[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/hyponatremia-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/hyponatremia-wikipedia\/","headline":"Hyponatremia &#8211; Wikipedia","name":"Hyponatremia &#8211; Wikipedia","description":"Low sodium concentration in the blood Medical condition Hyponatremia Other names Hyponatraemia, low blood sodium, hyponatr\u00e6mia Sodium, as shown on","datePublished":"2014-08-11","dateModified":"2014-08-11","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d3\/Na-TableImage.svg\/300px-Na-TableImage.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d3\/Na-TableImage.svg\/300px-Na-TableImage.svg.png","height":"90","width":"300"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/hyponatremia-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":13516,"articleBody":"Low sodium concentration in the bloodMedical conditionHyponatremiaOther namesHyponatraemia, low blood sodium, hyponatr\u00e6miaSodium, as shown on the periodic tableSpecialtyNephrologySymptomsDecreased ability to think, headaches, nausea, poor balance, confusion, seizures, coma[1][2][3]TypesLow volume, normal volume, high volume[4]Diagnostic methodSerum sodium < 135 mmol\/L[3]Differential diagnosisHigh protein levels, high blood fat levels, high blood sugar[5][6]TreatmentBased on underlying cause[4]FrequencyRelatively common[6][7]Hyponatremia or hyponatraemia is a low concentration of sodium in the blood.[4] It is generally defined as a sodium concentration of less than 135\u00a0mmol\/L (135\u00a0mEq\/L), with severe hyponatremia being below 120\u00a0mEq\/L.[3][8] Symptoms can be absent, mild or severe.[2][9] Mild symptoms include a decreased ability to think, headaches, nausea, and poor balance.[1][3] Severe symptoms include confusion, seizures, and coma;[1][2][9] death can ensue.[10]The causes of hyponatremia are typically classified by a person&#8217;s body fluid status into low volume, normal volume, or high volume.[4] Low volume hyponatremia can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics, and sweating.[4] Normal volume hyponatremia is divided into cases with dilute urine and concentrated urine.[4] Cases in which the urine is dilute include adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and drinking too much water or too much beer.[4] Cases in which the urine is concentrated include syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH).[4] High volume hyponatremia can occur from heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure.[4] Conditions that can lead to falsely low sodium measurements include high blood protein levels such as in multiple myeloma, high blood fat levels, and high blood sugar.[5][6]Treatment is based on the underlying cause.[4] Correcting hyponatremia too quickly can lead to complications.[5] Rapid partial correction with 3% normal saline is only recommended in those with significant symptoms and occasionally those in whom the condition was of rapid onset.[4][6] Low volume hyponatremia is typically treated with intravenous normal saline.[4] SIADH is typically treated by correcting the underlying cause and with fluid restriction while high volume hyponatremia is typically treated with both fluid restriction and a diet low in salt.[1][4] Correction should generally be gradual in those in whom the low levels have been present for more than two days.[4]Hyponatremia is the most common type of electrolyte imbalance, and is often found in older adults.[11][12] It occurs in about 20% of those admitted to hospital and 10% of people during or after an endurance sporting event.[3][5] Among those in hospital, hyponatremia is associated with an increased risk of death.[5] The economic costs of hyponatremia are estimated at $2.6 billion per annum in the United States.[13]Table of ContentsSigns and symptoms[edit]High volume[edit]Normal volume[edit]Low volume[edit]Medication[edit]Other causes[edit]Pathophysiology[edit]Normal homeostasis[edit]Hyponatremia[edit]Diagnosis[edit]False hyponatremia[edit]True hyponatremia[edit]Acute versus chronic[edit]Treatment[edit]Fluids[edit]Electrolyte abnormalities[edit]Medications[edit]Precautions[edit]Epidemiology[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]Signs and symptoms[edit]Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia include nausea and vomiting, headache, short-term memory loss, confusion, lethargy, fatigue, loss of appetite, irritability, muscle weakness, spasms or cramps, seizures, and decreased consciousness or coma.[1] Lower levels of plasma sodium are associated with more severe symptoms. However, mild hyponatremia (plasma sodium levels at 131\u2013135\u00a0mmol\/L) may be associated with complications and subtle symptoms[14] (for example, increased falls, altered posture and gait, reduced attention, impaired cognition, and possibly higher rates of death).[15][16]Neurological symptoms typically occur with very low levels of plasma sodium (usually "},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/hyponatremia-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Hyponatremia &#8211; Wikipedia"}}]}]