[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/zemaiciu-ir-lietuvos-apzvalga-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/zemaiciu-ir-lietuvos-apzvalga-wikipedia\/","headline":"\u017demai\u010di\u0173 ir Lietuvos ap\u017evalga – Wikipedia","name":"\u017demai\u010di\u0173 ir Lietuvos ap\u017evalga – Wikipedia","description":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Nameplate of \u017demai\u010di\u0173 ir Lietuvos ap\u017evalga used from April 1890 to March 1893 \u017demai\u010di\u0173 ir","datePublished":"2014-09-07","dateModified":"2014-09-07","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Ap%C5%BEvalga_nameplate.jpg\/350px-Ap%C5%BEvalga_nameplate.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Ap%C5%BEvalga_nameplate.jpg\/350px-Ap%C5%BEvalga_nameplate.jpg","height":"180","width":"350"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/zemaiciu-ir-lietuvos-apzvalga-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":1581,"articleBody":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  Nameplate of \u017demai\u010di\u0173 ir Lietuvos ap\u017evalga used from April 1890 to March 1893\u017demai\u010di\u0173 ir Lietuvos ap\u017evalga (literally: Samogitian and Lithuanian Review, original spelling: \u017bemajczi\u0173 ir Lietuwos Ap\u017cwa\u0142ga), often abbreviated as Ap\u017evalga, was a Lithuanian-language Catholic newspaper published in Tilsit, East Prussia, in 1889\u20131896.[1] At the time, Lithuanian press was banned and the newspaper had to be smuggled across the Prussia\u2013Russia border. It promoted and supported the Lithuanian National Revival, but above all defended the Catholic faith. While it was fiercely anti-Tsarist publication when it came to religious and cultural topics, it was a socially conservative publication. It was replaced by a relatively more liberal T\u0117vyn\u0117s sargas established in 1896.History[edit]Lithuanian clergy published their own periodical \u0160viesa in August 1887 \u2013 August 1888.[2] When secular Varpas appeared in January 1889, the clergy hastened to establish a Catholic periodical. In fall 1889, students at the Kaunas Priest Seminary decided to establish Ap\u017evalga by copying the example of the Polish Przewodnik Katolicki\u00a0[pl].[3] The first issue was published in October 1889.[4] It appeared regularly every two weeks from 1890. In its last year, it was a monthly. In total, 154 issues were published. Each issue was 8 pages long. The circulation was about 2,000 copies with more than half of them going to subscribers.[3] Its circulation was about twice that of the monthly Varpas and \u016akininkas.[5] The newspaper was mostly supported by clerics at the Kaunas Priest Seminary and distributed in the Diocese of Samogitia. Clerics at the Sejny Priest Seminary disliked Ap\u017evalga due to its inconsistent and outdated spelling as well as its ideology. Therefore, they were more supportive of Varpas until 1894 when its editor Vincas Kudirka strongly criticized Caritatis, encyclical regarding the Church in Poland issued by Pope Leo XIII.[3] Sejny clerics attempted to improve Ap\u017evalga, but when their mission failed they established T\u0117vyn\u0117s sargas in 1896.[3]Content[edit]Overall, the tone of Ap\u017evalga was rough and combative.[5]Ap\u017evalga considered the Catholic faith to be the cornerstone of the Lithuanian national identity and spent its energy on defending the faith against the various Russification policies. It frequently attacked the Tsarist government \u2013 not only the local administration (as other Lithuanian newspapers), but also the central government in Saint Petersburg.[3] Its complaints centered around the anti-Catholic campaigns and promotion of Eastern Orthodoxy. It encouraged readers to actively resist Russian officials (e.g. forcibly remove Russian policemen from churches where they searched for Lithuanian prayer books) and boycott Russian primary schools. It encouraged Kra\u017eiai residents to protest the closure of the local church and monastery and fiercely criticized the Kra\u017eiai massacre in November 1893.[3] After the death of Tsar Alexander III of Russia, instead of publishing his obituary, Ap\u017evalga published a list of various anti-Catholic and anti-Lithuanian policies adopted during his reign.[5] Priests Kazimieras Pakalni\u0161kis and Adomas Jak\u0161tas debated the issue of Russian officials visiting local clergy houses: Pakalni\u0161kis argued that to keep the police on friendly terms, priests could offer a bottle of vodka or a bribe of a few rubles, while Jak\u0161tas argued against such practices.[5]Ap\u017evalga also criticized Polonized nobility and urged them to return to their Lithuanian roots \u2013 most importantly, use the Lithuanian language and not to look down the Lithuanian culture as “inferior”. It also encouraged priests to hold masses and deliver sermons in Lithuanian, not Polish,[5] but in general it tried to avoid further cultural tensions between Poles and Lithuanians. Many members of the clergy still supported a Polish\u2013Lithuanian union in the spirit of the old Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth and the newspaper did not confront the Catholic hierarchy over its preference for the Polish language.[6] The newspaper encouraged Lithuanian priests not only to be diligent in their religious work, but also to educate and spread the ideas of the Lithuanian National Revival among the common village folk.[5] It also promoted teetotalism and temperance not only as beneficial to Lithuanians but also as detrimental to the tax revenues of the Tsarist government. It opposed Lithuanian emigration to United States and encouraged taking up trade or craft to improve one’s financial condition. Ap\u017evalga wrote on religious and cultural topics, but not about politics.[5] While it fiercely attacked the Tsarist regime on religious issues, it did not comment on the social order or Tsar’s political power.[6] It published a few poems by Maironis, Antanas Baranauskas, Adomas Jak\u0161tas, and works of fiction by Kazimieras Pakalni\u0161kis.[5]Editors and contributors[edit]The newspaper was printed in a press owned by Otto von Mauderode in Tilsit (present-day Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast). Because the newspaper was printed in East Prussia, it needed to have official editors who were residents of East Prussia. Its official editors were Enzys Jagomastas (first 18 issues), Mikelis Kio\u0161is (1890, 1892\u20131895), and priest H. Wischmann from \u017dibai and \u0160ilgaliai[7] (1891, 1896; Lithuanian spelling of the last name: Vychmanas).[3] The actual editors were Juozas Angrabaitis who worked at the Mauderode’s press as a proofreader but had to flee to Krak\u00f3w (then in Austria-Hungary) to avoid the German police, priest Pranas Urbanavi\u010dius who lived near Garg\u017edai next to the Prussia\u2013Russia border, and priest Kazimieras Pakalni\u0161kis known by his pen name D\u0117d\u0117 Atanazas.[3]Almost half of the contributors were not members of the clergy. The contributors included Antanas Baranauskas, Jonas Basanavi\u010dius, Adomas Jak\u0161tas, Maironis, Juozas Tumas-Vai\u017egantas, Antanas Milukas. Because the publication was illegal, as contributors used various pen names which makes author identification difficult. In total, Ap\u017evalga had about a third less contributors than Varpas in the same period.[3]References[edit]External links[edit]"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/zemaiciu-ir-lietuvos-apzvalga-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"\u017demai\u010di\u0173 ir Lietuvos ap\u017evalga – Wikipedia"}}]}]