[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki4\/kikai-caldera-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki4\/kikai-caldera-wikipedia\/","headline":"Kikai Caldera – Wikipedia","name":"Kikai Caldera – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Mostly-submerged caldera in the \u014csumi Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan Kikai Caldera Peak","datePublished":"2016-03-26","dateModified":"2016-03-26","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki4\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki4\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c5\/Kikai_Caldera_Relief_Map%2C_SRTM%2C_English.jpg\/272px-Kikai_Caldera_Relief_Map%2C_SRTM%2C_English.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c5\/Kikai_Caldera_Relief_Map%2C_SRTM%2C_English.jpg\/272px-Kikai_Caldera_Relief_Map%2C_SRTM%2C_English.jpg","height":"272","width":"272"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki4\/kikai-caldera-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4503,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Mostly-submerged caldera in the \u014csumi Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture, JapanKikai CalderaPeakMount I\u014d (I\u014djima), I\u014djima, \u014csumi Islands, JapanElevation704\u00a0m (2,310\u00a0ft)Coordinates30\u00b047\u2032N 130\u00b019\u2032E\ufeff \/ \ufeff30.79\u00b0N 130.31\u00b0E\ufeff \/ 30.79; 130.31Coordinates: 30\u00b047\u2032N 130\u00b019\u2032E\ufeff \/ \ufeff30.79\u00b0N 130.31\u00b0E\ufeff \/ 30.79; 130.31[1]Length17\u00a0km (11\u00a0mi) NSWidth20\u00a0km (12\u00a0mi) EWNative name\u9b3c\u754c\u30ab\u30eb\u30c7\u30e9\u00a0(Japanese)CountryJapanStateKagoshima PrefectureRegion\u014csumi IslandsDistrictKagoshima DistrictSubdivisionsMount Yahazu, Mount I\u014d (I\u014djima), Mount Inamura (I\u014djima), I\u014djima, Shin I\u014djima, Takeshima, Mount Nakasone, Mount Asase, Mount Shitakisone, I\u014d Tai and Takeshima TaiMunicipalityMishimaAge of rock6,300 to 95,000 years agoKikai Caldera (\u9b3c\u754c\u30ab\u30eb\u30c7\u30e9, Kikai karudera) (alternatively Kikaiga-shima, Kikai Caldera Complex) is a massive, mostly submerged caldera up to 19 kilometres (12\u00a0mi) in diameter in the \u014csumi Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan.[2]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsGeology[edit]Kikai-Tozurahara eruption[edit]Akahoya eruption[edit]Eruptive history since Akahoya eruption[edit]See also[edit]Further reading[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]Geology[edit]Caldera formation has been dated from about 95,000 years ago and has involved rhyolite, basalt, and andesite phases.[2]  The Kikai Caldera Complex has twin ovoid caldera 20\u00a0km (12\u00a0mi) by 17\u00a0km (11\u00a0mi) in diameter.[2] Yahazu-dake (north west part of Satsuma Io-jima) and Takeshima, located on the caldera rim, are pre-caldera volcanoes.[2]Kikai-Tozurahara eruption[edit]This was about 95,000 years before the present and erupted Kikai-Tozurahara (K-Tz) tephra.[3] Various dating techniques give ages between 70,000 and 100,000 years before present.[4] This was distributed all over Japan but did not reach South Korea.[4]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Akahoya eruption[edit]  The caldera was the source of the Akahoya eruption, one of the largest eruptions during the Holocene (10,000\u00a0years ago to present) that produced the Kikai-Akahoya (K-Ah) tephra.[5] Between 7,200 and 7,300\u00a0years ago,[5][4][3]pyroclastic flows producing Koya ignimbrite from that eruption reached the coast of southern Ky\u016bsh\u016b up to 100\u00a0km (62\u00a0mi) away, and ash fell as far as Hokkaid\u014d. The eruption produced about 150\u00a0km\u00b3 of tephra,[6] giving it a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7[7] and making it one of the most explosive in the last 10,000 years, ranking alongside the eruptions of Santorini, Paektu, Crater Lake, Kurile Lake, Samalas and Tambora.[8] According to ice cores, initially it was thought that the Akahoya eruption may have occurred in 4350 BC,[9] however this timing has later been adjusted to about 1000 years earlier.[5][3]The eruption had a major impact on the J\u014dmon culture in southern Ky\u016bsh\u016b although the impact was not as great as some commentary had suggested with Nishinozono sub-type pottery tradition, that had started prior to the eruption, maintained in Ky\u016bsh\u016b.[10]Eruptive history since Akahoya eruption[edit]Kikai is still an active volcano. Io-dake(Mount I\u014d), Inamura-dake (south coast of Satsuma-Io-jima), Tokara-Iwo-Jima (north east coast of Satsuma-Io-jima) and Sh\u014dwa I\u014djima (Shin-Io-jima) are post-caldera volcanoes within it.[2]  Minor eruptions occur frequently on Mount I\u014d, one of the post-caldera subaerial volcanic peaks on I\u014djima. I\u014djima is one of three volcanic islands, two of which lie on the caldera rim.  On June 4, 2013, weak tremors were recorded.  Shortly after, eruptions began and continued off-and-on for several hours.[11]  Eruptions occurred:[2][12]old Iwo-dake stage (stage OIo-I-II)phreatomagmatic eruptions and pumice fallout (stage OIo-I), followed by rhyolitic lava with continuous tephra, resulting in a volcanic edifice (stage OIo-II)3250 BCE \u00b1 75 years (uncalibrated) Old Iwo-dake2450 BCE \u00b1 840 years (tephrochronology) Old Iwo-dakeInamura-dake stage (stage In-I-IV)basaltic lava flows and scoria-cone building (stage In-I-II), then phreatomagmatic eruptions (stage In-III), and then andesitic lava (stage In-IV)1830 BCE \u00b1 75 years (uncalibrated) Inamura-dake[6]1090 BCE \u00b1 100 years (uncalibrated) Inamura-dake[6]young Iwo-dake stage (stage YIo-I-IV)continuing with a different magma source including rhyolitic lava and intermittent pumice280 BCE \u00b1 75 years (uncalibrated) Iwo-dake[6]390 \u00b1 100 years (uncalibrated) Iwo-dake[6]750 (tephrochronology) Iwo-dake[6]830 \u00b1 40 years (uncalibrated) Iwo-dake[6]1010 \u00b1 40 years (uncalibrated) Iwo-dake[6]1030 \u00b1 40 years (uncalibrated) Iwo-dake[6]1340 \u00b1 30 years (uncalibrated) Iwo-dake[6]1430 \u00b1 75 years (uncalibrated) Iwo-dake[6]13 Feb 1914 Tokara-Iwo-Jima[6]Sep-Nov 1934Submarine eruption with pumice7 Dec 1934 -Mar 1935 2\u00a0km east of Tokara-Iwo-Jima[2]1997-2003 Iwo-dake[2]Formation and enlargement of new pit crater inside the summit craterApr-Nov 1998 Iwo-dake[2]May-Aug 1999 Iwo-dake[2]Jan, Mar, Oct-Dec 2000 Iwo-dake[2]Feb, Apr-Dec 2001 Iwo-dake[2]May-Jul 2002 Iwo-dake[2]Feb, Apr-Oct 2003 Iwo-dake[2]May-Apr, Jun, Aug-Oct 2004 Iwo-dake[2]3-5 May, 3-5 Jun 2013 Iwo-dake[2]2 Nov 2019 Iwo-dake[2]29 Apr 2020 Iwo-dake[2]6 Oct 2020 Iwo-dake[2]See also[edit]Further reading[edit]References[edit]^ “Kikai | Volcano World | Oregon State University”. volcano.oregonstate.edu. 24 April 2011. Retrieved 2017-04-11.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s “Satsuma-iojima”. Geological Survey of Japan. Retrieved 2022-09-18.^ a b c Smith, Victoria C.; Staff, Richard A.; Blockley, Simon P.E.; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Mark, Darren F.; Takemura, Keiji; Danhara, Toru (2013). “Identification and correlation of visible tephras in the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sedimentary archive, Japan: chronostratigraphic markers for synchronising of east Asian\/west Pacific palaeoclimatic records across the last 150 ka”. Quaternary Science Reviews. 67: 121\u2013137. doi:10.1016\/j.quascirev.2013.01.026. ISSN\u00a00277-3791.^ a b c Okuno, Mitsuru (2019-04-15). “Chronological study on widespread tephra and volcanic stratigraphy of the past 100,000 years”. The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan. 125 (1): 41\u201353. doi:10.5575\/geosoc.2018.0069. ISSN\u00a01349-9963. S2CID\u00a0146526393.^ a b c Tsuji, Tomohiro; Ikeda, Michiharu; Furusawa, Akira; Nakamura, Chisato; Ichikawa, Kiyoshi; Yanagida, Makoto; Nishizaka, Naoki; Ohnishi, Kozo; Ohno, Yuki (2018). “High resolution record of Quaternary explosive volcanism recorded in fluvio-lacustrine sediments of the Uwa basin, southwest Japan”. Quaternary International. 471: 278\u2013297. doi:10.1016\/j.quaint.2017.10.016. ISSN\u00a01040-6182.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kikai \u2013 Eruptive history, Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.^ Johnston, Eric, “Latest volcano show: Shinmoe“, The Japan Times, 1 March 2011, p. 3.^ “Large Volcano Explocivity Index”. Countries of the World. Retrieved 2014-04-24.^ Zielinski, G. A.; Mayewski, P. A.; Meeker, L. D.; Whitlow, S.; Twickler, M. S.; Morrison, M.; Meese, D. A.; Gow, A. J.; Alley, R. B. (1994-05-13). “Record of Volcanism Since 7000 B.C. from the GISP2 Greenland Ice Core and Implications for the Volcano-Climate System”. Science. 264 (5161): 948\u2013952. Bibcode:1994Sci…264..948Z. doi:10.1126\/science.264.5161.948. ISSN\u00a00036-8075. PMID\u00a017830082. S2CID\u00a021695750.^ Junzo, Uchiyama (2021). “After a Super Volcanic Eruption: a new project on social-ecological impacts of the Kikai-Akahoya disaster, 7,300 years ago”. Retrieved 2022-09-18.^ “Global Volcanism Program | Kikai”. volcano.si.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-07.^ Maeno, Fukashi; Taniguchi, Hiromitsu (2005-05-20). “Eruptive History of Satsuma Iwo-jima Island, Kikai Caldera, after a 6.5 ka Caldera-forming Eruption”. \u706b\u5c71 (Volcano). 50: 71\u201385. doi:10.18940\/kazan.50.2_71.External links[edit]     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki4\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki4\/kikai-caldera-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Kikai Caldera – Wikipedia"}}]}]