[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/macanal-formation-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/macanal-formation-wikipedia\/","headline":"Macanal Formation – Wikipedia","name":"Macanal Formation – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 The Macanal Formation or Macanal Shale (Spanish: (Formaci\u00f3n) Lutitas de Macanal, Kilm, K1m)","datePublished":"2016-08-01","dateModified":"2016-08-01","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b6\/Macanal_Formation_-_fractured_sample_-_Eastern_Ranges%2C_Colombia.jpg\/330px-Macanal_Formation_-_fractured_sample_-_Eastern_Ranges%2C_Colombia.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b6\/Macanal_Formation_-_fractured_sample_-_Eastern_Ranges%2C_Colombia.jpg\/330px-Macanal_Formation_-_fractured_sample_-_Eastern_Ranges%2C_Colombia.jpg","height":"274","width":"330"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/macanal-formation-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":12054,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The Macanal Formation or Macanal Shale (Spanish: (Formaci\u00f3n) Lutitas de Macanal, Kilm, K1m) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and Tenza Valley in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly organic shale formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Berriasian to Valanginian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 2,935 metres (9,629\u00a0ft). The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves, ammonites and fossil flora have been found in the formation.The formation is a source rock for oil and gas in the Eastern Cordillera Basin and adjacent Llanos Basin foothills and provides emeralds in the vicinity of Macanal, after which the formation is named.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsEtymology[edit]Description[edit]Lithologies[edit]Stratigraphy and depositional environment[edit]Fossil content[edit]Outcrops[edit]Regional correlations[edit]See also[edit]Notes and references[edit]Notes[edit]References[edit]Bibliography[edit]Maps[edit]External links[edit]Etymology[edit]The formation was defined and named in 1979 by Rodr\u00edguez and Ulloa after Macanal, Cundinamarca.[1][2] The name Macanal is either derived from the Muysccubun word Macana, meaning garrote, or from the Macana palm tree.[3][4]Description[edit]Lithologies[edit]         (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Fractured sample of the Macanal FormationThe Macanal Formation has a maximum thickness of 2,935 metres (9,629\u00a0ft), and is characterised by a sequence of micaceous organic shales,[2] with calcite veins and gypsum occurrences intercalated in the formation. The Macanal Formation contains high values of TOC.[5] In the Eastern Cordillera Basin and the adjacent foothills of the Llanos Basin, the Macanal Formation is a source rock for oil and gas.[6] In the vicinity of Macanal, the formation provides emeralds.[7][8]Stratigraphy and depositional environment[edit]The Macanal Formation, a unit of the C\u00e1queza Group, concordantly overlies the Guavio, Santa Rosa, Ubal\u00e1, Chivor and Bat\u00e1 Formations,[9] and is concordantly overlain by the Las Juntas Formation. The age has been estimated to be Berriasian to Valanginian. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Mercedes, Tambor, Rosablanca, Murca and La Naveta Formations.[10] The formation has been deposited in a shallow marine environment in an enclosed basin,[5] with as provenance areas the Santander High and the Guiana Shield.[11] The Macanal Formation is part of the syn-rift sequence of eastern Colombia.[12]Fossil content[edit]The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves, ammonites and flora have been found in the formation.[13] Ammonites of Substeueroceras cf. mutabile, Sarasinella cf. hondana, Subalpinites sp., Berriasela sp., Neocomites cf. wichmanni, Olcostephanus sp., Olcostephanus cf. atherstoni, Favrella cf. colombiana, Acanthodiscus sp. have been registered in the formation, as well as bivalves of Corbis (Sphaera) cf. corrugata, Trigonia cf. hondana, Trigonia (Buchotrigonia) cf. abrupta, Trigonia (Notoscabrotrigonia) cf. tocaimaana, and Exogyra cf. boussingaulti.[14] Analysis of the deformation registered in ammonite fossils has helped in understanding the tectonic history of the Llanos foothills of the Eastern Ranges.[15]Outcrops[edit]  The Macanal Formation is found bordering the Guavio ReservoirType locality of the Macanal Formation in the Tenza Valley to the east of the Altiplano CundiboyacenseThe Macanal Formation is apart from its type locality in the Bat\u00e1 River canyon,[16][17] found in the Cravo Sur anticline, east of the Ocet\u00e1 P\u00e1ramo,[18] in the Desespero Synclinal in the southern and northern parts of Labranzagrande,[19][20] around P\u00e1ez and Campohermoso,[17] in the eastern part of Gama, bordering the Guavio Reservoir,[21] and in the Servit\u00e1 Synclinal, west of Villavicencio.[22] The Macanal Formation crops out along the road between Bogot\u00e1 and Villavicencio and is there heavily fractured and folded. The Macanal Formation is the most extensive formation around C\u00e1queza,[23] and Gachal\u00e1, Cundinamarca.[24]The Pajarito Fault thrusts the Macanal Formation on top of the F\u00f3meque Formation to the east of Lake Tota,[25] and the Ch\u00e1meza Fault thrusts the Macanal Formation on top of the overlying Las Juntas Formation around Ch\u00e1meza, Casanare.[26] The Ubaque Fault forms the contact between the F\u00f3meque Formation and the Macanal Formation,[27] while the Las Mercedes Fault puts the Quetame Group in contact with the Macanal Formation near Quetame,[28] as does the San Juanito Fault.[29] The Servit\u00e1 Fault forms the contact between the Guatiqu\u00eda Redbeds and the Macanal Formation,[30] and the Up\u00edn Fault, part of the same system puts the Macanal Formation in contact with the Tertiary Palmichal Group.[31] At this contact, brines are extracted from the formation.[32]Regional correlations[edit]Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provincesMaAgePaleomapRegional eventsCatatumboCordilleraproximal Llanosdistal LlanosPutumayoVSMEnvironmentsMaximum thicknessPetroleum geologyNotes0.01HoloceneHolocene volcanismSeismic activityalluviumOverburden1PleistocenePleistocene volcanismAndean orogeny 3GlaciationsGuayaboSoat\u00e1SabanaNecesidadGuayaboGiganteAlluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)550\u00a0m (1,800\u00a0ft)(Guayabo)[33][34][35][36]2.6PliocenePliocene volcanismAndean orogeny 3GABISubachoque5.3MessinianAndean orogeny 3ForelandMarichuelaCaim\u00e1nHonda[35][37]13.5LanghianRegional floodingLe\u00f3nhiatusCajaLe\u00f3nLacustrine (Le\u00f3n)400\u00a0m (1,300\u00a0ft)(Le\u00f3n)Seal[36][38]16.2BurdigalianMiocene inundationsAndean orogeny 2C1Carbonera C1OspinaProximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)850\u00a0m (2,790\u00a0ft)(Carbonera)Reservoir[37][36]17.3C2Carbonera C2Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)Seal19C3Carbonera C3Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)Reservoir21Early MiocenePebas wetlandsC4Carbonera C4BarzalosaDistal fluvio-deltaic (C4)Seal23Late OligoceneAndean orogeny 1ForedeepC5Carbonera C5OritoProximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)Reservoir[34][37]25C6Carbonera C6Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)Seal28Early OligoceneC7C7PepinoGualandayProximal deltaic-marine (C7)Reservoir[34][37][39]32Oligo-EoceneC8UsmeC8onlapMarine-deltaic (C8)SealSource[39]35Late EoceneMiradorMiradorCoastal (Mirador)240\u00a0m (790\u00a0ft)(Mirador)Reservoir[36][40]40Middle EoceneRegaderahiatus4550Early EoceneSochaLos CuervosDeltaic (Los Cuervos)260\u00a0m (850\u00a0ft)(Los Cuervos)SealSource[36][40]55Late PaleocenePETM2000 ppm CO2Los CuervosBogot\u00e1Gualanday60Early PaleoceneSALMABarcoGuaduasBarcoRumiyacoFluvial (Barco)225\u00a0m (738\u00a0ft)(Barco)Reservoir[33][34][37][36][41]65MaastrichtianKT extinctionCatatumboGuadalupeMonserrateDeltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)750\u00a0m (2,460\u00a0ft)(Guadalupe)Reservoir[33][36]72CampanianEnd of riftingCol\u00f3n-Mito Juan[36][42]83SantonianVilleta\/G\u00fcag\u00fcaqu\u00ed86Coniacian89TuronianCenomanian-Turonian anoxic eventLa LunaChipaqueGachet\u00e1hiatusRestricted marine (all)500\u00a0m (1,600\u00a0ft)(Gachet\u00e1)Source[33][36][43]93CenomanianRift 2100AlbianUneUneCaballosDeltaic (Une)500\u00a0m (1,600\u00a0ft)(Une)Reservoir[37][43]113AptianCapachoF\u00f3mequeMotemaYav\u00edOpen marine (F\u00f3meque)800\u00a0m (2,600\u00a0ft)(F\u00f3meque)Source (F\u00f3m)[34][36][44]125BarremianHigh biodiversityAguardientePajaShallow to open marine (Paja)940\u00a0m (3,080\u00a0ft)(Paja)Reservoir[33]129HauterivianRift 1Tib\u00fa-MercedesLas JuntashiatusDeltaic (Las Juntas)910\u00a0m (2,990\u00a0ft)(Las Juntas)Reservoir (LJun)[33]133ValanginianR\u00edo NegroC\u00e1quezaMacanalRosablancaRestricted marine (Macanal)2,935\u00a0m (9,629\u00a0ft)(Macanal)Source (Mac)[34][45]140BerriasianGir\u00f3n145TithonianBreak-up of PangeaJord\u00e1nArcabucoBuenavistaSalda\u00f1aAlluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)110\u00a0m (360\u00a0ft)(Buenavista)“Jurassic”[37][46]150Early-Mid JurassicPassive margin 2La QuintaNore\u00e1nhiatusCoastal tuff (La Quinta)100\u00a0m (330\u00a0ft)(La Quinta)[47]201Late TriassicMucuchachiPayand\u00e9[37]235Early TriassicPangeahiatus“Paleozoic”250Permian300Late CarboniferousFamatinian orogenyCerro Neiva()[48]340Early CarboniferousFossil fishRomer’s gapCuche(355-385)Farallones()Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)900\u00a0m (3,000\u00a0ft)(Cuche)360Late DevonianPassive margin 1R\u00edo Cachir\u00ed(360-419)Ambic\u00e1()Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)2,400\u00a0m (7,900\u00a0ft)(Farallones)[45][49][50][51][52]390Early DevonianHigh biodiversityFloresta(387-400)Shallow marine (Floresta)600\u00a0m (2,000\u00a0ft)(Floresta)410Late SilurianSilurian mystery425Early Silurianhiatus440Late OrdovicianRich fauna in BoliviaSan Pedro(450-490)Duda()470Early OrdovicianFirst fossilsBusbanz\u00e1(>470\u00b122)Guape()R\u00edo Nevado()[53][54][55]488Late CambrianRegional intrusionsChicamocha(490-515)Quetame()Ariar\u00ed()SJ del Guaviare(490-590)San Isidro()[56][57]515Early CambrianCambrian explosion[55][58]542EdiacaranBreak-up of Rodiniapre-Quetamepost-ParguazaEl Barro()Yellow: allochthonous basement(Chibcha Terrane)Green: autochthonous basement(R\u00edo Negro-Juruena Province)Basement[59][60]600NeoproterozoicCariri Velhos orogenyBucaramanga(600-1400)pre-Guaviare[56]800Snowball Earth[61]1000MesoproterozoicSuns\u00e1s orogenyAriar\u00ed(1000)La Urraca(1030-1100)[62][63][64][65]1300Rond\u00f4nia-Juru\u00e1 orogenypre-Ariar\u00edParguaza(1300-1400)Garz\u00f3n(1180-1550)[66]1400pre-Bucaramanga[67]1600PaleoproterozoicMaimachi(1500-1700)pre-Garz\u00f3n[68]1800Tapaj\u00f3s orogenyMit\u00fa(1800)[66][68]1950Transamazonic orogenypre-Mit\u00fa[66]2200Columbia2530ArcheanCarajas-Imataca orogeny[66]3100KenorlandSourcesLegendgroupimportant formationfossiliferous formationminor formation(age in Ma)proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]See also[edit] Geology of the Eastern Hills Geology of the Ocet\u00e1 P\u00e1ramo Geology of the Altiplano CundiboyacenseNotes and references[edit]Notes[edit]^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[69], Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez et al. (2009),[70] and geological report of Villavicencio[71]^ based on Duarte et al. (2019)[69] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[72]References[edit]^ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.51^ a b Rodr\u00edguez & Solano, 2000, p.47^ (in Spanish) Official website Macanal^ (in Spanish) Etymology Municipalities Boyac\u00e1^ a b Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.52^ Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez et al., 2009, p.49^ Uribe, 1960, p.5^ ANM, 2015, p.1^ Terraza et al., 2013, p.110^ Villamil, 2012, p.168^ Villamil, 2012, p.165^ Sch\u00fctz, 2012, p.26^ Pati\u00f1o et al., 2011, p.45^ Piraquive et al., 2011, p.204^ Monta\u00f1a C\u00e1rdenas, 2015, p.52^ Rodr\u00edguez & Solano, 2000, p.46^ a b Plancha 210, 2010^ Plancha 172, 1998^ Plancha 193, 1992^ Pinto Valderrama et al., 2010, p.44^ Plancha 228, 1998^ Plancha 266, 1998^ Pati\u00f1o et al., 2011, p.44^ Terraza et al., 2013, p.101^ Plancha 192, 1998^ Plancha 211, 2009^ Pati\u00f1o et al., 2011, p.102^ Pati\u00f1o et al., 2011, p.110^ Pati\u00f1o et al., 2011, p.114^ Pati\u00f1o et al., 2011, p.122^ Pati\u00f1o et al., 2011, p.123^ Pati\u00f1o et al., 2011, p.125^ a b c d e f Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez et al., 2009, p.27^ a b c d e f Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez et al., 2009, p.50^ a b Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez et al., 2009, p.85^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23^ a b Pulido & G\u00f3mez, 2001, p.32^ Pulido & G\u00f3mez, 2001, p.30^ a b Pulido & G\u00f3mez, 2001, pp.21-26^ Pulido & G\u00f3mez, 2001, p.28^ Correa Mart\u00ednez et al., 2019, p.49^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26^ Moreno S\u00e1nchez et al., 2009, p.53^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43^ Manosalva S\u00e1nchez et al., 2017, p.84^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42^ Arango Mej\u00eda et al., 2012, p.25^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49^ Pulido & G\u00f3mez, 2001, pp.17-21^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19^ G\u00f3mez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22^ a b Duarte et al., 2019^ Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez et al., 2009^ Pulido & G\u00f3mez, 2001^ Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez et al., 2009, p.60Bibliography[edit]Acosta Garay, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa Melo. 2002. Mapa Geol\u00f3gico del Departamento de Cundinamarca – 1:250,000 – Memoria explicativa, 1\u2013108.INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-04-26..ANM, .. 2015. Esmeralda, 1\u20132.ANM.Garc\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez, Mario; Ricardo Mier Uma\u00f1a; Luis Enrique Cruz Guevara, and Mauricio V\u00e1squez. 2009. Informe Ejecutivo – evaluaci\u00f3n del potencial hidrocarbur\u00edfero de las cuencas colombianas, 1\u2013219.Universidad Industrial de Santander.Monta\u00f1a C\u00e1rdenas, Jorge Hernando. 2015. An\u00e1lisis de deformaciones y modelo estructural del frente de deformaci\u00f3n del Piedemonte Llanero de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia (MSc. thesis), 1\u201357.Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-08-04..Pati\u00f1o, Alejandro; Jaime Fuquen; Juli\u00e1n Ramos; Andrea Pedraza; Leonardo Ceballos; Lyda Pinz\u00f3n; Yadira Jer\u00f3nimo; Leidy \u00c1lvarez, and Andrea Torres. 2011. Cartograf\u00eda geol\u00f3gica de la Plancha 247 – C\u00e1queza – 1:100,000, 1\u2013131.INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-08-04..Pinto Valderrama, Jorge Eduardo; Jos\u00e9 Pedro Mora Ortiz; Gloria Re\u00e1tiga Tarazona; Jorge Alberto Rey Pilonieta; Silvia Johana Toloza Hormiga; Diego Andr\u00e9s Torres Coronado; David Ricardo Vargas Mojica, and Cristian Juli\u00e1n Zafra Manrique. 2010. Geolog\u00eda del Piedemonte Llanero en la Cordillera Oriental, departamentos de Arauca y Casanare, 1\u201364.INGEOMINAS & Universidad Industrial de Santander. Accessed 2017-08-04..Piraquive, Alejandro; Juan Sebasti\u00e1n D\u00edaz; Tomas Cu\u00e9llar; Germ\u00e1n Pardo, and Andreas Kammer. 2011. Reactivaci\u00f3n Ne\u00f3gena de estructuras de rift del Cret\u00e1cico Temprano asociadas con la Falla de Ch\u00e1meza, Pajarito, Boyac\u00e1 (Colombia): evidencias tect\u00f3nicas y bioestratigr\u00e1ficas. Geolog\u00eda Colombiana 36. 197\u2013216. Accessed 2017-08-04.Rodr\u00edguez Parra, Antonio Jos\u00e9, and Orlando Solano Silva. 2000. Mapa Geol\u00f3gico del Departamento de Boyac\u00e1 – 1:250,000 – Memoria explicativa, 1\u2013120.INGEOMINAS.Sch\u00fctz, Christian. 2012. Combined structural and Petroleum Systems Modeling in the Eastern Cordillera Basin, Colombia (MSc. thesis), 1\u2013161.Rheinisch-Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule Aachen & Instituto Colombiano del Petr\u00f3leo.Terraza, Roberto; Diana Montoya; Germ\u00e1n Reyes; Giovanni Moreno, and Jaime F\u00faquen. 2008. Geolog\u00eda del cintur\u00f3n esmerald\u00edfero oriental – Planchas 210, 228 & 229 – Guateque, Bogot\u00e1 Noreste & Gachal\u00e1 – 1:100,000, 1\u2013126.INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2020-03-05..Terraza, Roberto; Diana Montoya; Germ\u00e1n Reyes; Giovanni Moreno; Jaime F\u00faquen; Eliana Torres Jaimes; Myriam L\u00f3pez Cardona; \u00c1lvaro Nivia Guevara, and Fernando Etayo Serna. 2013. Geolog\u00eda de la Plancha 229 – Gachal\u00e1 – 1:100,000, 1\u2013296.Servicio Geol\u00f3gico Colombiano. Accessed 2017-08-04..Uribe, Sylvano E. 1960. Las esmeraldas de Colombia. Bolet\u00edn de la Sociedad Geogr\u00e1fica de Colombia XVIII. 1\u20138. Accessed 2016-07-08.Villamil, Tomas. 2012. Chronology Relative Sea Level History and a New Sequence Stratigraphic Model for Basinal Cretaceous Facies of Colombia, 161\u2013216.Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM).Maps[edit]Ulloa, Carlos E.; \u00c1lvaro Guerra, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 172 – Paz de R\u00edo – 1:100,000, 1.INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06..Ulloa, Carlos E.; Erasmo Rodr\u00edguez, and Ricardo Escovar. 1998. Plancha 192 – Laguna de Tota – 1:100,000, 1.INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06..Renzoni, Giancarlo. 1992. Plancha 193 – Yopal – 1:100,000, 1.INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06..Terraza, Roberto; Giovanni Moreno; Jos\u00e9 A. Buitrago; Adri\u00e1n P\u00e9rez, and Diana Mar\u00eda Montoya. 2010. Plancha 210 – Guateque – 1:100,000, 1.INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06..Ulloa, Carlos, and Erasmo Rodr\u00edguez. 2009. Plancha 211 – Tauramena – 1:100,000, 1.INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06..Buitrago, Jos\u00e9 Alberto; Roberto Terraza M., and Fernando Etayo. 1998. Plancha 228 – Santaf\u00e9 de Bogot\u00e1 Noreste – 1:100,000, 1.INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06..Pulido, Orlando; Luz Stella G\u00f3mez, and Pedro Mar\u00edn. 1998. Plancha 266 – Villavicencio – 1:100,000, 1.INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-06-06..External links[edit]     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/macanal-formation-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Macanal Formation – Wikipedia"}}]}]