[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/cardiomyopathy-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/cardiomyopathy-wikipedia\/","headline":"Cardiomyopathy – Wikipedia","name":"Cardiomyopathy – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Disease of the heart muscle after-content-x4 Medical condition Cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle.[1]","datePublished":"2016-02-20","dateModified":"2016-02-20","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f1\/Ventricular_fibrillation.png\/290px-Ventricular_fibrillation.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f1\/Ventricular_fibrillation.png\/290px-Ventricular_fibrillation.png","height":"162","width":"290"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/cardiomyopathy-wikipedia\/","wordCount":9953,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Disease of the heart muscle       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Medical conditionCardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle.[1] Early on there may be few or no symptoms.[1] As the disease worsens, shortness of breath, feeling tired, and swelling of the legs may occur, due to the onset of heart failure.[1] An irregular heart beat and fainting may occur.[1] Those affected are at an increased risk of sudden cardiac death.[2]Types of cardiomyopathy include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome).[3] In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the heart muscle enlarges and thickens.[3] In dilated cardiomyopathy the ventricles enlarge and weaken.[3] In restrictive cardiomyopathy the ventricle stiffens.[3]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4In many cases, the cause cannot be determined.[4] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is usually inherited, whereas dilated cardiomyopathy is inherited in about one third of cases.[4] Dilated cardiomyopathy may also result from alcohol, heavy metals, coronary artery disease, cocaine use, and viral infections.[4] Restrictive cardiomyopathy may be caused by amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, and some cancer treatments.[4]Broken heart syndrome is caused by extreme emotional or physical stress.[3]Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and the severity of symptoms.[5] Treatments may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery.[5] Surgery may include a ventricular assist device or heart transplant.[5] In 2015 cardiomyopathy and myocarditis affected 2.5 million people.[6] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affects about 1 in 500 people while dilated cardiomyopathy affects 1 in 2,500.[3][8] They resulted in 354,000 deaths up from 294,000 in 1990.[7][9] Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is more common in young people.[2]Table of Contents       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Signs and symptoms[edit]Mechanism[edit]Diagnosis[edit]Classification[edit]Treatment[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]Signs and symptoms[edit]  Symptoms of cardiomyopathies may include fatigue, swelling of the lower extremities and shortness of breath after exertion.[10] Additional symptoms of the condition may include arrhythmia, fainting, and dizziness.[10]Cardiomyopathies can be of genetic (familial) or non-genetic (acquired) origin.[11] Genetic cardiomyopathies usually are caused by sarcomere or cytoskeletal diseases, neuromuscular disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, malformation syndromes and sometimes are unidentified.[12][13] Non-genetic cardiomyopathies can have a definitive causes such as viral infections, myocarditis and others.[14][15]Cardiomyopathies are either confined to the heart or are part of a generalized systemic disorder, both often leading to cardiovascular death or progressive heart failure-related disability. Other diseases that cause heart muscle dysfunction are excluded, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, or abnormalities of the heart valves.[16] Often, the underlying cause remains unknown, but in many cases the cause may be identifiable.[17] Alcoholism, for example, has been identified as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, as has drug toxicity, and certain infections (including Hepatitis C).[18][19][20] Untreated celiac disease can cause cardiomyopathies, which can completely reverse with a timely diagnosis.[21] In addition to acquired causes, molecular biology and genetics have given rise to the recognition of various genetic causes.[19][22]A more clinical categorization of cardiomyopathy as ‘hypertrophied’, ‘dilated’, or ‘restrictive’,[23] has become difficult to maintain because some of the conditions could fulfill more than one of those three categories at any particular stage of their development.The current American Heart Association (AHA) definition divides cardiomyopathies into primary, which affect the heart alone, and secondary, which are the result of illness affecting other parts of the body. These categories are further broken down into subgroups which incorporate new genetic and molecular biology knowledge.[24]Mechanism[edit]The pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies is better understood at the cellular level with advances in molecular techniques. Mutant proteins can disturb cardiac function in the contractile apparatus (or mechanosensitive complexes). Cardiomyocyte alterations and their persistent responses at the cellular level cause changes that are correlated with sudden cardiac death and other cardiac problems.[25]Cardiomyopathies are generally varied individually. Different factors can cause Cardiomyopathies in adults as well as children. To exemplify, Dilated Cardiomyopathy in adults is associated with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy, Hypertension, Valvular diseases, and Genetics. While in Children, Neuromuscular diseases such as Becker muscular dystrophy, including X-linked genetic disorder, are directly linked with their Cardiomyopathies.[26]Diagnosis[edit]  Normal sinus rhythm on EKGAmong the diagnostic procedures done to determine a cardiomyopathy are:[10]Classification[edit]  Structural categories of cardiomyopathy  Stained microscopic section of heart muscle in hypertrophic cardiomyopathyCardiomyopathies can be classified using different criteria:[27]Primary\/intrinsic cardiomyopathies[28]CongenitalMixedAcquiredSecondary\/extrinsic cardiomyopathies[28]Metabolic\/storageEndomyocardialEndocrineCardiofacialNeuromuscularOtherObesity-associated cardiomyopathy[31]Treatment[edit]Treatment may include suggestion of lifestyle changes to better manage the condition. Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and condition of disease, but may include medication (conservative treatment) or iatrogenic\/implanted pacemakers for slow heart rates, defibrillators for those prone to fatal heart rhythms, ventricular assist devices (VADs) for severe heart failure, or catheter ablation for recurring dysrhythmias that cannot be eliminated by medication or mechanical cardioversion. The goal of treatment is often symptom relief, and some patients may eventually require a heart transplant.[10]See also[edit]References[edit]^ a b c d e f “What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?”. NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.^ a b c “Who Is at Risk for Cardiomyopathy?”. NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.^ a b c d e f g h “Types of Cardiomyopathy”. NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.^ a b c d e “What Causes Cardiomyopathy?”. NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.^ a b c d “How Is Cardiomyopathy Treated?”. NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. (8 October 2016). “Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015”. Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545\u20131602. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC\u00a05055577. PMID\u00a027733282.{{cite journal}}:  CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. (8 October 2016). “Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015”. Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459\u20131544. doi:10.1016\/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC\u00a05388903. PMID\u00a027733281.{{cite journal}}:  CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)^ Practical Cardiovascular Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010. p.\u00a0148. ISBN\u00a09781605478418. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (17 December 2014). “Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013”. Lancet. 385 (9963): 117\u201371. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC\u00a04340604. PMID\u00a025530442.{{cite journal}}:  CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)^ a b c d “What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy? – NHLBI, NIH”. nhlbi.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.^ Bakalakos, Athanasios; Ritsatos, Konstantinos; Anastasakis, Aris (1 September 2018). “Current perspectives on the diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy Beyond heart failure: a Cardiomyopathy Clinic Doctor’s point of view”. Hellenic Journal of Cardiology. 59 (5): 254\u2013261. doi:10.1016\/j.hjc.2018.05.008. ISSN\u00a01109-9666. PMID\u00a029807197. S2CID\u00a044146977.^ Rath, Anika; Weintraub, Robert (23 July 2021). “Overview of Cardiomyopathies in Childhood”. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 9: 708732. doi:10.3389\/fped.2021.708732. ISSN\u00a02296-2360. PMC\u00a08342800. PMID\u00a034368032.^ Gorla, Sudheer; Raja, Kishore; Garg, Ashish; Barbouth, Deborah; Rusconi, Paolo (December 2018). “Infantile Onset Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Secondary to PRKAG2 Gene Mutation is Associated with Poor Prognosis”. Journal of Pediatric Genetics. 07 (4): 180\u2013184. doi:10.1055\/s-0038-1657763. ISSN\u00a02146-4596. PMC\u00a06234042. PMID\u00a030430036.^ Law, Michelle L.; Cohen, Houda; Martin, Ashley A.; Angulski, Addeli Bez Batti; Metzger, Joseph M. (February 2020). “Dysregulation of Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutic Strategies”. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (2): 520. doi:10.3390\/jcm9020520. ISSN\u00a02077-0383. PMC\u00a07074327. PMID\u00a032075145.^ Cimiotti, Diana; Budde, Heidi; Hassoun, Roua; Jaquet, Kornelia (8 January 2021). “Genetic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Causes and Consequences\u2014An Integrative Approach”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (2): 558. doi:10.3390\/ijms22020558. ISSN\u00a01422-0067. PMC\u00a07827163. PMID\u00a033429969.^ Lakdawala, NK; Stevenson, LW; Loscalzo, J (2015). “Chapter 287”.  In Kasper, DL; Fauci, AS; Hauser, SL; Longo, DL; Jameson, JL; Loscalzo, J (eds.). Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine (19th\u00a0ed.). McGraw-Hill. p.\u00a01553. ISBN\u00a0978-0-07-180215-4.^ Pathophysiology of heart disease\u00a0: a collaborative project of medical students and faculty. Lilly, Leonard S., Harvard Medical School. (5th\u00a0ed.). Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer\/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011. ISBN\u00a0978-1605477237. OCLC\u00a0649701807.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)^ Adam A, Nicholson C, Owens L (2008). “Alcoholic dilated cardiomyopathy”. Nurs Stand (Review). 22 (38): 42\u20137. doi:10.7748\/ns2008.05.22.38.42.c6565. PMID\u00a018578120.^ a b Westphal JG, Rigopoulos AG, Bakogiannis C, Ludwig SE, Mavrogeni S, Bigalke B,  et\u00a0al. (2017). “The MOGE(S) classification for cardiomyopathies: current status and future outlook”. Heart Fail Rev (Review). 22 (6): 743\u2013752. doi:10.1007\/s10741-017-9641-4. PMID\u00a028721466. S2CID\u00a036117047.^ Domont F, Cacoub P (2016). “Chronic hepatitis C virus infection, a new cardiovascular risk factor?”. Liver Int (Review). 36 (5): 621\u20137. doi:10.1111\/liv.13064. PMID\u00a026763484.^ Ciaccio EJ, Lewis SK, Biviano AB, Iyer V, Garan H, Green PH (2017). “Cardiovascular involvement in celiac disease”. World J Cardiol (Review). 9 (8): 652\u2013666. doi:10.4330\/wjc.v9.i8.652. PMC\u00a05583538. PMID\u00a028932354.^ Simpson S, Rutland P, Rutland CS (2017). “Genomic Insights into Cardiomyopathies: A Comparative Cross-Species Review”. Vet Sci (Review). 4 (1): 19. doi:10.3390\/vetsci4010019. PMC\u00a05606618. PMID\u00a029056678.^ Valentin Fuster; John Willis Hurst (2004). Hurst’s the heart. McGraw-Hill Professional. p.\u00a01884. ISBN\u00a0978-0-07-143225-2. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2010.^ McCartan C, Maso R, Jayasinghe SR, Griffiths LR (2012). “Cardiomyopathy Classification: Ongoing Debate in the Genomics Era”. Biochem Res Int. 2012: 796926. doi:10.1155\/2012\/796926. PMC\u00a03423823. PMID\u00a022924131.^ Harvey, Pamela A.; Leinwand, Leslie A. (8 August 2011). “Cellular mechanisms of cardiomyopathy”. The Journal of Cell Biology. 194 (3): 355\u2013365. doi:10.1083\/jcb.201101100. ISSN\u00a00021-9525. PMC\u00a03153638. PMID\u00a021825071.^ Braunwald, Eugene (15 September 2017). “Cardiomyopathies: An Overview”. Circulation Research. 121 (7): 711\u2013721. doi:10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311812. ISSN\u00a01524-4571. PMID\u00a028912178. S2CID\u00a036384619.^ Vinay, Kumar (2013). Robbins Basic Pathology. Elsevier. p.\u00a0396. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4377-1781-5.^ a b c Maron, Barry J.; Towbin, Jeffrey A.; Thiene, Gaetano; Antzelevitch, Charles; Corrado, Domenico; Arnett, Donna; Moss, Arthur J.; Seidman, Christine E.; Young, James B. (11 April 2006). “Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies”. Circulation. 113 (14): 1807\u20131816. doi:10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287. ISSN\u00a00009-7322. PMID\u00a016567565. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.^ a b S\u00e9gu\u00e9la PE, Iriart X, Acar P, Montaudon M, Roudaut R, Thambo JB (2015). “Eosinophilic cardiac disease: Molecular, clinical and imaging aspects”. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases. 108 (4): 258\u201368. doi:10.1016\/j.acvd.2015.01.006. PMID\u00a025858537.^ Rose NR (2016). “Viral myocarditis”. Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 28 (4): 383\u20139. doi:10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000303. PMC\u00a04948180. PMID\u00a027166925.^ Lipshultz, Steven E.; Messiah, Sarah E.; Miller, Tracie L. (5 April 2012). Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues. Springer Science & Business Media. p.\u00a0200. ISBN\u00a09781447123651. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016.Further reading[edit]Boudina, Sihem; Abel, Evan Dale (1 March 2010). “Diabetic cardiomyopathy, causes and effects”. Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 11 (1): 31\u201339. doi:10.1007\/s11154-010-9131-7. ISSN\u00a01389-9155. PMC\u00a02914514. PMID\u00a020180026.Marian, A. J.; Roberts, Robert (1 April 2001). “The Molecular Genetic Basis for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy”. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 33 (4): 655\u2013670. doi:10.1006\/jmcc.2001.1340. ISSN\u00a00022-2828. PMC\u00a02901497. PMID\u00a011273720.Acton, Q. Ashton (2013). Advances in Heart Research and Application: 2013 Edition. Scholarly Editions. ISBN\u00a0978-1-481-68280-0.Towbin, JA (2014). “Inherited cardiomyopathies”. Circulation Journal. 78 (10): 2347\u201356. doi:10.1253\/circj.cj-14-0893. ISSN\u00a01347-4820. PMC\u00a04467885. PMID\u00a025186923.Maron, Barry J.; Udelson, James E.; Bonow, Robert O.; Nishimura, Rick A.; Ackerman, Michael J.; Estes, N. A. Mark; Cooper, Leslie T.; Link, Mark S.; Maron, Martin S. (1 December 2015). “Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 3: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Other Cardiomyopathies, and Myocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology”. Circulation. 132 (22): e273\u2013280. doi:10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000239. ISSN\u00a01524-4539. PMID\u00a026621644. S2CID\u00a0207639288.External links[edit]     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/cardiomyopathy-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Cardiomyopathy – Wikipedia"}}]}]