[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/armand-barbes-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/armand-barbes-wikipedia\/","headline":"Armand Barb\u00e8s – Wikipedia","name":"Armand Barb\u00e8s – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 French Republican revolutionary (1809\u20131870) after-content-x4 Armand Barb\u00e8s Born 18 September 1809\u00a0(1809-09-18) Died 26 June 1870\u00a0(1870-06-27) (aged\u00a060) Known\u00a0for French Republican","datePublished":"2016-06-06","dateModified":"2016-06-06","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/20\/Barb%C3%A8s%2C_Armand_%28cropped%29.jpg\/220px-Barb%C3%A8s%2C_Armand_%28cropped%29.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/20\/Barb%C3%A8s%2C_Armand_%28cropped%29.jpg\/220px-Barb%C3%A8s%2C_Armand_%28cropped%29.jpg","height":"227","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/armand-barbes-wikipedia\/","wordCount":3315,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4French Republican revolutionary (1809\u20131870)       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Armand Barb\u00e8sBorn18 September 1809\u00a0(1809-09-18)Died26 June 1870\u00a0(1870-06-27) (aged\u00a060)Known\u00a0forFrench Republican revolutionaryOpponent of the July monarchyArmand Barb\u00e8s (18 September 1809 \u2013 26 June 1870) was a French Republican revolutionary and an opponent of the July monarchy (1830\u20131848).He is remembered as a man whose life centers on two days:12 May 1839, the day of the uprising in which the Republicans tried to overthrow the king, Louis Philippe. His ill-considered actions on this day led to a sentence of life imprisonment; he was, however, released by the revolution of 1848; and15 May 1848, the day when demonstrators invaded the Assembl\u00e9e Nationale, where Barb\u00e8s had been serving, for only about three weeks, as a deputy. The demonstrators’ ostensible aim was to urge the government to exercise whatever influence it could in support of the liberation of Poland. Things got out of hand, however, and Barb\u00e8s got caught up in what was perceived to be a coup d’\u00e9tat through the imposition of a provisional government.Barb\u00e8s was again imprisoned, but he was pardoned by Napoleon III in 1854. He fled into exile in the Netherlands, where he died on 26 June 1870, only weeks before the end of the Second Empire in France.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4He was nicknamed the Bayard of Democracy, presumably in honor of the chevalier Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard (1476\u20131524). He was called the “scourge of the establishment” by Karl Marx.Barb\u00e8s was born into a middle-class family in Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre, Guadeloupe. His father, an army surgeon from Carcassonne in the d\u00e9partement of Aude, was born in Capendu, also in Aude.  He was a veteran of Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign. Posted to Guadeloupe in 1801, he remained there until the fall of the First Empire in 1814.The family returned to Carcassonne, and the eldest son of the doctor, Armand, eventually arrived in Carcassonne also, in 1830, the place of his revolutionary baptism. At twenty, Armand, disposed to a Republican point-of-view early in the development of his consciousness, was as physically strong as he was precocious of intellect. He had an imposing physique, and he was chosen to lead the local battalion of the National Guard during the 1830 revolution. The battalion was financed by the elder Barb\u00e8s out of his own pocket.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The following year, Armand went to Paris to study medicine, but he found the very sight of blood repugnant. So, with a passion reminiscent of the Flaubert hero, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Moreau in Sentimental Education (1869), he threw himself, body and soul, into a study of the law. Like Moreau, Barb\u00e8s experienced his parents’ deaths at an early age. As a consequence, he was left a large inheritance, so large, in fact, that Barb\u00e8s was relieved of the need to work to earn his living, and he became free to submit to the passion of his life: conspiring to overthrow the ruling regime, in this case, the July Monarchy.In 1834, his membership in a Jacobin-leaning organization, the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Droits de l’Homme (Society for the Rights of Man), led to his first arrest. Released in early 1835, he served as a lawyer for 164 defendants indicted for republican insurgency during 1834, and, in July 1835, he assisted twenty-eight of them to escape from Sainte-Pelagie prison in Paris, an institution reserved for political troublemakers.In 1834, the Society for the Rights of Man, at about the time of Barb\u00e8s’s arrest, was dismantled by the police. He responded by founding the short-lived Society of Avengers, which was followed, the next year, by the League of Families, the organization for which Barb\u00e8s composed the oath of membership, a must for all aspiring conspirators. This was the beginning of his long and tumultuous “collaboration” with Louis Auguste Blanqui. On 10 March 1836, Barb\u00e8s and Blanqui were arrested by the police while loading ammunition in the apartment they shared in Paris. Barb\u00e8s, sentenced to one year imprisonment, was pardoned in 1837, and he spent several months, after his pardon, with his family in Carcassonne. There, he devised plans for a new secret society, and he wrote the brochure that will remain his only contribution to revolutionary literature, “A Few Words to Those who Sympathize with Workers without Work”.When he returned to Paris in 1838, he joined with Blanqui and Martin Bernard (politician)\u00a0[fr] to form yet another republican secret society, the very proletarian Society of Seasons\u00a0[fr].Table of ContentsThe Society of Seasons[edit]The 1839 coup[edit]Barb\u00e8s and Blanqui[edit]The treason of Barb\u00e8s[edit]See also[edit]French bibliography[edit]The Society of Seasons[edit]The Society of Seasons was organized on the principle of a hierarchy of cells.  A “week” was a group of six men and a leader.  Four “weeks” made a “month” of twenty-eight “days” (actually, twenty-eight initiates, plus a leader.) Three months constituted a “season”, and four “seasons” made a “year”. At its height, the Society comprised more than three “years”.The founding of the Society of Seasons led directly to the Barb\u00e8s-led insurrection of 12 May 1839. At this time, Barb\u00e8s, Blanqui, and Martin were three Republicans cut from the same cloth.  They were of the same generation, with the same youthful commitment to revolutionary struggle, and they shared a common experience of oppression, trials, and imprisonment.  Then their paths diverged.The 1839 coup[edit]On 12 May 1839, the Society of Seasons and its approximately nine hundred members felt strong enough to attempt a coup d’\u00e9tat in Paris. Four hundred insurgents managed to seize the National Assembly, the city hall, and the Palace of Justice, but they were unable to maintain their grip for more than a few hours because of a lack of numbers and weapons. Following the failure of this insurrection, Barb\u00e8s was sentenced to death, but his sentence was commuted to ‘life imprisonment’ largely due to the intervention of Victor Hugo. Also, these events led to a divorce between Barb\u00e8s and Blanqui, which became a severe impediment to the extreme left during the revolution of 1848 and also later in the century.Barb\u00e8s was sent to Mont-Saint-Michel on 17 July 1839 with three other convicts, including Martin Bernard, who left a detailed account of their time in prison. (Blanqui and five other insurgents joined them on 6 February 1840.)Upon their arrival, the inmates were fighting against the rigors of solitary confinement by maintaining a continuous din, from the windows, up the chimneys, and through the walls. Barb\u00e8s, Bernard, and an old comrade, Delsade, managed, after repeated trials, to open the doors of their cells to meet. Discovered in April 1841, they were punished by imprisonment in the “loges” section of the prison, completely in view of the warder on duty. The prison administration then equipped their cells with double gates to prevent them from approaching the cross in what, after all, had been an abbey before its conversion to a high-security prison at the time of the French Revolution.On the nights of 10 and 11 February 1842, Barb\u00e8s, Blanqui and others attempted to escape, in fog, using a rope made of knotted sheets. Barb\u00e8s was the first over the wall, but he was injured in the fall, and this doomed the escape attempt. All of them were reconfined in their cells.  Shortly thereafter, Barb\u00e8s contracted what he called consumption (tuberculosis), probably, in fact, persistent bronchitis brought on by the cold and damp of Mont-Saint-Michel.Barb\u00e8s and Blanqui[edit]Blanqui, the prime mover of the 1839 coup, seems to have believed that Barb\u00e8s, who had been away from revolutionary activities for a  short while, lacked resolve, that he was exhausted from repeated discouragements, and that this attitude in Barb\u00e8s disheartened his fellow insurgents, leading to a failure of the coup.In fact, when he was released from prison in 1848, Barb\u00e8s seemed to have regained his fervor, and he rallied the revolutionary left in a more moderate and pragmatic direction, to oppose Blanqui. Guided by Alphonse de Lamartine, he formed the Club of the Revolution to counteract Blanqui’s Central Insurrection Society, an organization prudently renamed the Central Republican Society.Owing to his previous brief military experience in the Aude, Barb\u00e8s was appointed colonel of the National Guard of the Twelfth District, and, ironically, he led his troops, on 16 April 1848, against a workers’ demonstration led by Louis Blanc and Blanqui. Workers had demanded a more active social program and especially the postponement of the imminent elections to the constituent National Assembly. The protesters foresaw that the government had no time to “educate” the provincials, so the new Assembly would be dominated by Parisian conservatives and reactionaries.A month earlier, in March 1848, the hostility between Barb\u00e8s and Blanqui had erupted with the publication in the mainstream press of the so-called document Taschereau, said to be derived from police records.  This document purportedly proved that Blanqui had betrayed his fellow conspirators during the 1839 coup. A goodly number of historians now consider it highly likely that this document was “a false broadcast, in the form of leaks by the government” to destabilize and undermine[citation needed]. If so, it worked. Barb\u00e8s apparently believed in the authenticity of this document, and this caused “terrible divisions” among those of the left, divisions still present at the end of the century.The two men, who had become distrustful of one another, ended up hating each other with the same passion that had fueled their early revolutionary. Nonetheless, both are major figures in the Republican pantheon, where they both enjoy a reputation as uncompromising revolutionaries, never diminished by the inevitable compromises necessitated by the exercise of power. Barb\u00e8s, perhaps more thoughtful than his colleague, was fascinated by Blanqui, who was romantic, brave, but prone to impulses. Beyond this fascination, Barb\u00e8s hoped to channel the might of the volcanic Blanqui, but, he was, many suppose, secretly afraid of Blanqui’s capacity for unreason and violence.The treason of Barb\u00e8s[edit]  Photograph of Armand Barb\u00e8s in Holland, 1869Released from prison in 1848, Barb\u00e8s seemed to his contemporaries to be obsessed with thwarting Blanqui. Elected to the Constituent Assembly of 23 April 1848, Barb\u00e8s, at the extreme left of the chamber, represented his native department of Aude. His parliamentary career was brief, however, since, on 15 May, demonstrators invaded the Assembly, under the pretext of presenting a petition urging the government to become more involved in the liberation of Poland. Barb\u00e8s, initially opposed the demonstration, and he tried to disperse the crowd, but he seemed to lose his head when he saw Auguste Blanqui in the assembly chamber[citation needed].In an effort to seize the demonstration as a tool to bludgeon his enemy, he sparked a riot in front of the city hall, where a new, and more radical, republic was proclaimed. The insurgency was ‘deflated’ by itself when National Guard arrived to stop Barbes. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in April 1849 by the High Court of Justice, after he was found guilty of two major charges, an attack that aimed to overthrow the government, and incitement to civil war.Later, Karl Marx wrote in Class Struggles in France: “On 12 May [1848, the proletariat] sought unsuccessfully to regain its revolutionary influence, but only managed to deliver to the bourgeoisie’s jailers their most energetic leaders.” Modern historians have been even less kind: George Duveau, the historian, described the event as a “tragic and absurd farce which had, from the beginning, no prospect of success”.Barb\u00e8s showed an indomitable courage and chivalry, a taste for sacrifice, and an acceptance of his.  This certainly explains the charisma that was undeniably his; this view was common to all of his contemporaries, even his[citation needed]. There is, nonetheless, an element of irrationality in the man that defies analysis, a “mythe Barb\u00e8s” that continues to fascinate readers of.Sentenced to life imprisonment in 1849, Barb\u00e8s was released by Napoleon III in 1854. However, he never returned to France. He had spent all but a few weeks of the previous fifteen years in confinement as a political prisoner. He realized that returning to French society would only tempt him to further political[citation needed], so he withdrew into voluntary exile at the Hague, where he died on 26 June 1870, aged 60, just weeks before the Second Empire fell, the event that would, no doubt, have delighted him beyond all else.He is buried in the private domain of Fourtou at Villalier, Aude.See also[edit]French bibliography[edit]“‘Quelques mots \u00e0 ceux qui poss\u00e8dent en faveur des Prol\u00e9taires sans travail.”‘ Barb\u00e8s Carcassonne, 1837Karl Marx, \u00ab\u00a0Luttes de classe en France\u00a0\u00bb, s.d.B.M. de Saint-\u00c9tienne, Correspondance de Martin Bernard. s.d.Tchernoff, I. R\u00e9publicain sous la monarchie de juillet (Paris, 1905) par M. Le parti.Wasserman, Suzanne. Clubs de Barb\u00e8s et de Blanqui en 1848, Les… (Paris)” Deux jours de condamnation \u00e0 mort “, par Armand Barb\u00e8s, 1re \u00e9dition Bry ain\u00e9 Paris 1848,2e Edition Pellet Paris 1849,3e Edition Pagnerre Paris 1870, 4e Edition Boulanger Paris 1893, 5e Edition l’Atelier du Gu\u00e9 Villelongue d’Aude 2005.\u201cDictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire\u201d, dirig\u00e9 par Edgar Leon Newman, New York, Greenwood Press, 1987.Georges Clemenceau, Une jeunesse r\u00e9publicaine\u2019\u2019 Paris, s.d.“Barb\u00e8s et les hommes de 1848”, colloque de Carcassonne organis\u00e9 en nov. 1998 par l\u2019association Les Audois, les Archives d\u00e9partementales de l\u2019Aude et l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse-Le Mirail, sous la direction de Sylvie Caucanas et R\u00e9my Cazals.\u00c0 l’occasion de l’exposition “Barb\u00e8s \u2013 1848” (nov. 1998-f\u00e9v 1999) \u00e0 Carcassonne (Maison des M\u00e9moires), un catalogue a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9dit\u00e9\u00a0: Armand Barb\u00e8s et la R\u00e9volution de 1848, par Sylvie Caucanas et Marie-No\u00eblle Maynard, Carcassonne, Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts et Archives d\u00e9partementales de l\u2019Aude, 79 p.Le Journal, 27 nov. 1896 (cit\u00e9 par Jean-Baptiste Duroselle\u00a0: Cl\u00e9menceau, Paris, Fayard, 1988, p.\u00a051).Armand Barb\u00e8s (1809\u201370), 3 vol. par Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Jeanjean. (Paris et Carcassonne, 1909\u201352).“Armand Barb\u00e8s, un r\u00e9volutionnaire romantique” par Roger Merle, Privat, 1977.Hildevert-Adolphe Lara (1936). “Armand Barb\u00e8s”. Contribution de la Guadeloupe \u00e0 la Pens\u00e9e Fran\u00e7aise\u00a0 (in French) (Jean Cr\u00e8s\u00a0ed.). Paris. pp.\u00a080\u201388.     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/armand-barbes-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Armand Barb\u00e8s – Wikipedia"}}]}]