five Ws plus an H ( “who”, “what”, “where”, “when”, “why”, “how”). Rather than restricting the range of possible answers to two alternatives, content questions are compatible with a broad range of alternative answers.  For example, questions beginning with “who”, involve a set of several alternatives, from which one is to be drawn; in this respect, they are open-ended questions. [2] In contrast, yes\u2013no questions are closed-ended questions, as they only permit one of two answers, namely “yes” or “no”.Table of ContentsGrammatical form[edit]Esperanto[edit]Germanic languages[edit]Hindi-Urdu[edit]Japanese[edit]Latin[edit]Mandarin[edit]Russian[edit]Ambiguities[edit]Answers[edit]Suggestibility[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]Grammatical form[edit]Yes\u2013no questions take many forms cross-linguistically. Many languages mark them with word order or verb morphology. Others use question particles or question intonation. These strategies are often mixed and matched from language to language.[3]Esperanto[edit]In Esperanto, the word “\u0109u” added to the beginning of a statement makes it a polar question.EsperantoTranslationVi estas blua.You are blue.\u0108u vi estas blua?Are you blue?Germanic languages[edit]In Germanic languages, yes\u2013no questions are marked by word order. The following Dutch example shows how questions can be formed using subject inversion.  Example in Dutch of subject verb inversion from a statement to a yes\u2013no questionDutchTranslationIk ben een jongenI am a boy.Ben ik een jongen?Am I a boy?Hindi-Urdu[edit]In Hindi-Urdu (Hindustani), yes\u2013no questions have rising intonation on the verbal complex, whereas declaratives generally have falling intonation. Unlike English, they do not involve inversion of the finite verb. Yes\u2013no questions optionally co-occur with the wh-word \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e (ky\u0101) [PQP \u2013 polar question particle]. The presence of the polar particle \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e (ky\u0101) does not make the characteristic prosody optional.[4](A)\u0930\u093e\u091c-\u0928\u0947r\u0101j-neraj:MASC.SG.ERG\u0909\u092e\u093e-\u0915\u094bum\u0101-kouma:FEM.SG.DAT\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092ckit\u0101bbook.FEM.SG.NOM\u0926\u0940\u2191d\u012b\u2191give:PRF.3SG.FEM\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c-\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092e\u093e-\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0926\u0940\u2191ky\u0101 r\u0101j-ne um\u0101-ko kit\u0101b d\u012b\u2191what.PQP raj:MASC.SG.ERG uma:FEM.SG.DAT book.FEM.SG.NOM give:PRF.3SG.FEM‘Did Raj give a\/the book to Uma?’(B)*\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e*ky\u0101what.PQP\u0930\u093e\u091c-\u0928\u0947r\u0101j-neraj:MASC.SG.ERG\u0909\u092e\u093e-\u0915\u094bum\u0101-kouma:FEM.SG.DAT\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092ckit\u0101bbook.FEM.SG.NOM\u0926\u0940\u2193d\u012b\u2193give:PRF.3SG.FEM*\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c-\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092e\u093e-\u0915\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c \u0926\u0940\u2193*ky\u0101 r\u0101j-ne um\u0101-ko kit\u0101b d\u012b\u2193what.PQP raj:MASC.SG.ERG uma:FEM.SG.DAT book.FEM.SG.NOM give:PRF.3SG.FEMintended\u02d0 ‘Did Raj give a\/the book to Uma?’(C)\u0930\u093e\u091c-\u0928\u0947r\u0101j-neraj:MASC.SG.ERG\u0909\u092e\u093e-\u0915\u094bum\u0101-kouma:FEM.SG.DAT\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u2193?diy\u0101\u2193?give:PRF.3SG.MASC\u0930\u093e\u091c-\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u092e\u093e-\u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e\u2193?r\u0101j-ne um\u0101-ko ky\u0101 diy\u0101\u2193?raj:MASC.SG.ERG uma:FEM.SG.DAT what give:PRF.3SG.MASC‘What did Raj give to Uma?’In the sentences (A) and (B) above, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e (ky\u0101) is not the argument of any predicate and hence acts as a yes\u2013no question particle. But \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e (ky\u0101) can also function as an argument of a predicate with the meaning \u2018what\u2019 as shown in (C)[4]The question particle \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e (ky\u0101) has a flat intonation while the thematic \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e (ky\u0101) has a pitch accent, which also appears more generally on wh-phrases in Hindi.[4] The most unmarked location for polar-question particle \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e (ky\u0101) is the clause-initial position. But it can appear in almost any other position. It can be clause-medial or clause-final. In an almost mirror image pattern, thematic \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e (ky\u0101) “what”, is natural in the immediately preverbal position but odd\/marked elsewhere. In casual use, the “yes or no” question marker (in the sense of “is it that”) is usually dropped as intonation is usually sufficient.(D)(\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e)(ky\u0101)what.PQP\u0930\u093e\u091c-\u0928\u0947r\u0101j-neraj:MASC.SG.ERG(\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e)(ky\u0101)what.PQP\u0909\u092e\u093e-\u0915\u094bum\u0101-kouma:FEM.SG.DAT(\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e)(ky\u0101)what.PQP\u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092ckit\u0101bbook.FEM.SG.NOM(*\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e)(*ky\u0101)what\u0926\u0940d\u012bgive:PRF.3SG.FEM(\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e)?(ky\u0101)?what.PQP(\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e) \u0930\u093e\u091c-\u0928\u0947 (\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e) \u0909\u092e\u093e-\u0915\u094b (\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e) \u0915\u093f\u0924\u093e\u092c (*\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e) \u0926\u0940 (\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e)?(ky\u0101) r\u0101j-ne (ky\u0101) um\u0101-ko (ky\u0101) kit\u0101b (*ky\u0101) d\u012b (ky\u0101)?what.PQP raj:MASC.SG.ERG what.PQP uma:FEM.SG.DAT what.PQP book.FEM.SG.NOM what give:PRF.3SG.FEM what.PQP‘Did Raj give a\/the book to Uma?’(E)(*\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e)(*ky\u0101)what.PQP\u0930\u093e\u091c-\u0928\u0947r\u0101j-neraj:MASC.SG.ERG(*\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e)(*ky\u0101)what.PQP\u0909\u092e\u093e-\u0915\u094bum\u0101-kouma:FEM.SG.DAT\u0926\u093f\u092f\u093ediy\u0101give:PRF.3SG.MASC(*\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e)?(*ky\u0101)?what.PQP(*\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e) \u0930\u093e\u091c-\u0928\u0947 (*\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e) \u0909\u092e\u093e-\u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e (*\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e)?(*ky\u0101) r\u0101j-ne (*ky\u0101) um\u0101-ko ky\u0101 diy\u0101 (*ky\u0101)?what.PQP raj:MASC.SG.ERG what.PQP uma:FEM.SG.DAT what give:PRF.3SG.MASC what.PQP‘What did Raj give Uma?’Some example sentences with varied positions of the yes\u2013no particle are shown in the table below:QuestionsTransliterationLiteralTranslation\u0924\u0947\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0939\u0948\u00a0?ter\u0101 n\u0101m r\u0101j hai?your name Raj is?“Is your name Raj?”\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0947\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0939\u0948\u00a0?ky\u0101 ter\u0101 n\u0101m r\u0101j hai?what your name Raj is?“Is your name Raj?”\u0924\u0947\u0930\u093e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0939\u0948\u00a0?ter\u0101 ky\u0101 n\u0101m r\u0101j hai?your what name Raj is?“Is your name Raj?”\u0924\u0947\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0939\u0948\u00a0?ter\u0101 n\u0101m ky\u0101 r\u0101j hai?your name what Raj is?“Is your name Raj?”\u0924\u0947\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u00a0?ter\u0101 n\u0101m r\u0101j ky\u0101 hai?your name Raj what is?“What is your name ‘Raj’?”\u0924\u0947\u0930\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0930\u093e\u091c \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u00a0?ter\u0101 n\u0101m r\u0101j hai ky\u0101?your name Raj is what?“Is your name Raj?”Note: \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e (ky\u0101) can only be interpreted as “what” in the second last sentence in the table above.Japanese[edit]In Japanese, the response to a negative yes\/not question is opposite to that of English. For example, asking “Won’t you be here tomorrow?” (\u660e\u65e5\u3053\u3053\u306b\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059\u304b?) the response would be \u201cYes\u201d (\u306f\u3044) if the respondent wished to agree that they will not be there tomorrow, and \u201cNo\u201d (\u3044\u3044\u3048) if the respondent wished to disagree and say that they will be there tomorrow.A question is formed by appending the particle \u304b to a statement, as shown in the table below.JapaneseTranslation(\u79c1\u306f) \u7537\u3067\u3059.I am a boy.(\u79c1\u306f) \u7537\u3067\u3059\u304b?Am I a boy?Latin[edit]In Latin, the enclitic particle -ne (sometimes just “-n” in Old Latin) can be added to the emphatic word to turn a declarative statement into a yes\u2013no question. It usually forms a neutral yes\u2013no question, implying neither answer (except where the context makes it clear what the answer must be).[5]  For example:[6]LatinTranslationTu id veritus es.“You feared that.”Tu-n\u0113 id veritus es?“Did you fear that?”Yes\u2013no questions are also formed in Latin using the word “nonne” to imply that the interrogator thinks the answer to be the affirmative and with “num” to imply that the interrogator thinks the answer to be the negative.[5]  For example:(“You dare not deny, do you?”)Mithrid\u0101t\u0113s n\u014dnne ad Cn. Pompeium l\u0113g\u0101tum m\u012bsit?(“Didn’t Mithridates send an ambassador to Gneaus Pompey?”)Mandarin[edit]In Chinese, yes\u2013no questions typically take an A-not-A form.[6] The resulting response is usually an echo response.Russian[edit]In Russian, the word \u201cli\u201d acts as an unambiguous signal to a yes\u2013no question interrogative.(1)Kupila li Ma\u0161a knigu?bought  li M.NOM book ACC\u201cDid Ma\u0161a buy a book?\u201dIntonation is also another way that makes a declarative sentence into an interrogative sentence.(2a)Ma\u0161a KUPILA knigu?M.NOM bought book ACC(2b)Ma\u0161a kupila KNIGU?M.NOM bought book ACCIn (2a) there are no particular context requirement, but the finite verb is the position of the pitch accent. For (2b), there is no particular context as well, but the sentence-final internal argument is where the focus is. [7]Ambiguities[edit]There is an ambiguity in English as to whether certain questions actually are yes\u2013no questions in the first place. Syntactically identical questions can be semantically different. It can be seen by considering the following ambiguous example:[8]Did John play chess or checkers?The question could be a yes\u2013no question or could be an alternative question.Possible ways to reply to this question:\u201cYes, John did\u201d or \u201cNo, John did not\u201d\u2014 The respondent assumed a straightforward yes\u2013no question, whether John played either of the games\u201cChess\u201d or \u201cCheckers\u201d\u2014 The respondent assumed it is asking the alternative question (which does not have a yes\u2013no response) of which of the two game John played (with the presumption that he played one or the other), to which the answer is the name of the game.Another such ambiguous question is “Would you like an apple or an orange?” to which the responses can be “An apple”, “An orange”, “Yes”, and “No”, depending from whether the question is seen as an alternative question or a yes\u2013no question. (The “yes.” answer involves a further ambiguity, discussed below.)[8][9]A related ambiguity is questions with the form of yes\u2013no questions but intended not to be. They are a class of questions that encompass indirect speech acts. The question “Can you reach the mustard?” is an example. In form and semantics, it is a straightforward yes\u2013no question, which can be answered either “Yes, I can” or “No, I cannot”. There is, however, an indirect speech act (which Clark calls an elective construal) that can optionally be inferred from the question, namely “please pass the mustard”. Such indirect speech acts flout Grice’s maxim of manner. The inference on the part of the listener is optional, one that can legitimately remain untaken.[10]Clark describes one study where a researcher telephoned fifty restaurants around Palo Alto, California, asking without embellishment the question “Do you accept credit cards?” The three forms of reply given were:[10]“Yes, we do.” \u2013 The respondent assumed a straightforward yes\u2013no question, taking the form of the question at face value.“Yes, we accept Mastercard and Visa.” \u2013 The respondent assumed a straightforward yes\u2013no question but provided additional information, either as explanation (“The answer is ‘yes’ because we accept these two.”) or as anticipation or inference of a further request as to what credit cards are accepted.“We accept Mastercard and Visa.” \u2013 The respondent not only took the question to be the indirect speech act but also assumed that the question was not a yes\u2013no question, despite its form and so did not provide a yes\u2013no answer at all.Another part of the same study was the question “Do you have a price on a fifth of Jim Beam?” Out of 100 merchants, 40 answered “Yes”.[10]  A non-response bias forced researchers to disregard the survey question asking tobacconists “Do you have Prince Albert?” as although the researchers’ intent was to observe whether the merchants specified that they offered the tobacco brand as packaged in a can and\/or a pouch, the merchants frequently hung up the phone, presumably because they believed themselves to be the victims of a popular prank call.[11]Answers[edit]According to Grimes, the answer “yes” asserts a positive answer and the answer “no” asserts a negative answer, irrespective of the form of the question.[2] However, simple “yes” or “no” word sentence answers to yes\u2013no questions can be ambiguous in English. For example, a “yes” response to the question “You didn’t commit the crime?” could mean either “yes, I didn’t commit the crime” or “yes, I did commit the crime” depending from whether the respondent is replying with the truth-value of the situation or to the polarity used in the question. The ambiguity does not exist in languages that employ echo answers. In the Welsh language, for example, the response “ydw” (“I am”) has no such ambiguity when it is used to reply to a question.[12]Other languages also do not follow the custom, given by Grimes, with respect to the answers “yes” and “no”. In New Guinea Pidgin, Polish and Huichol, the answer given has the logical polarity implied by the form of the question.\u2022 Positive form: “Bai Renjinal i ranewe, o nogat?“; English translation: \u201cWill Reginald escape?\u201d\u2022 Possible Answers: \u201cYes\u201d (agreement, he will escape) or “nogat” (disagreement, he will not escape).However in the negative form, the senses of the answers take the opposite polarity to English, following instead of the polarity of the question.[2]\u2022 Negative form: “Bai Rejinal i no ranewe, o nogat?”\u00a0; English translation: (“Won’t Reginald escape?”)\u2022 Possible Answers: \u201cYes\u201d (agreement, he will not escape) or \u201cnogayt\u201d (disagreement, he will escape)A further ambiguity with yes\u2013no questions, in addition to that of polarity, is the ambiguity of whether an exclusive or inclusive disjunction is meant by the word “or“, as it can represent either. Conventionally, in English yes\u2013no questions the “or” represents an exclusive disjunction. However, as with the “Would you like an apple or an orange?” question mentioned earlier, to which one possible answer, as a yes\u2013no question, is “yes.”, yes\u2013no questions can also be taken to be inclusive disjunctions. The informativeness of the “or” in the question is low, especially if the second alternative in the question is “something” or “things”. The “exclusive” and “inclusive” can be determined often in spoken language (the speaker will often lower their pitch at the end of an “exclusive” question, as opposed to raising it at the end of an “inclusive” question), but it is a frequent source of humour for computer scientists and others familiar with Boolean logic, who will give responses such as “yes” to questions such as “Would you like chicken or roast beef for dinner?”. However, the ambiguity is not confined to humour. The apple-or-orange question may be legitimately asking whether either is wanted, for example, and “Would you like an apple or something?” is indeed expecting either “yes” or “no” as a proper answer rather than the answer “Something” that an exclusive disjunction would be requesting.[13][14][15]This ambiguity does not exist only in English.  It exists in West Greenlandic Kalaallisut, for example. The question “Maniitsu-mi Nuum-mi=luunniit najugaqar-pa” (“Does he live in Maniitsoq or Nuuk?”) is ambiguous as to whether exclusive or inclusive disjunction is meant. Commonly, this is clarified either by intonation (if the question is spoken) or the inclusion of an explicit question-word such as “sumi” (“where”).[16]Suggestibility[edit]Yes\u2013no questions are believed to carry some suggestibility load. For instance, in response to yes\u2013no questions, children tend to display a compliance tendency: they comply with the structure of the question, negative or positive, by responding in the same way.For example, if preschoolers are asked of a pen, “Is this for writing?”, they will tend to respond “Yes, it is”. But if they are asked, “Is this not made of wood?” they are more likely to say, “No, it is not”.[17]See also[edit]References[edit]^ William Chisholm, Louis T. Milic, John A.C. Greppin. Interrogativity. \u2013 John Benjamins Publishing, 1982. ^ a b c d Joseph Evans Grimes (1975). The Thread of Discourse. Walter de Gruyter. pp.\u00a066\u201367. ISBN\u00a0978-90-279-3164-1.^ Alan Cruttenden (1997). Intonation. Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0155\u2013156. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-59825-5.^ a b c Bhatt, Rajesh; Dayal, Veneeta (2020-01-31). “Polar question particles: Hindi-Urdu kya”. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. 38 (4): 1115\u20131144. doi:10.1007\/s11049-020-09464-0. ISSN\u00a01573-0859. S2CID\u00a0213719773.^ a b c d William G. Hale & Carl D. Buck (1903). A Latin Grammar. University of Alabama Press. pp.\u00a0136. ISBN\u00a00-8173-0350-2.^ a b Ljiljana Progovac (1994). Negative and Positive Polarity. Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0151\u2013152. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-44480-4.^ Meyer, Roland; Mleinek, Ina (2006-10-01). “How prosody signals force and focus\u2014A study of pitch accents in Russian yes\u2013no questions”. Journal of Pragmatics. Special Issue: Prosody and Pragmatics. 38 (10): 1615\u20131635. doi:10.1016\/j.pragma.2005.05.011. ISSN\u00a00378-2166.^ a b Javier Guti\u00e9rrez-Rexach (2003). Semantics. Routledge. pp.\u00a0410\u2013411. ISBN\u00a00-415-26637-8.^ Michael K. Launer (1974). Elementary Russian Syntax. Columbus, OH: Slavica publishers.^ a b c Herbert H. Clark (1996). Using Language. Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0216\u2013218, 300. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-56745-9.^ Penny Candy and Radio in the Good Old Days, By Tony Stein, The Virginian-Pilot, October 23, 1994^ Mark H Nodine (2003-06-14). “How to say “Yes” and “No”“. A Welsh Course. Cardiff School of Computer Science, Cardiff University.^ Bernhard W\u00e4lchli (2005). Co-compounds and Natural Coordination. Oxford University Press. p.\u00a082. ISBN\u00a0978-0-19-927621-9.^ Greg W. Scragg (1996). Problem Solving with Computers. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p.\u00a0310. ISBN\u00a0978-0-86720-495-7.^ Deborah Schiffrin (1988). “Discourse connectives: and, but, or“. Discourse Markers. Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0180\u2013181. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-35718-0.^ Michael D. Fortescue (1984). West Greenlandic. Croom Helm Ltd. pp.\u00a09\u201310. ISBN\u00a00-7099-1069-X.^ Mehrani, Mehdi (2011). “What is biased? Children’s strategies or the structure of yes\/no questions?”. First Language. 31 (4): 214\u2013221. doi:10.1177\/0142723710391886. S2CID\u00a0145730997.Further reading[edit]Matthew S. Dryer. 2013. Position of Polar Question Particles. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 28 January 2005. Page 374\u2013375 Online. As PDF.Moravcsik, P. (1971). “Some Cross-linguistic Generalizations about Yes-no Questions and their Answers”. Working Papers on Language Universals. Stanford, California. 7: 45\u2013193.Jonathan de Boyne Pollard (1995). “Only ask questions with yes\/no answers if you want “yes” or “no” as the answer”. Frequently Given Answers.Ferenc Kiefer (1980). “Yes-No Questions as Wh-Questions”.  In John R. Searle; Ferenc Kiefer; Manfred Bierwisch (eds.). Speech Act Theory and Pragmatics. D. Reidel Publishing Co. pp.\u00a097\u2013120. ISBN\u00a090-277-1045-7.Natsuko Tsujimura (2007). “Yes-No Question”. An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics. Blackwell Publishing. pp.\u00a0224 et seq. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4051-1066-2.Halliday, M.A.K., and Greaves, W.S. (2008). Intonation in the Grammar of English, London, Equinox.Mehrani, Mehdi B. (6 January 2011). “What is biased? Children’s strategies or the structure of yes\/no questions?” (PDF). First Language. SAGE Publications. 31 (2): 214\u2013221. doi:10.1177\/0142723710391886. ISSN\u00a00142-7237. S2CID\u00a0145730997."},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki24\/yes-no-question-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Yes\u2013no question – Wikipedia"}}]}]