[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/engan-languages-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/engan-languages-wikipedia\/","headline":"Engan languages – Wikipedia","name":"Engan languages – Wikipedia","description":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Family of languages The Engan, or more precisely Enga \u2013 Southern Highland , languages are","datePublished":"2022-06-07","dateModified":"2022-06-07","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/engan-languages-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":2620,"articleBody":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFamily of languagesThe Engan, or more precisely Enga \u2013 Southern Highland , languages are a small family of Papuan languages of the highlands of Papua New Guinea. The two branches of the family are rather distantly related, but were connected by Franklin and Voorhoeve (1973).[1]The name “Engan” is often restricted to the northern branch of the family, to those languages transparently related to Enga, but also sometimes to the family as a whole.Table of ContentsLanguages[edit]Classification[edit]Proto-language[edit]Phonemes[edit]Pronouns[edit]Vocabulary[edit]Evolution[edit]Vocabulary[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]Languages[edit]The languages fall into three quite distinct branches: Engan proper, Huli, and Southern Highlands:Classification[edit]The Engan family constitutes a branch of the Trans\u2013New Guinea languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross, but the evidence for this is weak.There are a considerable number of resemblances with Wiru. Borrowing has not been ruled out as the reason for this, though the pronouns are similar as well.Proto-language[edit]Phonemes[edit]Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[2]*m*n*p*t*k*mb*nd*\u014bg*w*l*jVowels are *i *e *a *o *u.Pronouns[edit]Pronouns are easy to reconstruct for the northern and southern branches, but much more difficult for Engan as a whole. Ross (2005) has the following for the singular, Wiru has been added for comparison:pEnganN EnganS EnganWiru1**n\u0259*na-ba*n\u00edno (gen. anu)2**ne-ke*ne-ba*ne-kene (gen. ne-ke)3?*ba*[n]i-buoneUsher (2020) has not yet published reconstruction of Engan as a whole, but has done Engan proper:[3]Engan propersgdupl1*na(-mba)*nali(-mba)*nani(-ma)2*ni(-mba)3*[e]-mbaVocabulary[edit]Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-Trans Enga (Proto-Engan) by Usher (2020) are:[2]glossProto-Trans-EngaProto-Southern HighlandsHuliname*\u014bge*[i]mbimi-nifire\/tree*ita*tii\u027eamoon*kana*eke, *jumbaegefour*tumenda*malama-path*kaita*potaha\u027eigastand*kata*kahacassowary*laima*jatija\u027eiskin*jan[o\/u]*jo\u014bgaledo\u014bgo-neEvolution[edit]The Enga-Kewa-Huli reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma, if Engan languages are indeed members of the Trans-New Guinea family, are:[4]Enga:mona \u2018heart\u2019 < *mundunyaka \u2018bird\u2019 < *yaka(i)lya\u014ba \u2018ashes\u2019 < *la(\u014b,k)a\u014ba\u014ba \u2018baby < *\u014ba\u014b(a)(m)ama \u2018mother\u2019 < *am(a,i)kuri \u2018bone\u2019 < *kondaCkare \u2018ear\u2019 < *kand(e,i)k(V]ne- \u2018eat\u2019 < *naapa(ne) \u2018father\u2019 < *apaiti \u2018hair\u2019 < *iti[C]endo \u2018fire\u2019 < *kend(o,u)plema \u2018louse\u2019 < *nimankana \u2018moon\u2019 < *takVn[V]mana \u2018instructions\u2019 < *manakitama \u2018morning\u2019 < *k(i,u)tumakumi- \u2018die\u2019 < *kumV-re- \u2018speak\u2019 < *nde-maa \u2018taro\u2019 < *mVita \u2018tree\u2019 < *indaHuli:ega \u2018bird\u2019 < *yaka(i)na- \u2018eat\u2019 < *na-aba \u2018father\u2019 < *apairi \u2018hair\u2019 < *iti[C]ira \u2018tree\u2019 < *indama \u2018taro\u2019 < *mVKewa:ama \u2018mother\u2019 < *am(a,i)ibi \u2018name\u2019 < *imbiiri \u2018hair\u2019 < *iti[C]uni \u2018bone\u2019 < *kwanjaCapu \u2018tail\u2019 < *a(mb,m)ulema \u2018louse\u2019 < *nimanoma \u2018die\u2019 < *kumV-reka- \u2018stand\u2019 < *t(a,e)kV-la- \u2018talk\u2019 < *nde-maa \u2018taro\u2019 < *mVyaa \u2018bird\u2019 < *yaka(i)Mendi:am \u2018mother\u2019 < *am(a,i)ap \u2018father\u2019 < *apambi \u2018name\u2019 < *imbiome- \u2018die\u2019 < *kumV-Vocabulary[edit]Basic vocabulary of Enga and Kewa from William A. Foley (1986):[5]glossEngaKewa\u2018two\u2019ramalaapo\u2018man\u2019akariali\u2018water\u2019ipaipa\u2018fire\u2019itarepona\u2018tree\u2019itaare\u2018leaf\u2019yokoyo\u2018root\u2019pingipitaa\u2018house\u2019adaada\u2018breast\u2019aduadu\u2018tooth\u2019negeagaa\u2018bone\u2019korikuli\u2018ear\u2019karekale\u2018hair\u2019itiiri\u2018leg\u2019kapeaa\u2018blood\u2019kupapukupaa\u2018hand\u2019rumaki\u2018egg\u2019kapayaa apaa\u2018sun\u2019nitanare\u2018axe\u2019patamarai\u2018netbag\u2019nuunu\u2018eat\u2019ne-na-\u2018die\u2019kumi-koma-\u2018say\u2019re-la-\u2018give\u2019mai-\/gi-gi-\u2018big\u2019adakeadaaReferences[edit]^ Karl J. Franklin and C. L. Voorhoeve. 1973. Languages near the intersection of the Gulf, Southern Highlands and Western Districts. In Karl J. Franklin (ed.), The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea, 149-186. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.^ a b “New Guinea World, Enga–Southern Highlands”. Archived from the original on 2016-04-13. Retrieved 2014-10-13.^ New Guinea World, Trans-Enga^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarstr\u00f6m, Harald (2018). “The Trans New Guinea family”. In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol.\u00a04. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.\u00a021\u2013196. ISBN\u00a0978-3-11-028642-7.^ Foley, William A. (1986). The Papuan Languages of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN\u00a00-521-28621-2.Ross, Malcolm (2005). “Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages”. In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp.\u00a015\u201366. ISBN\u00a00858835622. OCLC\u00a067292782.Further reading[edit]External links[edit]"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/engan-languages-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Engan languages – Wikipedia"}}]}]